Repositório RCAAP

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of auxiliary tools for the detection of estrus in cows. In experiment 1, we evaluated the efficiency of Estrotect ® in comparison with visual observation in 58 crossbred cows. The animals were divided into two groups: the TAI (n = 21) was subjected to a protocol of a fixed timed insemination (TAI) and 10 days after insemination device was fixed to the animals. In the group PG (n = 37) was administered prostaglandin (Dinoprost Tromethamine, Lutalyse ®, Pfizer) and immediately 25mg/animal/IM pasted adhesive. In the experiment 2, aimed to compare the Estrotect ® with chalk marker in crossbred heifers. After synchronization of estrus with P4 (CIDR) + GnRH - 7 days - PGF2a, heifers were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 56) received the Estrotect ® and Group 2 (n = 56) received in the insertion of the marking tail with the chalk marker. The visual detection of estrus was performed daily in the same way in first experiment, from 07:00 to 08:00 and from 17:00 until 18:00. In experiment 2, the devices were only reached two times a day. After detection were artificially inseminated and diagnosed by ultrasound after 30 days in both estudies. In experiment 1, there was no effect of group (P> 0.05) on the efficiency of visual detection of estrus or auxiliary tool. There was no detectable difference between the efficiency of estrus and the visual detection device (P> 0.05) 92.5%. In experiment 2, not detected a group effect (P> 0.05) in the detection of estrus or the range of CIDR removal to the manifestation of estrus. The heat detection and conception rate was 92.86% (52/56), and 46,15% (24/52) for Estrotect® and 85,71% (48/56), and 58.33% (28/48) to chalk marker. It is concluded that the methods of estrus detection aids are effective and help in improving the efficiency of artificial insemination programs.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Bovines, as homeothermic animals, are able to keep their body temperature stable, but in tropical and subtropical regions, can suffer pronounced effects of heat stress because the high temperature and relative humidity. The objective was to evaluate the rate of conception and pregnancy loss during the seasons (winter and summer) in crossbred dairy cows. The experiment was conducted on the farm Glória of the Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Was used a herd with average of 90 lactating cows, submitted to the IATF protocol, being inseminated or placed with a bull, totaling 370 inseminations from may/2007 to march/2010, which were divided for data analysis in three intervals, I, II and III, corresponding may/2007 to march/2008, april/2008 to march/2009, april/2009 to march/2010, respectively. The environment was characterized by average temperature, air humidity and ITU. After analyzing all the winters and summers, and the intervals I and II, there was a higher conception rate in winter than in summer. Already a pregnancy loss between 28 to 45 days after insemination, was not influenced by season of the year. We conclude that the region of Triângulo Mineiro, the warm season of the year negatively affects conception rate in crossbred dairy cows, but does not interfere in pregnancy loss between 28 to 45 days.

Aiming to evaluate different protocols of S (+) ketamine and to define the most appropriate dose of this drug for chemical restraint in chelonians, we used 40 specimens of giant Amazon river turtle, with weights ranging from 1.0 to 1.5 kg, from the commercial breeding Moenda da Serra, in Araguapaz - Goiás - Brazil, which were divided into four groups of ten animals. We administered S (+) ketamine in doses of 10 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, in groups one, two, three and four, respectively, all intramuscularly (IM). We evaluated the physiological parameters of cloacal temperature and heart rate, as well as righting reflex, muscle relaxation (motor block), support the head and response to noxious stimuli (sensory block). The dose of 10 mg/kg did not provide any effect on the animals, being inefficient in pharmacological restraint of P. expansa. With the protocols of 15 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, all animals exhibited muscle relaxation without loss of righting reflex; maintained at soreness and no statistical differences in relation to heart rate and cloacal temperature. However, the duration of action of the drug was significantly higher in the group that was administered the dose of 40mg/kg IM. It is concluded that the protocol of S (+) ketamine 10 mg/kg IM is not capable of promoting effects in Podocnemis expansa, and that the dose for the pharmacological restraint of the species varies from 15 to 40 mg/kg IM.

Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias

Studied in 30 pig fetuses line Pen Ar Lan, the origin and distribution of the femoral nerve, after fixation in aqueous 10% formaldehyde. There was variation in number of the lumbar vertebrae, that were fite to seven, with a predominance of six. The femoral nerve originated in antimeres 6,66% of the ventral branch of the thirth lumbar espinal nerve (L3); in 56,66% of the fourth (L4); in 100% of the fifth (L5), in 90,00% of the sixth (L6) and in 6,66% of the seventh (L7). The related nerve showed symmetry in antimeres 86,66% and sent branches to the psoar major muscle in 85,00% of the cases, the pectineous in 96,66% and to the vast medial, lateral, intermediate and rectus femoris in antimeres 100%. In all the especimes the femoral nerve issued the safene nerve that distributed in sartorius muscle in antimeres 100%.

Obesity is considered the most common nutritional disorder in developed societies, being defined as a pathological disorder characterized by accumulation of fat at levels higher than necessary for optimal organ function. Influenced by several factors, the life expectancy of dogs has increased, making this population increasingly composed of elderly individuals. With advancing age, irreversible physiological changes occur resulting in organ dysfunction, and many systems are affected by these changes. Therefore, knowledge of the main hematological and serum biochemistry that obese dogs suffer as they age, is of great help to the clinician of small animals, potentially enabling a better approach to this patient. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the hematological and biochemical profile of dogs, and elderly adults suffering from obesity by natural causes. In chapter 2 we evaluated the blood counts of 30 adult dogs and 29 elderly dogs, found regardless of age and sex, dogs showed no significant changes in platelet and red blood cell, showing only a slight increase in leukocyte counts of young cells without leukocytosis. In chapter 3, we avaluated the serum biochemical profile in these animals, and regardless of age and sex, obesity and old age didn t affect the values of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, total protein, albumin, creatinine, glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides. Globulins were slightly higher in both groups. Serum GGT was much higher than values adopted in old females. Also observed that for both groups, the LDL-C were the highest concentration of serum lipoproteins, followed by HDL-C and VLDL-C.

Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias

The anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is one of the members of the Xenethra super order, a representative of the Pilosa Order and belonging to the Myrmecophagidae family. The sciatic nerve is a constituent of the lumbosacral plexus and is considered to be the largest nerve in the body of animals. This work has as its objective to describe the origin, distribution and ramifications of the sciatic nerve in giant anteater and in so doing provide anatomical data which can explain not only the evolutionary aspects but also provide important information as to related areas. For the present study three specimens of M. tridactyla were used, being prepared by perfusion of 10% formaldehyde via the femoral artery, for conservation and further dissection of specimens. The origin of right and left sciatic nerves in giant anteater come from the ventral ramification of lumbar spinal nerve number three and from number one, two and three of the sacral nerve. These are symmetrical in all animals studied. The distribution and ramification occurred in the superficial, medium and deep gluteus muscles and also in the twin, tensor fasciae latae, abductor cruris caudalis, biceps femoris, cranial and caudal semitendinosus and semimembranosus. It was observed that no homology of muscle innervations was retained throughout evolution, and that there was a rear end migration flow in the sciatic nerve in animals in more recent evolutionary scales. This is due to a reconfiguration of the lumbosacral plexus resulting from an increase in the number of lumbar vertebrae.

This study evaluated the incidence of Campylobacter spp. in chicken carcasses in three states in Brazil, antibiotic resistance, the presence of virulence genes and their transcription, the expression and the changes brought about after inoculation in Caco-2 cells and the phylogenetic relationship among species. Were isolated 94/420 Campylobacter spp., being 55 C. jejuni, 19 C. coli and 20 Campylobacter spp. There was resistance to amoxicillin (74.5%), norfloxacin (43.6%) and erythromycin (36.2%) and sensitivity to neomycin (97.9%) and gentamicin (95.7%), and C. coli was the most resistant. Regarding the virulence genes 45/94 (47.9%) had the flaA gene, 42/94 (44.7%) plda, 43/94 (45.7%) cadF, 42/94 (44.7%) ciaB and 37/94 (39.4%) cdtABC with C. jejuni more virulent. The analysis of transcripts included the 56 strains with virulence genes, 32/56 (57.1%) strains positive, with stronger evidence for C. jejuni. Of the 46 C. jejuni strains with virulence genes, 18 (39.1%) did not transcribed ciaB and dnaJ. Thus, 14/18 strains were inoculated into Caco-2 cells, and found that 2/14 (14.3%) expressed ciaB, and all, dnaJ. Five C. jejuni, the most virulents, promoted the loss of intercellular confluency and caused changes in Caco-2 cells. The similarity analysis showed a high diversity in C. jejuni and C. coli. In Campylobacter spp., the genetic proximity indicates that they may belong to the same species. This study highlighted the phenotypic and genotypic characters of Campylobacter spp. and potential role in pathogenesis of human disease, emphasizing the need for tight controls on production to ensure the health of consumers.

This work was executed in order to evaluate the effects of Propofol anesthetic in bull frogs amphibians (Lithobates catesbeianus). It was used ten exemplares of species, with average weight of 157,5 grams, staying, at the moment of the experiment, at ambient temperature and humidity of 25,6ºC and 59,70%, respectively. Anesthetic was applied with Propofol 20 mg/kg/IC in the ventral abdomen. The heart frequency of the animals was monitored with the Electronic and Vascular Doppler. During transanesthetic period, it was used subjective scores in relation of the stipulate parameters: locomotion, muscle relaxation, manipulation, painful stimulus at thoracic and pelvic members, cardiac frequency, loss the reaction straightening postural (RSP) and return of the RSP or ambulation. All the animals maintained response to the painful stimuli in the limbs. This drug demonstrated being ideal for the execution of clinical procedure, biology sample collection, contention and assistant in balanced anesthesy on that species, because promoted muscle relaxation and facility of manipulation, with high security margin in the return of the sedation, no presentation analgesic result. There wasn t any significant decrease at the cardiac beats of these animals.

This research was conducted in order to evaluate the performance and intestinal microbiota of piglets at 25 days, consuming dry yeast (LS) and hydrolyzed (LH) in the diet. The 108 pigs were weaned at 25 days, and housed in 24 pens, with six animals per cage and subjected to two experiments which were: Experiment 1: 25-49 days old piglets, and they were fed three treatments: T1 (negative control), T2 (0.02% LH) and T3 (0.01% LH). Experiment 2: piglets of 50-72 days of age, with three treatments which were: T1 (Negative Control), T2 (0.005% of LH) and T3 (0.025% LS) of. The performance parameters evaluated were weight gain (WG), feed conversion (FC) and feed intake (FI). Fecal samples were performed on day zero (one day before starting the experiment) at 49 and 72 days of age of the animals. A pool of sample per pen was collected, which were subjected to microbiological tests in order to account for the formation of gram-negative colonies. Data were analyzed using general linear models procedure for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with treatment and block included in the experimental model. Variables that had significant effect on the F-test were compared by using the Method of Least Squares (lsmeans) of SAS (1996), and treatment effects were considered significant at P<0.05. Microbiological data of gramnegative bacterial counts were converted to a logarithmic scale on the base 10. Correlations between variables were made using the Pearson correlation procedure. Results were considered significant at P<0.05. There was no statistical difference between treatments for all the performance parameters analised (P>0.05). Microbiological analyzes showed no significant results in all treatments in both experiments (P> 0.05). In the experiments, yeast supplementation showed no change on performance of piglets, and on colony count of Gram-negative bacteria in the fecal samples.

CHAPTER 2: The goal of this research was to evaluate the performance of laying hens in second laying cycle, fed with minerals from organic source. The control treatment consisted of diets with inorganic mineral premix, and other treatments consisted of organic copper, iron, manganese and zinc organics in levels of 100%, 90%, 80% and 70% of inorganic minerals levels. The specific gravity and percentage of body checked eggs did not suffer influence from treatments. The egg weight had a decrease when birds were fed with organic minerals. The egg production percentage was higher when 100% of the organic minerals were included, while the feed conversion ratio better on treatments with addition of 100% and 90% organic minerals. Other addition levels provided percentage of and feed conversion ratio statistically equal to the control. Total replacement of inorganic trace minerals for equal levels of organic minerals in the diet of laying hens provided improvement in the performance. When replacement resulted in up 70% of that inclusion of inorganic minerals were maintenance of performance parameters. CHAPTER 3: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the copper, iron, manganese and zinc minerals in organic form, associated to the internal and external quality parameters on hen eggs in their second production cycle. Such treatments consisted of the total replacement of this trace minerals in their inorganic form by the addition of organic mineral at levels of 100%, 90%, 80% and 70% commonly used in commercial farms. Physical and chemical analyses were performed to evaluate quality of eggs. Percentage of albumen, yolk and eggshell did not suffer influence from treatments. Percentage of protein decreased with the use of organic minerals while the mineral matter increased. The eggshell quality parameters had an improve with the addition of organic minerals on the diet of laying hens. The inclusion of minerals from organic source to laying hens diet in their second production cycle provided a highest percentage of mineral matter, in albumen and yolk, and better eggshell quality.

CHAPTER 2: The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of fasting time on bromatology carcass, biometrics organ, water intake and performance of broiler chickens. We conducted a randomized design consisting of four days of fasting after hatching (0, 12, 24 and 36 hours) and four replications. Therefore, 640 birds were distributed in sixteen boxes containing 20 females and 20 males each. Water consumption was greater the longer the duration of fasting and was greater weight loss from hatching to the accommodation. There was also the weight loss on the yolk sac. Fasting influenced the relative weight of all organs of the digestive tract except esophagus + craw that remained unchanged. With increasing fasting time increased the relative weight of the esophagus+craw, proventriculus+gizzard, intestine+ pancreas, intestine and liver+gallbladder. However, food science and animal performance were not affected by fasting. CHAPTER 3: The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of maltodextrin on performance and biometry of the digestive organs in chicks underwent four fasting time. Was performed a completely randomized design consisting of three treatments (1 - control, 2 - 4% sugar; 3-4% maltodextrin 20) and four times of fasting after hatching (0, 12, 24 and 36 hours) with four replications , 1920 birds in total of both sexes. The results showed that both the maltodextrin as sugar stimulated the consumption of water and after 24 hours, the group that has not been pass of fasting and was approved with maltodextrin obtained with greater weight of the small intestine and pancreas, besides a greater length of the gastrointestinal tract. The performance at 42 days was not influenced by the use of additives, however, the viability suffered positive influence after seven days of life.

In order to know more about the energy metabolic profile of crossbred cows during the peripartum, blood samples were collected from 36 animals. For each type of metabolism is dosed serum concentrations of these metabolites: total proteins, albumin and globulin to the protein profile, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium for the mineral profile, AST, ALT, GGT and alkaline phosphates for the enzyme portion and finally, non-esterifies fatty acids (NEFA), ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), triglycerides, cholesterol and lipoproteins (VLDL, HDL and LDL) to the energy profile. The measurements were performed in seven different times (D-7, D0, D7, D14, D21, D28 and D43). The results of protein profile indicated a hypoproteinemia, both by albumin and globulin; the parturition demonstrated influence on the mineral profile, especially in the amounts of calcium, wich can be noted subclinical hypocalcemia, but nevertheless no animal showed symptoms for this disorder on clinical trials. The enzyme concentrations, did not represent any significant change, only AST during periods close to birth, showed an increase in its concentration. Finally, there was no significant changes to indicate severe energy deficiency, since there were no losses in the BCS and milk production is not influenced by the fact these animals are of low and medium production. It is concluded that probably the diet of these animals is lower in protein than necessary, have no energy deficit and liver damage and birth is influential on the mineral concentrations.

Nowadays there are no more discussions related to the efficience use of sorghum in feed of broilers as well as anatomo-physiological changes triggered by the larger particle size of the ration particle. The success of the combination of these factors can lead to great economic advantage in the modern poultry industry. In this sense, three experiments were carried out in order to evaluate the effect of whole grain sorghum compared to maize and milled sorghum on the gastrointestinal tract and on carcass characteristics of broilers at 7 and 42 day old. The whole sorghum grain: (1) In broilers at 7 and 42 day old it provides greater body weight, due to its higher digestibility and increased gizzard weight by exercising greater mechanical work because of the larger particle size; (2) It increases duodenal crypt depth at 7 and 42 day old and jejunum at 42 day old without, however, affecting the characteristic of the villi of the small intestine and absorption surface area of intestinal mucosa in both evaluated age, (3) It does not affect the relative weight and length of the intestine, (4) It can replace corn without harming the commercial cuts yield as well as the chemical characteristics of the carcass; (5) It increases the visceral content and it is not advantageous for the carcass yield; for this purpose it is recommended to use the milled grain sorghum; (6) It excludes costs with grinding reducing the production cost of poultry.

The infection of humans with Salmonella, particularly by serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium is a worldwide public health concern. The analysis of this pathogen in birds feces and environment is a way to monitoring the infection in batches and to verify the need of introduction of controls, with recommendation of European Commission Regulation (EC) (No. 646/2007) that lots of birds are being analyzed for the presence of these serovars in phases prior to slaughter. Different methodologies can be used to research these microrganisms in environmental samples, however, most of them demands a long time to obtain the results. Thus, it is desirable that other methods, faster and more practical have their performance verified for possible deployment in routine. The aim was to evaluate the equivalence between the results obtained by the methods: BAX ®, Half Semi-solid Rappaport- Vassiliadis Modified (MSRV) (ISO 6579) method and the traditional official reference in Brazil (Ordinance 126, MAPA) for Salmonella Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis in poultry environmental samples. Prope and feces samples fortified with an average of 100 to 1000 CFU/g of each serovar, and the same samples were evaluated without fortification by the three methods. Were obtained 504 diagnoses that were analyzed for the same repeatability, reproducibility, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. These indices were conducted individually and in relation to the traditional method (relative rates). The results indicated that the methods analyzed showed satisfactory performance and compliance testing verified the correspondence between the alternative methods and official method, which allow us to affirm that the methods have equivalent performances.

We analyzed the distribution of the nervus fibularis communis and tibialis in three giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) from the collection of Animal Anatomy Laboratories at Universidade Federal de Uberlândia and Universidade Federal de Goiás, which were injected and preserved in an aqueous solution of 10% formaldehyde. It was noted that those nerves derive from the ischiadicus, and the fibularis communis divided into nervus fibularis profundus and superficialis, distributing to the musculis abductor cruris caudalis, biceps femoris, extensor digitorum lateralis, longus and brevis, fibularis longus and brevis, and tibialis cranialis; The nervus tibialis innerved the musculis flexor digitorum superficialis and profundi, gastrocnemius and popliteus. Drawing an imadinary line in the mid-lateral region of the tuberositatis tibia, the nervus fibularis communis may be blocked in its proximal portion, the caudal third, between the tendon of insertion of the biceps femoris and lateral side of musculus gastrocnemius (middle third); and on the lateral side of the tibiotarsal joint, between the tendons of insertion of the musculi extensor digitorum lateralis and longus. Considering another imaginary line on the medial side of the leg, originating in the caudal region of the condylus medialis tibia, the nervus tibialis may be blocked in its proximal third, between the lateral and medial portions of the musculus gastrocnemius, and distally, between the tuber calcanei and the tibia caudodistal face.

The purposes of this study were to describe macro and microscopic patterns of cutaneous wound healing on Blue-fronted parrots and to evaluate the influence of the polihexanide compound in this process. An experiment has been taken place within 20 animals sorted into 5 groups. After the anesthetic induction, two small pieces of skin within 8,0 mm diameter were taken from their chest. A histological evaluation were carried out in 4 groups and in the 5th one an macroscopic and morfometric analyses. The wounds of the right hand side were treated with sodium chloric solution at 0,9% and the left hand side applied polihexanide gel solution at 0,1%. For histological evaluation, the cuts were collected in the following days: 3, 7, 14 and 21. After macro and microscopic analyses no significant pattern were observed among the treatments. In the first day, the wounds were reddish and bleeding though no caseous secretion was seen. By the 4th day tissue granulation started to develop. The cutaneous regeneration were observed in the 21st day and the hauling a bit later, in the 25th. The microscopic results of the 3rd and 7th days befitted the healing sore process phase. In the 14th day lymphocytes have been seen mainly. The blood vessels were maintained congested and the neovascularization were observed intensely in the 3rd and 7th days. Along with healing process evolution, epidermal ulceration was not observed. The re-epithelization process has started on the 21st day within epithelial tissue recovering half of the wound area. The inflammation and healing process of the Amazona aestiva came together and its recovery patterns were similar to the ones reported on mammals. Daily wound antisepsis prevented microorganism proliferation. The use of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB) has not improved the cutaneous recovery process significantly on Blue-fronted parrots.

The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of transport distance of cattle in winter and summer on pH 24 hours post mortem and occurrence of bruises. 420 cows were slaughtered in Uberlândia - MG and come from Triângulo Mineiro. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2x2 factorial, with two distances (15-85 km and 140-200 km) and two seasons (summer and winter), with four replicates each, except trucks that traveled for 15-85 km in summer (nine replications). The research was developed in July 2011 and January 2012. The distance on unpaved roads in the route 15-85 km was 10-18 km (winter) and 4-10 km (summer). On the other side, in the route 140-200 km, the animals traveled for 13-30 km (winter) and 12-18 km (summer). The occurrence, location, amount and degree of recent lesions, and pH 24h were assessed. Quantitative variables were subjected to analysis of variance followed by medium test, while the qualitative ones were evaluated through chi-square test. The pH value of 5.908 in carcasses of cattle transported in winter was higher than in summer - 5.711, not varying in the measured distances. The frequency of injuries in animals transported in winter - 97.78% - was higher than in summer - 88.26%. 77.39% of them were injured in rear and 94.02% presented grade I. The amount of injuries ranged from 1.9 to 2.36 kg by injured carcass, with a total weight of 168.575 kg. There was a greater presence of bruising in cattle transported over greater distances - 97.45% - than in short distances - 85.95%. Cows transported by road for up to 200 km have no change in pH 24h, but longer distances cause more bruising, especially grade I in the rear. In winter, there is a higher frequency of injuries than in summer.