Repositório RCAAP

We studied the arteries leading to the thyroid glands, addressing their number, origin and organization in 30 ostriches (Struthio camelus) with up to 30 days of age in both sexes. The birds were injected with Neoprene latex 450 colored and fixed in aqueous 10% formaldehyde. The thyroid glands were presented as an organ pair, pale reddish brown, oval-shaped ends, some being elongated in the craniocaudal direction and flattened dorsoventrally. Located on the edge of the cranial cavity celomatic, manteined syntopy with the vagus nerve, jugular vein and common carotid artery. The thyroid glands were collateral arteries: common carotid, ascending esophageal, tracheal ascending, subclavian, and common esophageal tracheal vagus nerve. The number of vessels ranged from one to five, and were called thyroid, cranial artery, middle cranial, middle, middle caudal and caudal at both antimeres. The vessels were present in the side right in 28 (93,3%) cases as cranial thyroid, nine (30%) as middle cranial, 12 (40%) as middle, nine (30%) as middle caudal and 28 (93,3%) as caudal. And on the left side in 27 (90%) cases as cranial thyroid, six as middle cranial, 12 (40%) as middle, six (20%) as middle caudal and 27 (90%) as caudal. The thyroid artery was observed in two (6,6%) cases in side right and three (10%) on the left side.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the macroscopy, the morphology of healing process and to quantify collagen fibers in the site of the cicatricial repair of the tendon of the lateral womb of the gastrocnemius muscle in rabbits, after tenotomy and tenorrhaphy, submitted to transcutaneous electrical stimulation with alternating current. Twenty-four male rabbits, of the New Zealand race, were used and divided into four groups of the same number, in order to evaluate the cicatricial repair of the tendon at 7, 15, 21 and 30 days post-surgery. In each animal a longitudinal incision of 3 centimeters of skin and subcutaneous was accomplished in the lateral face of the tibia nearly the calcaneos bone, the tendon of the lateral gastrocnemios muscle was separated, sectioned and submitted to a synthesis with Kessler modified suture. Soon afterwards the adjacent tissues were approximated and the skin sutured in the separated simple standard. After 24 hours, daily at the same schedule, were done near the cutaneous wound of the right pelvic member, applications of 2 mA of alternative current, during six minutes, at a frequency of 100 Hz. The material collected was examined by macroscopy and light microscopy. Significant difference wasn´t found between the treaty tendon and the control. The Kinesis electrical stimulator, utilized in the transcutaneous electrical stimulation with 2 mA of alternative current, for six minutes daily, is unable to promote better healing, neither increase in the percentage of the collagen fibers in the site of the cicatricial repair of the tendon of the lateral womb of the gastrocnemius muscle in rabbits of the New Zealand race.

This work investigate the disposal of openings ureters, urethra, oviducts of the female, and of the deferens ducts in the males, and the arrangement of the cloaca compartment in some species of the Podocnemididae and Chelidae family. The anatomic cloaca s study has three compartments: copordeum, urodeum and proctodeum. The cloaca has one urinary bladder and two cloacal bladders. In the studies species of genus Podocnemis and Geochelone genus there is a fold that separates coprodeum from urodeum. This fold isn t exists in the Chelidae family, used in this work. In P. expansa, P. unifilis and Chelus fimbriatus, urethra inserts cranioventrally in urodeum, but in Phynops geoffroanus, urethra is connecting with urodeum in vertical and ventral position. In the males of Podocnemis, the deferens ducts arrive caudally by a wall papilla and to the ureters openings. In the males of P. geoffroanus and C. fimbriatus and Podochemis female the oviducts and ureters confide in one urogenital sinus. In the females of P. geoffroanus and of C. fimbriatus, during the period of rounted-contourns reproductions training, the oviducts are projected to the urodeum and form a pair of papilla; each papilla possess a ventral opening. The proctodeum have a ventral fissure to communicate itself with urodeu. The opening of the coprodeu in the proctodeu, except in Chelidae, is an ofirice in fold s ventral parts that separate the two compartments.

Studied, the origin and distribution of the sciatic nerve in 31 pig fetuses line Pen Ar Lan, 22 males and nine females, after being fixed in aqueous 10% formaldehyde. In these animals the lumbar vertebrae ranged from five to seven with a predominance of six, which have contributed to variations in the origin of that nerve. The sciatic nerve originated in antimeres 80.64% of the ventral branch of the fifth lumbar spinal nerve (L5) at 96.77 % of (L6),at 6.45% of (L7) in 100% of (S1) and 64.51% of (S2), The composition of the related nerve occurred in 45,16% of the animals for the union of L5, L6, S1 and S2, in 32.25% of L6, L5 and S1, in 12 90% of L6, S1 and S2, in 6.45% of L6, L7 and S1 and 3.22% L5, S1 and S2. There was symmetrical at the root in all specimens. This nerve gave branches to the glúteal muscles superficial, semitendinosus , semimembranosus and biceps femoris in all specimens, lesser frequency, to the twins muscles, quadratus femoris, adductors, gluteal medium, attachment, and deep. In 74.19% of the sample, there was a communicating branch with the pudendal nerve. No significant differences were found between the frequency of branches emitted to the muscles of both male and female antimeres.

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Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Non-human primates have constituted an important group among animals subjected to various studies, such as ethological and paleontological studies who have revealed changes in anatomical structures linked to the evolution of primates and the detailed knowledge on their anatomy may represent an important factor for their preservation and protection. Aimed to identify the distribution of the femoral, saphenous, obturator and sciatic nerve of the pelvic limb of Cebus libidinosus (C.l.). In general, the enervation model of the four primates, men, baboons, chimpanzees and C.l. is identical, but in specific terms, the differences in enervations indicate evolution divergence closer to the branch of baboons in the evolutionary tree, and these data corroborate other comparative studies in relation to the same primates to vessels, muscles and nerves. In conclusion, the sciatic nerve sends branches to the biceps femoris muscle, semitendinous, semimebranosus and accessory and to the ischiofemoral muscle, in the distal third, this nerve is divided into tibial, sural cutaneous medial and common fibular nerves; the femoral nerve sends branches to the sartorius muscle, vastus intermedius muscle, vastus medialis muscle, to the vastus lateralis muscle and branches to the rectus femoris muscle and sends the saphenous nerve. The obturator nerve provides branches to the pectineus muscles, adductor brevis muscles, adductor magnus muscles, adductor longus muscle and glacilis muscle.

The productive and reproductive performances were evaluated on Nelore cows supplemented with minerals and vitamins parenteral via. One hundred and twenty cows were randomly allotted into five treatment groups. Treatment one was the control group which did not receive any medication; to group two 479 mg of copper + 3 mg of cobalt was applied; group three received 3.45 g of phosphorus + 750000 IU of D2 vitamin + 0.42 g calcium; to group four 5000 IU of E vitamin + 1200000 of IU D2 vitamin + 0.075 g of selenium + 7 g phosphorus were administered and group five was an association of treatment groups two and three. The animals received a dose of these injectable minerals and vitamins thirty days prior to the breeding season and another thirty days after the first application. The reproductive evaluation and weighing were carried out monthly from October 15, 2004 to March 15, 2005 in the town of Douradoquara, Minas Gerais State. The weight gain and the score of body condition were analyzed through Kruskal Wallis test, and the ovarian condition and pregnancy rate through the Chi-square test. It was observed that the parenteral supplementation of minerals and vitamins did not influence the weight gain, the score body condition, the ovarian condition or the pregnancy rate of Nelore cows grazing native pasture.

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária

The exploration of ostriches is aimed at marketing the meat, feathers, leather and fat. Closely related to productivity is the digestive system, and among the major vessels responsible for nutrition is the celiac artery that was studied the origin and distribution. In 30 specimens, the left isquiatic artery was cannulated for injection of a marker of blood vessels then were fixed in formalin solution 10% by deep intramuscular applications, subcutaneous and intracavitary. We concluded that it originated from the descending aorta, its first branch ventral and headed for the right antímero in its path sends branches to: esophagus, proventriculus, ventricle, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, duodenum, ileum, cecum left and right.

Considering the importance of the nerves that make up the brachial plexus was aimed to study the origin and distribution of the thoracodorsal nerve. Thus were used 30 pig fetuses of lineage Pen Ar Lan obtained from miscarriages in farms of the Triangulo Mineiro region. The specimens were prepared by injection of solutions of Neoprene Latex "450" at 50% and 10% formaldehyde in the aorta, and immersion in the same solution for a minimum of 48 hours. The dissections were performed bilaterally up to reach the brachial plexus that has emerged from the spinal ventral branches of the sixth (C6), seventh (C7) and eighth (C8) cervical nerves and of the first thoracic (T1). It was found that the thoracodorsal nerve was formed from C8 in two sides (3.33%), T1 in 17 sides (28.33%), and C8 and T1 in 41 sides (68.33) and that there was symmetry in terms of its origin, in 23 animals (76, 66%). It was found that the thoracodorsal nerve sent branches in 100% of cases for the latissimus dorsi muscle, and 36.66% for the teres major.

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The objective of this study was compare the physicochemical composition and microbiological quality of organic milk to conventional. It was collected 30 samples from 10 animals Gir (P.O.) and Girolando (1/4, ½ and 5/8), in differents months in lactation (between 2 and 5) in each of the properties during February, March and April. The Fazenda Felicidade used to produce organic milk and Fazenda Peroba, used to produce conventional milk, both are located in Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais. That samples were submitted to mesophilic count, determinacion of fat, protein and solids percentage, and were submitted too a somatic cell count. For the statistical analysis used the Student t test (p<0.05) between the means of each analysis. It concluded with this study, that organic milk had higher fat, solids and protein percentages, and no difference in mesophilic count and somatic cell count compared to the conventional milk.

CHAPTER 2: This work was developed with the purpose of evaluating and comparing two different dosages of ketamine and midazolam in Caiman crocodilus. We used twelve common caiman divided into two groups of six animals. Group 1 received midazolam 2 mg/kg IM and ketamine 20 mg/kg IM, as in group 2, we used the same dosage of midazolam with ketamine at 40 mg/kg IM. We assessed the physiological parameters of body temperature, heart and respiratory rates, also the righting reflex, muscle relaxation, head support, corneal reflex and response to nocciceptive stimulation. The beginning of sedative action, interval of the optimum effect and recovery time of the animals did not differ (p>0,05) between the two protocols, being 7.5 ± 4.18 minutes, 257.5 ± 39.6 minutes and 450 ± 122.47 minutes for the group 1 and 5.83 ± 2.04 minutes, 279.17 ± 80.4 minutes and 550 ± 104.89 minutes in group 2, respectively. There were no changes in physiological parameters and all the animals showed satisfactory muscle relaxation, however, the protocols did not promote non-response to nocciceptive stimuli. We concluded that the concomitant use of midazolam 2 mg/kg associated with ketamine 20 mg/kg is more compensatory than the protocol composed of these drugs with the dissociative agent at a dose of 40 mg/kg. CHAPTER 3: The aim of this study was to compare the sedative effects of racemic ketamine and S (+) ketamine in Caiman crocodilus. We used twelve common caiman divided into two groups of six animals. Group 1 received racemic ketamine at a dose of 20 mg/kg IM, as in group 2, we used S (+) ketamine (20 mg/kg IM). We assessed physiological parameters, righting reflex, muscle relaxation, head support, corneal reflex and response to nocciceptive stimulation. All crocodilians presented lethargic behavior with a decrease in aggression and attempted to escape muscle relaxation and difficulty in sustaining head. The optimum effect of sedative action and duration of maximum effect did not differ (p>0,05) between the two protocols, being 6.66 ± 0.96 minutes and 81.66 ± 39.2 minutes for group 1 and 10. 83 ± 3.76 minutes and 68.33 ± 30.98 minutes for group 2, respectively. The recovery in group 1 occurred at 110 ± 48.99 minutes and in group 2, at 115 ± 55.04 minutes, values statistically equal (p>0,05). The physiological parameters of body temperature, respiratory and heart rates were not statistically different (p>0,05) between baseline (t0) and other times analyzed. It was concluded that there is no relevant differences in relation to periods anesthetics and adverse effects between the use of ketamine in the racemic form and S (+) pure, at a dose of 20 mg/kg IM in Caiman crocodilus. Furthermore, the protocols evaluated are indicated for using in pharmacological restraint of common caiman for non-invasive procedures.

Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

We aimed to investigate the efficacy of lidocaine and bupivacaine via spinal injection in promoting sensory and motor block in the regions of the tail/cloaca and pelvic members of Trachemys dorbignyi. Ten females with average weight of 1.375 kilograms (kg) were submitted to two anesthetic protocols, with an interval of 10 days: 4.6 milligrams (mg)/kg of lidocaine 2% and 1.15 mg/kg of bupivacaine 0, 5%, deposited via spinal in the coccyx region. The animals were evaluated for latent period, reasonable period and recovery period of anesthesia. For the period of latency of the tail (Lca), we obtained an average of 28.80 ± 2.29 seconds (sec) and 56.80 ± 4.78 sec for lidocaine and bupivacaine. Since the average latency of pelvic limb was 448.00 ± 48.51 sec and 487.70 ± 30.25 sec for both anesthetics. The reasonable period of anesthesia was 79.29 ± 33.11 minutes (min) for lidocaine and 116.55 ± 41.03 min in the tail/cloaca for bupivacaine. Averages corresponding to 112.03 ± 45.12 min and 150.87 ± 53.36 min were obtained in the pelvic members through use of anesthetics in the same sequence. Finally, the recovery period was 76.30 ± 32.18 min and 68.00 ± 43.35 min for lidocaine and bupivacaine, respectively. The heart rate remained within the range considered normal for reptiles. It was concluded that the use of lidocaine 2% and 0.5% bupivacaine via spinal injection is safe and effective in promoting anesthesia in the tail/cloaca and pelvic members in Trachemys dorbignyi. The duration of anesthetic effect in the tail/cloaca was significantly higher by using bupivacaine 0.5%. The times of reasonable periods of anesthesia achieved with the use of both anesthetic protocols are sufficient to perform simple and routine surgical procedures, such as amputation of the penis and suturing of skin lacerations.

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