Repositório RCAAP

This study aimed to determine the minimum time after the contact of commercial white and red eggs with material contaminated by Salmonella Heidelberg and its penetration to the inner side of the eggs. White and red eggs recently collected from among layer hens aged between 45 50 weeks, proceeding from a commercial farm in Uberlândia MG, were artificially contaminated by contact with wettish ribbands in inoculated liquid at a stagnant phase of growth (103-104 UFC.g-1 of Salmonella Heidelberg). In the study of each kind of egg, the eggs were subdivided into the following groups: the negative control (without artificial contamination), the positive control (analyzed externally after contamination and internally after the maximum period of maintenance of the test group) and the test group, four repetitions were conducted. The eggs of the test group were maintained at temperature between 25ºC and 30ºC and its contents were analyzed after 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 minutes, as for the presence of Salmonella in 25g of sample. Each sample unit was compounded of five eggs. The analysis protocol used was the traditional one with pre-enrichment, selective enrichment, plateled in selective agar, biochemical and serological tests. The results obtained were submitted to logistics regression that indicated that the presence of Salmonella Heidelberg in the inner side of the red eggs happens after 168 minutes of contact and in the white eggs after 141 minutes of contact.

The morphological study, in particular the anatomical, contributes significantly to the applied areas. Hence the importance of studying the facial arteries in fetuses zebul-crossed cattle, which were obtained from slaughterhouses in Uberlândia MG, 20 males and 10 famales. The arterial system received injenção neoprene latex 450 50% (Du Pont do Brazil SA Chemical Industries) via the right common carotid arteries and left. The pieces were fixed in aqueous 10% formaldehyde by subcutaneous injection, intracavitary and intramuscular, as well as his immersion in this solution for a minimum of 48 hours. And subsequently dissected. It was observed that the right facial artery originated from the trunk linguofacial by 90%, and the remaining 10% emerged directly from the external carotid artery and the left originated from the trunk linguofacial in 90% and the remaining 10% emerged from the carotid artery both external and irrigate the digastric, irrigate the digastric, buccinator, depressor upper and lower lip, the zygomatic, nasobabial elevator, lift the upper lip, canine and masseter.

Campylobacter is considered a fragile microorganism ans sensitive to environmental conditions, but demostrate strategies to survive in unfavorable environmental conditions. This study evaluated the viability and production of transcipts of the genes sodB, p19 ciaB and dnaJ in strains ATCC 33291, NCTC 11351 and IAL 2383 stored in UHT milk and neopeptona + 12% glycerol,whether or not subject to the pre-treatment temperature of 4°C or 10°C for 30 minutes.Analyses were performed immediately after freezing in liquid nitrogen (day 0) and after maintenance for 30, 60 and 90 days at -20°C.The viability was evaluated by traditional method of cultivation and production of transcripts by RT-PCR technique. The quantification was only possible on the first day of analysis (day 0) and had a mean of 3.0x107UFC and in the remaining periods of storage strains showed confluent growth not allowing their enumeration. The set of results has shown that the UHT milk was the most appropriate for cryopreservation than the use of neopeptona +12% glycerol. The pretreatment at 4°C for 30 minutes favored the production of transcripts for ciaB and dnaJ genes. For the strains ATCC 33291 and NCTC 11351 was verified a possible interconnection of sodB genes and p19, however, this link was not observed for the strain IAL 2383, which also showed different behavior from other strains for viability in both cryoprotectants and production of transcripts. The results of this study show that when the maintenance of viability of the strains is essential, it is necessary to use different combinations of cryoprotectants / treatments to increase the chances of recovery and, when the primary purpose is the production of transcripts, the option to maintain the reliability of the results is the immediate extraction of DNA of isolated strains.

It is proposed to evaluate the induction period, muscle relaxation and recovery, as well as adverse effects of propofol in jacaré-tinga (Caiman crocodilus) using the cervical sinus vertebral as a means of application. Ten specimens were used of caiman who received a dose of 5 mg / kg of propofol intravenously in vertebral venous sinus in the neck. Evaluated the physiological parameters of cloacal temperature and heart and respiratory rates, as well as the reaction postural righting, muscle relaxation, head support and response to nociceptive stimulation. Evaluated the periods of sensory and motor block, and calculated the latency periods, skilled anesthesia and recovery. In this study don t occurred sensory block in the animals, motor block was 88.5 ± 55.35 minutes, the latency period was 57 ± 9.77 seconds, there was no reasonable period of anesthesia and recovery was 34.1 ± 0.2 minutes. Apnea occurred in 90% of the animals and decreased respiratory rate. It is concluded that the use of propofol at a dose of 5 mg / kg applied to the cervical sinus vertebral in jacaré-tinga Caiman crocodilus produces a rapid period of latency with good muscle relaxation and rapid recovery does not cause sensory block and its adverse effect cause was apnea.

The weight´s effect on egg´s quality, performance characteristics and incubation of chicks were observed in two experiments. Three treatments were used, defined by the weight of the eggs, breeding Leghorn 38 weeks old: small (S) 53 to 57g, medium (M) 58 to 62g and large (L) 63 to 67g. We have evaluated: a) the eggs - strength and shell thickness, Haugh units (HU), albumen height and percentage of egg compounds b) in incubation - eggs weight loss , hatching and embryo diagnosis, c) in one day old chicks in the yolk sac: weight and length of the chick, absolute and relative weight of the yolk sac, d) dry material (DM), crude protein (CP) albumen´s energy , and the yolk sac. Eggs range of different weights produced by Leghorn breeders of the same age (38 weeks) did not show differences among them for shelll strength, relative weight of albumen and yolk, albumen and yolk in DM and gross energy in the yolk. There are differences in the shell thickness, UH, albumen height, absolute weight of egg components, the relative weight of shell, the yolk and albumen protein and gross energy albumen. In the incubation, the weight loss of eggs and the hatch decreases with increasing egg weight range. Unhatched eggs increase with the increase of initial mortality and pecked alive and dead. The chick weight, absolute and relative weight of the yolk sac are directly proportional to the weight of the egg. The proportion of protein in the yolk sac decreases with increasing egg weight and gross energy content is higher in the yolk sac of chicks hatched from medium eggs.

Was to study the origins and ramifications, ventricular branches and of the left coronary artery. 25 monkey used taken from Cebus apella (Capuchin monkey), 12 male and 13 female. by means of injection of neoprene latex 601 A® (Du pont do Brasil S/A) colored with Suvinil color 2350 0003®), through the right femoral artery and hereafter dissection. The left coronary artery originated from the coronary ascending aorta, covering the coronary groove and driving on the left in 21 animals (84%), and of this total, 19 animals (90.5%) coronary artery left in the forked branches paraconal interventricular and left circumflex in 2 cases (9.5%), there was a trifurcation of the left coronary artery trunk, the branches, paraconal interventricular, left circumflex and a headset to face the left ventricle. In 4 cases (16%), interventricular branch and circumflex paraconal left originated from the left coronary sinus via separate ostia. The following were anastomoses between the branches and sinuous paraconal interventricular and circumflex branches between the left and right.

A total of 30 animals have been used, 15 Trachemys dorbigni and 15 Trachemys scripta elegans, with body mass índex ranging from 0.750 to 1.800 kg, from the Wild Animals Research and Education Laboratory (LAPAS). Each species was separated into two groups: an experimental, with 10 animals, and a control, with five animals. It was applied fentanyl citrate 0.05 mg/kg to experimental groups, and physiological solution 1 ml/kg to the control groups, injected subcutaneously (SC), with the purpose of evaluating the effects of this drug and define their analgesic efficiency. The coloring of oral mucosa, cloacal temperature and heart rate, as well as any adverse reaction from pharmacological effects were monitored. For nociceptive stimulus, it was used the mechanical compression shear force of up to 2,000grams over the phalanges, interdigital tissue and the tail end. The 0.05 mg/kg dose caused analgesia in all of the animals, and the effects started 10 minutes after the application and lasted 134 ± 26 minutes and 120 ± 20 minutes for Trachemys dorbigni and Trachemys scripta elegans, respectively. In 80% of the animals there was total absence of reaction to maximum nociceptive stimulus, with an average duration of 39 ± 10 minutes for T. dorbigni and 30 ± 12 minutes for T. scripta elegans. Cyanosis of the oral mucosa was not noticed, and in relation to heart rate and cloacal temperature there were no relevant differences. It is concluded that the protocol of fentanyl citrate 0.05 mg/kg SC is capable of promoting analgesia in Trachemys dorbigni and Trachemys scripta elegans, producing no significant physiological changes that put the animal at risk.

The objective was to assess the association between race and age of dogs witch the occurrence of malignant tumors; check correlation to the use of hormones as a contraceptive method, expression of pseudopregnancy, tumor size and presence of ulceration with histological malignant or benign type. Characterize the inflammatory infiltrate of breast tumors by means of molecular markers for T lymphocytes (CD3), B lymphocytes (IgG), macrophages (MAC 385 and CD68) and cells expressing MHC II (TAL IB5) using the technique of immunohistochemistry. Compare the inflammatory infiltrates present in benign and malignant tumors. To evaluate the influence of tumor size, presence of ulceration, use of hormones as a contraceptive method, histologic type of breast cancer on survival of dogs. We used 80 female dogs, suffering from breast cancer, consulted in Veterinary Hospital of Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU) between 03/2010 a 03/211. The method used of immunohistochemistry was biotin-streptavidin complex. Of the 80 tumors included in the study, 90% were classified as malignant and 10% as benign. And 45% of these were of bitches (SRD) and among bitches race, the most common were coocker, pinscher (10%) and poodle (7,5%). According to age, 19 dog had from two to eight years of age and 61 were female dogs that had more than eight years old. Among these bitches 76,25% had no history of administration of contraceptive hormones and 23,75% used contraception hormones. A pseudocyesis was observed in 24 dogs. Assessment of correlation between tumor size, and skin ulceration with malignancy or benignity, no statistical difference between these variables. The malignancies were predominant and the type of cancer more othen and among the benign mixed tumor was the most common. There is no statistical correlation between malignancy of the use of hormones, pseudopregnancy, tumor size and ulceration. Malignant tumors as well as benign do not present statistical difference in the frequency of inflammatory infiltrate, when used as markers of inflammation CD3, IgG, MAC 385, CD68 E TAL IB5. No influence of the presence of ulceration, use of hormone, or the occurrence of benign or malignant tumors on survival of dogs suffering from spontaneous mammary tumors. But the size of tumors influence the survival of bitches, and bitches with tumors of larger sizes have shorter survival.

The present study describes the histopathological changes in liver of dogs with leishmaniasis, assessing the predominant inflammatory infiltrate, parasite load and the degenerative changes and correlate them with clinical symptoms and serum biochemical changes. A total of 50 dogs, 17 negative (control group) and 33 seropositive for leishmaniasis, classified as asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic or symptomatic. From the collection of 10 mL of blood in tubes without anticoagulant and the serum extracted, were determined the concentrations of total protein, albumin, ALT, alkaline phosphatase and GGT. Later the animals were euthanized and liver fragments were collected for histopathologic analysis. From the histopathological evaluation of liver tissue, it was found that the major degenerative changes were observed fatty degeneration and cellular edema, with no difference between groups of animals symptomatic, asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic (p ≤ 0.05). There was no difference in incidence of inflammatory infiltrate between the three groups, nor in relation to the number of infected cells. Regarding the assessment of serum biochemical changes, all three groups showed increased values of GGT, total protein and globulin and decreased albumin. Animals naturally infected by Leishmania may have inflammatory and degenerative changes in the liver, but without presenting clinical symptoms. Hypoproteinemia associated with hyperglobulinemia, and increased levels of GGT in animals occur both symptomatic and asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic.

Were evaluated the production of semen from 10 Large White boars and 10 fast-growing hybrid Duroc x Pietrain, averaging 18 months of age, males held as terminators in a artificial insemination center with different objectives of selection: the first used to improve the performance capacity and another lineage, increasing the quantity and quality of carcass meat. Data on semen parameters of 249 samples were analyzed using analysis of variance in a randomized block desigin and using Tukey (5% significance) tests and Wilcoxon (according to the data distribution) did not show statistical differences between the quantitative and morphological semen of boars, concluding that hybrid boars may have semen production as high as pets pure breed selected for rapid growth.

Was aimed at evaluating the effects of lidocaine and bupivacaine via the spine in turtles of the species Podocnemis expansa in promoting motor and sensitive blockages in the tail/cloaca and pelvic members, as well as the existence of significant differences in the effects produced by the two drugs. Was used 20 animals with average weights of 1.15 kg, which were divided into two anesthetic protocols: 4.6 mg/kg of lidocaine 2% and 1.15 mg/kg of bupivacaine 0.5% deposited in the spinal region in the sacro-coccigeal area. Was evaluated the latency period, the reasonable period for anesthesia and the recovery period. For the latency period of the tail/cloaca we obtained (Lca) 54±34.05 seconds (sec) and 54±18.97sec as mean values for lidocaine and bupivacaine respectively. The latency period of the pelvic member (LMp) was in average 264±75.89 seconds for lidocaine and 180±126.49 sec for bupivacaine. Then the reasonable period for anesthesia on the tail/cloaca (Hca) was 36±9.43 minutes (min) and 60.8±32.10 min for the anesthetics in the same sequence. The averages for the reasonable period in pelvic members (HMp) were 24.6±10.83 min and 58.7±33.82 min for the respective drugs. Finally, the recovery period (Rec) was 33.5±16.33 min for lidocaine and 77.5±33.27 min for bupivacaine. The average times found for bupivacaine were significantly higher except during periods of latency of the tail/cloaca and pelvic members. The heart rate remained within the range considered normal for the testudines. Was conclude that the use of lidocaine and bupivacaine via the spine is safe and effective in the promotion of anesthesia in the region of the tail/cloaca and in pelvic limbs, and that the reasonable times for anesthesia are enough to perform simple and ordinary surgical procedures.

The Cebus libidinosus (Cl), also known as monkey, is a New World primate easily found in South American continent. The objective of this work is to describe the main arteries of the thigh Cl these being the femoral artery , deep femoral , popliteal and medial and lateral femoral circumflex . Eight were dissected C.L. fixed in formalin 10% and 5 % glycerin . The arteries of the thigh were described as to the origin , divisions , and distribution path and the results were compared with the literature of primates . The femoral artery is the larger caliber observed in the thigh . Has its onset after the passage of the external iliac artery through the foramen inguinal region proximal femur bone . The division of the femoral artery and popliteal saphenous occurred in the distal third of the thigh , near the popliteal fossa , continuing its path in the leg . The medial femoral circumflex artery may originate both from the obturator artery as the femoral artery . However , its path , regardless of its origin , is in the caudal region of the pubic bone to the proximal third of the femur bone , mainly vascularizing gracilis , adductor magnus , adductor and pectineus short . The lateral femoral circumflex artery has its origin from the femoral artery and divides, in the proximal femur bone in the ascending branch and descending branch , which are distributed in the cranial region of the thigh . The deep femoral artery is a branch of the external iliac artery , has wide distribution in the cranial and caudal thigh , and the final portion of the artery divides into just a perforating branch . In comparison with the Old World primates it was concluded that the origins of the arteries branching distributions and studied thigh Cl was not equal to a known primate . However, the minor similarities occurring near the Cl the pattern of baboons , probably because both have same habits tail and locomotion on the ground .

This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of retained placenta (RP) and the influence of this disease on productive and reproductive efficiency of Holstein dairy cows. The presence of RP were considered as non elimination of placenta until 12 hours after fetal expulsion. The data of parity, occurrence of RP, calving to conception interval and milk production were collected from a commercial farm and subsequently analyzed by logistic regression and analysis of variance at SAS program. The incidence of RP was 13.75% (40/291). The incidence of RP was not affected by parity order nor the season of the last calving, and these variables did not affect the milk production adjusted to 305 days of lactation. The parity, season of calving and the occurrence of RP significantly influenced the duration of calving to conception interval, the duration of this interval was greater for females with three or more lactations, for females with RP and for females that have calved during the summer. The RP does not affect milk production, but it has a deleterious effect on reproductive performance of Holstein cows.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the use of phytase exoenzyme and other mineral sources on the bioavailability of phosphorus , increased dietary energy and nutrient digestibility . The treatments were : sorghum with inorganic phosphate ( SFB ) , maize with inorganic phosphate ( MFB ) , sorghum meal, meat and bone meal ( SFco ) , sorghum with phytase ( SFV ) and without energy recovery and amino acids ( SFNV ) . 1400 birds were for performance reviews , which were determined feed intake , body weight , feed conversion real and traditional and viability . For the analysis of digestibility at 15 days were used 80 birds , which were subjected to total collection , now for carcass composition and mineralization of tibia were used 6 birds per treatment , where we proceeded to determine the dry matter , crude protein , ether extract , ash , gross energy housing , and calcium and phosphorus of tibia and carcass. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey test at 5 % and viability Kruskal-Wallis test . There were no statistical differences in performance at 7 days of age and only 14 live weight was lower for the MFB , however at 42 days , body weight was greater for the SFB compared to the MFB . Digestibility at 15 days there was no statistical difference. For carcass composition, the SFV showed higher percentage of ether extract. The percentage of calcium MFB FCS and were lower compared with the SFNV and equal to SFco and SFV , and the phosphorus content of the SFV and SFNV showed higher values. The exogenous phytase enzyme is able to hydrolyze phytate and release phosphorus from vegetable source for assimilation by animals , thus acting as a substitute for vegetable sources of phosphorus.

This research evaluates the occurrence of Escherichia coli in the uterine contents and urine of healthy and pyometra female dogs. At the isolate was determined the presence of virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance and genetic proximity. The results were associated with histopathological changes and observed the relationship between uterine infections and urinary tract by the agent. Of the 87 samples, the results show bacterial growth in 46/87 (52.9%), 36/52 (69.2%) from the uterine contents and 10/35 (28.6%) of urine. Positivity was observed for E. coli 25/36 (69.4%) uterus samples with pyometra and 7/10 (70.0%) urine s samples. For the healthy female dogs was observed a growth of micro-organisms in 28/49 (57.1%) samples, but no one has been identified as E. coli, what means that agent was associated with sick animals. There was 100% sensitivity to ceftiofur, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and cefoxitin and erythromycin resistance (100%), ampicillin (34.4%) and sulfonamide (25.0%). The isolate of E. coli showed a large number of virulence genes studied: 31/32 (96.9%) had the gene sfa, 19/32 (59.4%) afa, 15/32 (46.9%) pap, 17/32 (53.1%) and hly 22/32 (68.75%) cnf. Histopathological analysis found that 6/22 (27.3%) animals showed grade I in the classification, 9/22 (40.9%) grade II, and 7/22 (31.8%) grade III, being that, there was an interconnection between greater inflammatory response and highest number of virulence genes. The genetic similarity analysis showed high phylogenetic diversity in E. coli, but found that the strains isolated from the same animal had the similar genotype, as soon as cystitis and pyometra showed a direct relationship. The study demonstrates the importance of E. coli in pyometras female dogs and the presence of phenotypic and genotypic active in disease pathogenesis.

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the structural characteristics of tillers in Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu under two sward heights (15 and 30 cm) and four nitrogen rates (control, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1) at the beginning of the deferral period. The experimental design was completely randomized with three replications and 4 x 2 factorial design. There was a linear increase in the number of vegetative tillers on the deferred pasture with 15 cm, with nitrogen fertilization. The length of the stem and the leaf blades in vegetative and reproductive tillers increased linearly with nitrogen in the deferred pastures with initial height of 15 and 30 cm. The weight of vegetative tillers was greater in the deferred pasture with 30 cm, compared to that of 15 cm, when pasture was fertilized with 0 and 40 kg/ha N. Nitrogen fertilization influenced positively and linearly the weight of vegetative tillers in deferred pastures with 15 and 30 cm, as well as the weight of reproductive tillers in deferred pastures with 30 cm. There was no effect of nitrogen fertilization on the live leaf blade:live stem ratio on either sward heights. The recommended management for the Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pasture is 15 cm at the beginning of the deferral period. This pasture can be fertilized with variable nitrogen rates at the beginning of the deferral period, but doses above 80 kg/ha of N are not recommended.

This study aimed to investigate the sensitivity of parasitological testing when using aspirates or imprints of spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow in function of time and correlate the parasite load of dogs with clinical symptoms. We used 31 seropositive dogs that were euthanized from the CCZ of Uberlândia. In the UFU s Laboratory of Pathology, the blades were fabricated and evaluated under a light microscope, 100X objective. The slides were evaluated for at most one hour and, if it was positive, the time spent for diagnosis in one, five, 20, 30 and 60 minutes were recorded. In the determination of the parasite load, the amastigotes were displayed and grouped in one, 10, 50, 100, and 500, 1000 and even 1500 views in 100 fields. Among the 31 animals analyzed, 11 (35.48%) were symptomatic, 17 (54.83%) oligosymptomatic and three (9.67%) asymptomatic. In the analysis by PAAF, difference was read of 20 minutes with one minute (p = 0.001), and the test sensitivity with time was greater at 60 minutes than at 20 minutes (p = 0.04). In the analysis of imprint, the test sensitivity was higher with time at 20 minutes than at five (p = 0.03). There was no statistical difference between the two techniques used in collecting samples for each tissue (bone marrow p = 1.0, p = 0.76 lymph nodes, spleen p = 0.57). There was no difference between tissues in the sensitivity of diagnoses made by PAAF, as well as imprint. The worm burden of both techniques demonstrated that asymptomatic animals have lower parasite load than in relation to symptomatic.

It was used 36 adult healthy dogs with no history of eye diseases, Shih-tzu, Maltese and Spitz breed (n = 12). The animals were subjected to tonometry applanation with Tonopen Vet over a 12 hours period to obtain the average values of the intraocular pressure IOP and verify the existence of circadian rhythm. It was Instilled a drop of anesthetic eye drops in each eye ten seconds before the IOP measurement and the bitches were physically contained in the sitting position, by the same examiner. The Shih-Tzu breed presented an intraocular pressure average of 16.19 mmHg in the right eye and 15.67 mmHg in the left eye, the Spitz breed presented 16.25 mmHg in the right eye and16.33 mmHg in the left eye, and finally the Maltese breed presented 13.0 mmHg in the right eye and 12.64 mmHg in the left eye. No one of the breed dogs was observed circadian variation of intraocular pressure in the 12 hours period.

The specie Tapirus terrestris, or Brazilian tapir, is a mammal of the order Perissodactyla, which there are few studies related to its adaptive characteristics . The study aimed to analyze the adaptive characteristics of the thigh , leg and foot of Tapirus terrestris . We used five copies of T. terrestris (Linnaeus , 1978), fixed in 10% formaldehyde . For the osteological analysis specimens were radiographed and bones were macerated, identified and analyzed . For the muscular analysis, muscles were dissected according to the usual techniques in gross anatomy , identified and analyzed . The tapir is a cursorial because of its developed calcaneus with three-digit located in the hind limb, which makes it easier to be accelerated or stopped. The tapirs feet have been adapted to perform movements in a closed place. It has a specific character of locomotion and reduced mass in members. The tapirs locomotor system presents morphological characteristics for cursorial locomotion adapted to forest environments that can be adaptive characters , and should be considered variations or responses to the environment.

CHAPTER II: Tapirus terrestris (Linneaus, 1758) is a mammal found in South America and in almost all Brazilian biomes. The aim of this study was to describe the anatomy of bone and muscle of the scapular cingulum and arm of Tapirus terrestris and compare it with other species of mammals, especially equines. We used four animals donated to the Laboratory of Education and Research of Wild Animals of the Federal University of Uberlândia, after their death with no trauma. The bones were carefully analyzed, described and the muscles were dissected, analyzed and described in accordance with the usual techniques of gross anatomy. The skeleton of the scapular cingulum and arm of Tapirus terrestris is formed by scapula and humerus bones, the lateral muscles of the scapula are subclavian m., deltoid m. supraspinatus m. and infraspinatus, teres minor m., subscapularis m., teres major m., coracobrachialis m., shoulder joint m., biceps brachii m., brachial m. triceps, forearm tensor fasciae m., anconeus m. The muscular and bone standard found is similar to the horse (Equus caballus) and to other wild and domestic animals, as raccoon, ruminants, deer, among others. CHAPTER III: Currently the Brazilian tapir is the only native representative of the order Perissodactyla in Brazil, and is also the largest land mammal. T. terrestris belongs to the order of Perissodactyla as horses too. This study aimed to describe the bone and muscular anatomy of the forearm and hand in Tapirus terrestris and also compare with other mammalian species. We used five anatomical specimens donated from a breeder to the Laboratory for Teaching and Research on Wild Animals of the Federal University of Uberlândia after death with no trauma. The bones were analyzed, the muscles dissected, and both described. The bones forming the skeleton of the forearm and hand of tapir are the ulna, radius, metacarpals, carpals, phalanges and sesamoid. The muscles are extensor carpi radialis m., ulnar side m., flexor carpi radialis m., extensor radialis common m., extensor digitorum longus II, III, IV and V, lateral digital extensor m., long abductor m., superficial digital flexor m., digital flexor m., flexor carpi ulnaris m., flexor carpal oblique m., and interosseous m. and lumbricals m. CHAPTER IV: Tapirus terrestris is one of the largest mammals of the Americas, it is distributed from south of Brazil and Argentina, to the north of the South American continent. This study aimed to trace a brief history of the Tapirus animals emergence using a literature review and presents environmental and morphological adaptations of the cingular scapular bones of the arm, forearm and hand of T. terrestris. We used four Tapirs skeletons donated to the Laboratory of Education and Research on Wild Animals of the Federal University of Uberlândia. The bones were carefully analyzed and described. The Tapirus animals emerged on Earth in the beginning of Pleistocene and in South America in the Miocene. The bones of T. terrestris are protuberant and resistant with accidents that, apparently help to cursorial displacement. As this is a cursorial animal, it has specific morphological adaptations that relates to its niche and habitat.