Repositório RCAAP

Formulated within the theoretical-abstract issues of the marxist theory of dependency, the concept of workforce superexploration was directed to the comprehension of the mechanisms that, as a result of the income transference between peripheral and central countries in landmarks of the international business relations, allowed the continuation of the process of capital accumulation and reproduction in the peripheral and dependant economies, from the conjugation between the arose of the intensity of work and remuneration under the minimum amount necessary to guarante the reproduction capacity of the working class, while mechanisms which increase the surplus value. In concrete terms, the Brazilian working class, in the ends of 1970, reorganized its forms of militant organization, process which guided the creation of the Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT). Throughtout these aspects, the intention of the present work is linked to the analysis of the concrete relation between the workforce superexploration and the union politics adopted by the CUT since 1990. The central argument that guides the investigation lies on the fact that, through the implementation of the neoliberal politics, the work relations have gone in deep transformations, making not only the working class but also its representative institutions extremely fragile in respect to the government and the capitalist class. Therefore, the transformations in the work relations had not only created a more propitious context to the use of the mechanisms of workforce superexploration but, at the same time, they had pressured the CUT to adopt standard actions of labor union more moderate, therefore, less militant. Because of that, in an environment of work precarization, the representative role built by the CUT along its history has been disarticulated.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

The evolution of the productive chain in Brazil‟s movie industry, was and still is restrained by some governmental policies that drive it forward. Since the beginning of the nineties, movie productions take a new and accelerated dynamics, reinforcing the role of the state as a supporter. The purpose of the present paper is to analyze the dynamism of the movie industry in Brazil, looking into the productive sectors, distributors and exhibitors of its movies between the years 1995 and 2009, also highlighting the governmental policies carried on throughout all these years. Among the results acquired during this research, despite the restoration of the productive dynamics, it is acknowledged a reduction on the productive chain and its sectors, showing difficulties when entering into the movie market. This way, it becomes clear the need of governmental policies that reach all the productive chain, so that the national movie industry could take a wider market share in the country.

This work studies the distribution of resources by the National Program for the Development of the Familiar Agriculture (PRONAF) between 1999 and 2009, which is a credit program, that positions itself as a public policy to extinguish the difficulties of access to resources by familiar farmers. The aim of this work is to investigate if, regardless of the changes in its legislation to increase the incorporation of the poorest familiar farmers in poorer regions, the program has had a logic of distribution concentrated in the most dynamic familiar farmers and developed regions. This study has as background the post-Keynesian theoretical perspective, in which banks, as economic agents, are the main responsible for the supply of credit, that is essential to the economic development. In the view of Keynes, banks take into account their expectations about the borrower‟ future ability of payment, the alternative forms of return on assets and their desire for security. The prospect is that these economic agents prefer to direct resources to the most dynamic agents, which can provide greater guarantees, in most economically developed spaces, to the less risky sectors of the economy. The trend, from this, is of concentration of the credit. The case of the rural sector is more problematic because of the higher risk associated with the activities performed in it. Hence it comes the hypothesis of the work: that the PRONAF could present difficulties in the distribution of resources to the poorest familiar farmers, especially in poorer regions. We performed the study of the PRONAF‟s distribution from 1999. Both the analysis of the total distribution for Brazil and for each region indicated, considering the whole period, a relative improvement of the distribution between 2003 and 2006 and a worsening in the distribution from then on. In addition to this analysis, we set up capitation indicators from the PRONAF by municipality and we associate them with Rural Development Indicators, by the statistical technique Correspondence Analysis in order to observe the profiles of familiar farmers and spaces that have received the resources. We made associations for three periods between 2001 and 2009. The results showed that, in general, the final position of the less developed municipalities was worse than the initial position, except in the Northeast region. Furthermore, we note, in general, that the most integrated familiar farmers groups (D and E) have improved their participation in detriment of the poorest familiar farmers groups (A, A/C, B and C). Finally, we associate the participation of the group B with the volume released by the Program Bolsa Família (between 2004 and 2006 and 2007 and 2009), in the Northeast region. The results showed an inverse relationship between the level of rural development and the level of receipt of the Program, showing that the Bolsa Família is able to reach more intensely the poorer municipalities. Furthermore, the association between the participation of the group B and the volume released by the Bolsa Família also presented an inverse relationship. In our view, it is not the poorest familiar farmers‟ difficulty that explains the low relative access, but the difficulties imposed on them by the bank logic.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

This dissertation aims to establish a current view of the concentration of S&T activities in the country through the development of S&T indicators in Brazil, analyzing the data in the national context. The selected period is the year 2000 to the present (2009/2010) and is used secondary data obtained from databases of official institutions, such as the Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT), Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). The indicators focuses the dimensions government priority to S&T , Manufacturing Science and Technology and Basic Education and availability of qualified human resources, selected according to the work of Rocha and Ferreira (2004). Performed this analysis aims to select five Brazilian states with the best indicators of S&T, each representing a geographic region according to the division of the IBGE, in order to verify the technological intensity of its industry through the data from IRP, organized according to the classification of the OECD (1994) and compare indicators of S&T and technological intensity of industry in selected states.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

There is a divergence between the objective of the banking institutions to ration credit because its rational behavior to face difficulties of get informations about the market , and the intention of the economic policy makers to offer credit to all the agents of the economy as an instrument to leverage the development. Looking up it, the expansion of the credit can be observed through from an alternative financial service in despite of the other offered by the traditional banking sector: the microcredit. However, the concession methodology of the microcredit in Brazil has seemed the methodology used for the traditional banking sector, limiting, of this form, the offered of financial services to the agents of lower income and to the informal enterprises sector of the economy. Information from seven institutions of microfinances of the state of Minas Gerais indicated the collection of relatively high interest rates, the existence of bureaucratic requests that raise costs of customers transactions, the useless of solidary endorsement as substitute guarantee, as well as the strong influence of the interest rate of the economy on the composition of the patrimonial structure of the microfinances institutions.

The recurrent and magnificent crises been faced in the last few years, particularly in the 1990´s, have raised an important debate over the need for reordering the international financial architecture, due to the incapacity of the current capitalist institutionalized framework in compelling such crises. Thus, this paper presents the panorama of the reordering proposals been debated, having the writings of Keynes as a backdrop, which so well exposes the fundaments of the capitalist wealth. Depending upon the theoretical interpretation one may convene, these proposals may have broader or more restrict application and their unfoldings may even imply deleterious effects to diverse types of economies, especially to the developing ones.

Mestre em Economia

The market regulation is a fundamental factor in infrastructure sectors. In the Brazilian electric industry, whose enterprises were privatized in the 1990 s, the regulatory governance is a competence of National Electric Energy Agency, Aneel. The agency was created in 1996 to regulate the electric segment and to promote the competition in the sector. Nevertheless, the privatization and the market regulation have not created an attractive environment to investments. One of the negative points is the great instability of the regulation, due to its constant modifications. The electricity industry is an infrastructure activity and the changes in this sector cause impacts on several other segments of the economy. This is what happens in the aluminium industry, which is employing resources to the self generation of electric energy. The aluminium production requires a high consumption of electric energy that represents a relevant part of the production costs. In this regard, the changes in electric energy regulation and the low attraction of investments to that market cause insecurity to the great consumers of energy, like the aluminium entrepreneurs, who choose to generate its own electric energy necessary to the metal production.

Mestre em Economia

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

The Brazilian labor market is characterized by considerable differences in income, treatment and occupational insertion between white and black workers. With this in mind, this paper aims to identify and measure the factors causing this discrepancy between blacks and whites, highlighting discrimination and occupational segregation and using the PNAD 2009 as database. In order to measure the level of occupational segregation by color we used the following Occupational Segregation Indices: Index of Dissimilarity Duncan & Duncan (D) Index of Dissimilarity Standardized by Size (Ds) and Karmel-MacLachlan index (KM). The results of these indices showed that there is considerable occupational segregation by color in the Brazilian labor market, and the blacks are inserted in occupations with lower pay. The analysis of color discrimination was performed using the Oaxaca decomposition, and this method was applied separately for integrated and segregated occupations, indicating that the integrated occupations have a high level of discrimination and the occupation of majority white show less discrimination. The analyzes were also applied separately to the Northeast and Southeast in order to more efficiently capture the determinants of the wage differential by color between these different regions of Brazil. It was shown that both occupational segregation and discrimination are important factors to explain the wage gap between whites and blacks, and public policies necessary to combat this discriminatory treatment, especially policies aimed at equal opportunities, in order to obtain greater social justice and equal treatment among different groups of workers.

This study analyse the Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC) - Growth Acceleration Program, highlighting its regional dimension. For both, the history, structure and nature of the PAC are presented and discussed as a basis for trend analysis of the initial impacts of the program, studied both nationally and regionally. This analysis is based on examination of the investments planned and carried out for the whole country, and their distribution by region, considering the macro-regional division of the IBGE, and macroeconomic indicators in the survey and regional focus on employment, credit and infrastructure road, among other things. The study highlights the relevance of the PAC in terms of renewed government investment in infrastructure in a favorable macroeconomic context (and to some extent influenced by the CAP) but also for its deficiency in promoting structural changes in the relevant regional dynamics, characterizing the PAC unplugged as regional policies, despite his new-developmental nature.

Micro and small enterprises play a key role in generating employment and income, what qualifies them as inducers of economic development. Inserted in markets increasingly competitive and globalized, the micro and small businesses increasingly rely on technological capability and the generation of innovations to ensure their survival and success. The theoretical work is based on unorthodox approaches, which give innovation a central role in economic activity. We start from the hypothesis that in Brazil there is a significant sectoral heterogeneity in relation to the characteristics of the innovative process in small enterprises. The objective is therefore to demonstrate the sectoral peculiarities of Brazilian small firms regard to the process of generation of innovations. The characterization of innovation activities is made from performance indicators of the innovative process, efforts made to innovate, cooperation and government support. The analysis of sectoral differences in innovative activity of small Brazilian companies was only possible thanks to the sending of a special tabulation of Pesquisa de Inovação Tecnológica (PINTEC) 2008 by Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Some industries such as Pharmaceuticals and Computer and electronics had rates that give a prominent position inside the universe of small businesses. In other sectors such as Wood products and Metallurgy were found relatively poor indicators. The results thus corroborate the hypothesis of sectoral heterogeneity and demonstrate the complexity of the universe of Brazilian micro and small enterprises regard to the characteristics of the innovation process.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior