Repositório RCAAP

Basil is mostly grown, in Brazil, by small farmers to sell the leaves. Climate factors play an important role on the development of medicinal, aromatic and condiment plants and on the production of active ingredients. This study analyzed the production of biomass and essential oil of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) grown in different seasons, growth environments and fertilizations in Uberlândia, MG. Two experiments were done, the first one from September to October 2008 (season 1) and the second one from February to May 2009 (season 2). The experimental design was completely randomized, as a 2 x 2 factorial, two growth environments (protected environment and field) and two fertilization types (mineral and organic), and five repetitions. The planting space was 60 cm between rows and 30 cm between plants. Harvest was done on November 19 2008 and on May 20 2009.The variables analyzed were plant height, leaf length and width, fresh and dry matter mass, essential oil yield and composition. Plant height was greater on season 2, with average of 58.3 cm comparing the two seasons and growth environments. Significant interaction was found between season and growth environment for the variables plant height, fresh leaf mass and essential oil yield of dry leaves. Basil grown in the months of February to May 2009, in protected environment, favored culture development, production and essential oil yield.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Pesticide spray technology aims the uniform deposition of products in the target, with minimal losses to se soil or drift, which may have consequences in agricultural areas. In this context, the herbicide 2,4-D Amina represents a product with great environmental concern, but still widely used in modern agriculture. Thus, to obtain greater infesting plants control during desiccation, this study evaluated the spray process for the herbicide 2,4-D Amina, with the use of different spray nozzles and volumes, in relation to pesticide deposition, losses to the soil, drift and weed control. The field experiment was done at the research station of Syngenta Seeds Ltd., located in Uberlândia-MG, and the laboratory analyses were done at the Laboratório de Análise de Água do Instituto de Química and at the Laboratório de Mecanização Agrícola do Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, both of Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six treatments and four replications, in a total of 24 plots, as a 3x2 factorial: three spray nozzles (drift guard twin flat fan, turbo flat fan and air induction turbo flat fan) and two spray volumes (80 L ha-1 and 130 L ha- 1). Each esperimental unit was 35 m2 (7 x 5 m). The active ingredient used was 2,4-D Amina (at 806 g a.i. L-1) at the dose 1 L c.p. ha-1. A tracer, made of Brilliant Blue food dye (internationally registered by the Food, Drug & Cosmetic as FD&C Blue n.1), at 300 g ha-1, was added to the spray mixture. The spray process was studied by the deposition on the weeds, losses to the soil, and losses by exodrift. Also, the control of weeds on the area was studied. The deposition study, drift and losses to the soil was done by two distinct methods, to determine the relation and agreement between them: direct analysis of the active ingredient 2,4-D Amina, by liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the analysis by quantification of the tracer added to the mixture, using spectrophotometry. According to the results of the experiment, it can be concluded that the spray volume of 80 L ha-1 can be used for weed desiccation with the herbicide 2,4-D Amina, without compromising target coverage; air induction turbo flat fan nozzles promoted greater herbicide loss to the soil; the different nozzles used, with medium, coarse, and very coarse droplets, as well as the spray volumes 80 L ha-1 and 130 L ha-1, did not affect weed control; and the results of the deposition study and losses to the soil, obtained by liquid chromatography were not similar to those obtained by spectrophotometry.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

The chicken meat productive chain in Brazil has shown itself as an interesting competitive subsidy, considering the exporting capacity and the differentiation of market products. Nevertheless, intersectorial relations in this system can be considered contradictory, and in some ways even conflictive. Regarding this, one has pursued to evaluate the price transmission of aviary production from 1997 to 2008, through the analysis (in R$) of products price series, upstream: corn grain (kg), initial concentrate (kg), chick cutting (unit); farming culture: living chicken in Minas Gerais; downstream: wholesale and retail prices of full chicken, wholesale price of pork and bovine meat, retail price of chicken s thigh and chest; and indicators (PIB and IPCA). The econometric procedures applied were the Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test, estimation of VAR Model, Response to Impulse function, Variance Decomposition, and Granger Causality Test. The results have allowed to state that, in causality relations upstream of the agriculture and livestock activity, that between the living chicken s price and the chick cuttings price, is significant in both directions, according to the F test. In the downstream relations, it s been observed intense causality relations and price transmission between the industrialized products, as much in wholesale as retail spheres, including the substitutes (pork and bovine meat). Only full chicken retail has caused significant price variations for producers in Minas Gerais. The positive variations in internal income also cause positive variations in full chicken s price and chest cuttings for retail. The forecast for dataset suggests that living chicken s price in Minas Gerais seems to interfere in the other variables. Yet, there are signs of transmition at the direction of markets (wholesale and retail), and, by the contrary, low capacity of reversion (towards the producer). Thus, the input-product relations among the aviary activity of Minas Gerais and the agribusiness processes ate established in the direction of processing and distribution industry.

This study evaluated the effect of Pratlenchus brachyurus and Fusarium verticillioides, and their relationship, on growth and development of two mayze hybrids (30F80 and 30K73). The experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions at Pioneer Hi-bred Research Center in Itumbiara, GO, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with 15 treatments and 10 replications. Treatments included a non-inoculated control; inoculation of Fusarium in the seed and in the soil; three populations levels of Pratylenchus at sowing and at 30 days after planting (50, 100 and 500 nematodes/plot), with and without the inoculation of Fusarium in the soil; and three populations leves of Pratylenchus inoculated 30 days after sowing with Fusarium inoculated in seed at sowing. At plant maturity the following variables were evaluated: plant height and ear length, stalk diameter, root fresh and dry matter, stalk fresh and dry matter, reproduction factor and fusariosis severity on the stalk. Fusarium stalk colonization was evaluated in a scale from 1 to 9. The 30F80 hybrid had lower plant height and ear length, stalk diameter, stalk and root fresh matter when the seeds were inoculated with the suspension of Fusarium and sowing immediately after inoculation. The maize hybrids 30F80 and 30K73, showed the lowest root length, stalk fresh and dry matter, and root fresh and dry matter mainly when the soil was inoculated with Fusarium and sown in the same day, and the inoculation with 500 juveniles and/or adults of Pratylenchus, was done 30 days after sowing. The maize hybrid 30K73 obtained lower plant height and ear length when seeds were inoculated with the suspension of Fusarium and sown in the same day. Maize seeds inoculated with Fusarium verticillioides at planting decreased plant height, ear length, and root and shoot fresh weight on both hybrids. Stalk diameter of 30K73 hybrid and root length of hybrid 30K73 were also reduced. Soil inoculation of Fusarium verticillioides at planting and Pratylenchus brachyurus inoculated 30 days after planting (500 nematodes/plot) decreased root elongation and stalk, and root dry weights on both hybrids. However, plant height was only reduced on 30K73 hybrid. Future research is needed to better understand the relationship between Pratylenchus brachyurus and Fusarium verticillioides on maize growth and development.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

The processes of smelting pig iron and steel produce large amount of slags and other wastes. These slags can be used in agriculture to correct soil acidity and/or as a source of silicon (Si), an element considered beneficial to plants. This study evaluated the effect of siderurgical slag Holcim on the sugar cane crop, compared to the certified slag Agrosilício® by parameters related to yield, industrial quality of the sugar cane and plant resistance to diseases and stem borer. Thus, a field experiment in Guaira Sugar Mill, Guaira-SP was done. The sugarcane variety SP80-3280 was grown in soil with three increasing doses of either Si source (400, 800 or 1600 kg ha-1) and a control treatment without application of any of the sources, in a randomized block design as a 2x3+1 factorial, resulting in seven treatments with four replications. Evaluations of plant tillers were done at 30, 60 and 90 days after planting and those of stem length were done 120 days after planting and at harvest. Analysis of leaf Si was done in samples collected 180 and 240 days after planting. Disease severity and the intensity of stem borer (Diatraea saccharalis) damage were done at harvest (after one year). It was observed that in the soil layer of 00-15 cm, Si concentration increased until the dose of 800 kg ha-1 of Holcin slag, while no effect was observed for either source in the other soil layers analyzed. The same effect was observed for leaf Si concentration, which remained unchanged with the application of either Si source to the soil. In contrast, the resistance of plants to diseases and to the stem borer increased when either source was applied up the dose of 800 kg ha-1 slag. The same dose effect was observed for yield. Although biometric parameters such as purity and fiber content of the juice were not affected by the silicate levels, POL and Brix of the juice were favorably affected by greater silicate doses, and at 1600 kg ha-1 Source 1 was better than Source 2. The use of slag dosed did not affect ATR (Total recoverable sugar); however, Source 1 was better than Source 2. The observed results show that similarly to Agrosilício® (Source 2), Holcim slag (Source 1) has high potential to be used in the cultivation of sugarcane, performing, for some variables, even better than the already certified Si source.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Universidade Federal de Uberlândia

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo

Genetically modified soybean, tolerant to glyphosate, expanded its growing area in few years becoming the most sown in the country. The advantages of its use are many compared to the conventional soybean, which has led soybean farmers to prefer it. However, since some markets still prefer conventional soybean and its production occurs in smaller areas, there is the need to supply the market with high genetic quality seeds. The contamination of conventional seed lots with transgenic seeds has occurred with high frequency, in many stages of the production chain. One of the possibilities is the contamination by natural crossing between conventional plants and transgenic ones, in seed production fields. Therefore, this study evaluated the efficacy of the use of isolation barriers with soybean and maize plants, as well as gene flow of a transgenic cultivar to a conventional one, in summer and winter crops. The cultivars used were conventional MG/BR 46 [Conquista] and transgenic BRS Valiosa RR. The field experiments consisted of the combination of the use of two kinds of physical isolation (soybeans or maize) with two sowing dates (summer and winter), in a total of four experiments. The summer experiments were done at Getúlio Vargas Experimental Farm, of EPAMIG, in Uberaba, MG, and the winter ones at Suçuarana Farm, in São Romão, MG. The field trials were characterized by sowing a 6.5-m-sided square with the transgenic cultivar, isolated on all sides by 3 m cultivated with maize plants or the conventional soybean, and sided by 8 m of conventional soybeans. The experimental unit consisted of a 6.5 m long row of the conventional cultivar, at distances of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 meters, counted from the last isolation line. The seeds were harvested, and 200 g of each experimental unit were used for transgenic soybean detection bioassay at the Laboratório de Ensino de Sementes of ICIAG, UFU, while the remainder was sown in the field. Before flowering, the plants were desiccated with Roundup (Glyphosate 3 L ha-1). The surviving transgenic plants were counted and their frequency calculated. For the bioassay, the seeds were pre-soaked in a glyphosate solution (0.6% e.a.) for 16 hours before the germination test and evaluated on the 5th day, determining the frequency of normal and abnormal seedlings. It was concluded that: a) the frequency of transgenic plants was greater in winter sowings than in the summer, regardless of the barrier used; b) the gene flow was reduced with increase distance in all of the experiments; c) the 11 m distance was not sufficient to avoid gene flow, and, d) the bioassay was not effective in quantifying the gene flow.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Instituto Federal do Triângulo Mineiro

Phosphate application is still rarely used in sugarcane and can be done with phosphorus fertilizers of long residual period. This study evaluated the effect of phosphate fertilizers applied in the whole area before planting on sugarcane yield and technological quality. The study was done at Jalles Machado sugar-mill, in Goianésia-GO, during three growing seasons. The treatments consisted of five different phosphorus sources, soluble and insoluble, applied in the rate equivalent to 300 kg ha-1 P2O5. The fertilizers used were: triple superphosphate, mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), Arad phosphate rock, Itafós phosphate rock and magnesium thermophosphate. The effects of these fertilizers were evaluated by analysis of plant height (height from ground to TVD), leaf phosphorus content, sugarcane yield in cane plant, first ratoon and second ratoon, by technology parameters in ratoon, by sugar produced and by agronomic efficiency. Application of magnesium thermophosphate and triple superphosphate resulted in greater plant cane height. Leaf concentrations of phosphorus in cane showed the superiority of MAP, magnesium thermophosphate and triple superphosphate. Phosphate applications did not affect yield of cane plant, but increased yield of sugarcane ratoon as well as the amount of sugar produced per hectare. In general, the residual effect of insoluble phosphates increased over the years. The Agronomic Efficiency Indices (AEI) of phosphate decreased in the following order: Triple superphosphate (100%)> Thermophosphate (89%)> MAP (80%)>Itafós phosphate rock (67%)> Arad phosphate rock (60 %).

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

What defines the maximum potential of a culture s production is the set of factors related to: the history of the area, the genetic material, growing practices, climatic conditions, etc. Among these practices, the availability of nutrients and the use of chemicals for protection against pathogens are highlighted. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to verify the influence of foliar nutrition and protection in eight maize hybrids with high productive potential. The experimental design consisted of blocks randomized in sub- plots with six replicates and a floor area of 12.48 m2. The plot was formed by the hybrids, which were submitted to eight treatments (subplots): control (no application); Leaf 1 (N (5%), P2O5 (8%), K2O (8%), Ca (1%), Mg ( 0.5%), S (2.5%), Zn (1%), B (0.5%), Mn (0.5%), Cu (0.2%), Fe (0.1% ), Mo (0.1%) - Dose: 1 L ha-1), Leaf 2 (30% of H3PO3 + 9% of Mn2 +, density = 1.45 g mL-1 - Dose: 2 L ha-1) ; Leaf 3 (1.5% Co + 15% Mo, density = 1.61 g mL-1 - Dose: 150 mL ha-1); Protection (azoxystrobin - 200 g L-1 + cyproconazole - 80 g L-1 - Dose: 300 mL ha-1 + Nimbus 0.5%); Leaf 1 + Protection, Leaf 2 + Protection, Leaf 3 + Protection. Four applications were made. Applications were initiated at the V8 stage and 21-day intervals. The variables analyzed were: gross productivity, damaged kernels, net productivity, percentage of useful leaf area, integrity of the roots, quality of stem and severity of diseases. It was concluded that fungicide protection was the factor that most contributed to the maintenance of the productive potential of the hybrids used. The nutrition of the leaf area by using manganese phosphite and cobalt + molybdenum based compounds may play an important role in maintaining the vegetative quality of roots and stem, and they also play a role, yet unknown in reducing the production of rotten grains.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais