Repositório RCAAP

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The NFT - Nutriente Film Technique - has contributed to the dissemination of the commercial hydroponics cultivation all over the world and in Brazil as well. In order to evaluate the efficience of this technique in the production of tomato seeds (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), an experiment was conducted at a school-farm of FAZU, in Uberaba, it had been harvested fruits in four periods of maturation: breaker; pink; pale red and red. Two forms of cultivation of opened pollination, such as Dorsing from the cherry group and Gaúcho from the salad group, was used in a factorial scheme 2 x 4, randomly delineated in blocks, with four replications. The parts were formed by fruits classified in the four periods of maturation, harvest in two adjacent lines to each cultivation, with double spaces of 1,10 x 0,85 x 0,50m, containing 16 plants each part, 12 being useful. The nutritional solution proposed by Moraes (1997) was used, with electric conductivity adjusted to a zone of 2,0 to 2,5 Msiemens/cm. As a comparison, another field cultivation was conducted simultaneously, the same experimental delineation was adopted, increasing just the number of plants each part to 26, 22 of which useful. It was made the harvest of the five firsts bunches. At that time it was estimated the fruit middle weight, the number of seeds per fruit, mass of seed per fruit ton, kilo per hectare seeds, mass of a thousand seeds, germination and vigour throught the first counting and germination speed. Analysis of the productiveness and quality of the produced were achieved, and although the field system had reached superior rates to hydroponics related to the average weight of the fruits and of seeds per fruit, it did not reflect in a greater crop of seeds per area, being possible to produce tomato seeds with the NFT with output and physiological quality comparable to the field system. The fruits harvest in breaker periods were the least productive compared with the other periods, but they expressed the same physiologic potential.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Pineapple is a tropical plant which requires special care with irrigation and choice of planting density. The use of a greater planting density should meet the farmer s requirement for yield and the consumer s desire for fruit quality. This study analyzed the effect of different planting densities and irrigation replenishing the culture s evapotranspiration (Etc) on fruit yield and productivity of pineapple Smooth cayenne cultivar in Uberaba, MG. The study was done at Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Uberaba MG, on red latosol, medium texture, flat topography, 1600 mm average annual rainfall, 22.6° average annual temperature, and 68%average air relative humidity. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six planting densities treatments and five repetitions. Two levels of irrigation at 100 and 120% replenishment of ETc were applied daily. Irrigation was done by conventional aspersion. The experimental unit consisted of three 5-m long double lines, 4.2 m wide. The 10 middle plants in each plot were used for evaluation. The results indicated that using a irrigation level corresponding to 120% ETc led to a decrease in fruit firmness, diameter, fruit stem and number of filhote seedlings; to an increase in the relation SST/ATT, and titratable acidity; and did not result in differences on fruit weight, average fruit diameter, total soluble solids, total solids, juice density and yield, ascorbic acid, total fruit yield by the F test (p<0.05). The use of greater planting densities increased fruit production, reduced fruit weight and average diameter and the number of filhote seedlings; however, it did not affect fruit firmness, total titratable acidity (ATT), total soluble solids (SST), total solids (ST), relation SST/ATT, ascorbic acid, and number of ratoon seedlings.

Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merril) is an ancient plant, and its origin and history are hard to establish. The occurrence of diseases in this culture is one of the major limiting factors to high yields. Resistant soybean cultivars are the most effective tool available for soybean cyst nematode management. This study evaluated the reaction of soybean genotypes from UFU s breeding program to the plant nematode Heterodera glycines race 3. The trials were done in a greenhouse of the Instituto de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. The experimental design was completely randomized with 25 treatments (twenty four soybean genotypes from UFU and the cultivar MG/BR 46 Conquista , as a control) with eight repetitions. The genotypes were seeded on Styrofoam trays, with one seed per cell; subsequently, the seedlings were transplanted to 1-L clay pots containing a mixture of sand and soil (2:1), previously fumigated with methyl bromide. The trail was done with one plant per pot, inoculated with 4000 nematode eggs. The evaluation was done 35 days after the inoculation. The root system was gently washed to remove the females, and the soil was processed for female and cyst extraction. Among the 24 genotypes evaluated, UFU 502 was moderately susceptible to Heterodera glycines race 3 while UFU 510, UFU 504 and UFU 512 were highly susceptible to the soybean cyst nematode. All other lines were susceptible.

Coefficient of Pearson r is used to compare scientific tests. In seeds technology it is used to compare results of procedures that measure vigour. When the correspondly similar results are not found in very similar conditions, Person s correlation faces criticism mainly due to two factors. The first one comes from statistics for whose usage of Person s correlation there are prescriptions that are not always observed, when they are not understood as assumption. Variables naturally associated are required with bivariated normal distribution, pairing; homoscedasticity, rectilinear dispersion; detection of outliers. Added to them, there are practical observations in what refers the correlation to be valid only in a restrict range of the data series, the necessity to create value ranges to consider this correlation as good or bad , the need of the graphical analysis, the use and interpretation of the significance, among others. The second cause of odd results would be the existence of several biological factors, which are sometimes support for the reserarcher conclusions. With the objective of identifying applicability of correlations and the causes for odd results of r, there have been compared data existent in the Seeds Analysis Laboratory of ICIAG of the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia-MG, as well as tests of germination of acelerated aging in optimal conditions of repetibility done in laboratory, and tests of field seedling emergency, as well as other simulated variables. The results showed odd results. The normal scattergram between X and Y is enough clear to elucidate only correlated variables of large samples. Although, if the covariance is not as obvious the dispersion Y=f(X) is not enough to show simultaneous increasing or decreasing between variables. With an alternative methodology of plotting the variables related to another auxiliar variable Z of the same n elements of X and Y, we could study the variable behavior in an individual way. It was possible to create graphic criteria to assess non-valid correlations, such as similarity of variables comparable to homoscedastity; influence of outliers on small or big n; grouping of outliers in a dissident range , influence of treatments effect. In the analysed cases, we concluded that, comparing seeds vigour with only laboratory results, as well as its relation with the field results and among simulated data, the results inconsistency of correlations are prevalent as they do not follow the literature prescriptions, among others. The magnitude of the distortions due to statistical causes did not leave space for measuring effects of the variation of the biological seeds conditions, temporal alterations related to management or the edafoclimatic ones. Keywords: 1. Failure in correlations 2. Correlation reliability

Instituto Federal Goiano

A trial was done in a greenhouse at Fazenda Capim Branco Universidade Federal de Uberlândia MG to evaluate different soybean fungicide treatments to reduce the progress of soybean Asian rust in its initial development stage. The experimental desing was completely randomized, as a factorial with 12 fungicides, 4 doses and 3 repetitions, in a total of 144 experimental units, for 5 cultivars. Each unit consisted of 1 line of 6 cells of a Styrofoam tray ( speedling type). The seeds of the five soybean cultivars (Conquista, Luziania, Monsoy 8329, Valiosa and UFUS Impacta) were treated with 0, 30, 40 or 50g i.a.-1 100Kg seeds-1 of the fungicides (Azoxistrobina 250g i.a., Ciproconazol 100g i.a., Ciproconazol + Azoxistrobina 280g i.a., Ciproconazol + Propiconazol 330g i.a., Difeconazole 250g i.a., Epoxiconazole + Pyraclostrobin 183g i.a., Fluquinconazole 167g i.a., Fluquinconazole 250g i.a., Propiconazole 250g i.a., Tebuconazole 200g i.a., Trifloxistrobina + Ciproconazol 267,5g i.a., Trifloxistrobina + Tebuconazole 300g i.a.). After the 2nd trifolium was expanded (35 days after sowing), the fungus was inoculated. Evaluations of the number of pustules per square centimeter (in the 3rd trifolium), plant height, soybean Asian rust severity, according to the scale proposed by Juliatti e Polizel (2004) were done at 42, 49 and 56 days after sowing. After the last evaluation, one plant was harvested per plot to count the number of de Bradyrhizobium japonicum nodules per root. The data obtained for severity and number of pustules were subjected to the analysis of area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Analysis of variance by the F test was done for all variables, and the averages were compared by Scott Knott test, at 5% probability. The seeds treated with Ciproconazol, Ciproconazol + Propiconazol and Propiconazol presented lower development. Ciproconazol and Ciproconazol + Propiconazol used in the treatment of seeds don't present selectivity to the bacteria Bradirhizobium sp.. The increase in the doses of active ingrident reduced the initial development of the plants until 56 days after sowing.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Population surveys of plant parasite nematodes are an important tool for the evaluation of their presence and losses caused by these organisms in many crops. The county of Jataí is considered as an important maize and soybean producer. Soybean was introduced in the county in the 80 s and, up to now, a significant increase in planted area and yield has been observed. Ten years ago, the county became a producer of a second maize crop (winter crop) and, since then, reached considerable yield averages and profitability for the region s farmers. However, nematode foci started appearing in the county, and spread slowly, becoming a problem in most fields. Thus, this study surveyed the nematodes in soybean and maize cropping areas in the county of Jataí, GO, in the 2006/2007 agricultural season, and prepared a map with the qualitative and quantitative distribution of the nematodes for subsequent use in control strategies. After analyzing and dividing the county in 20 areas, a sampling scheme was defined and the survey was done from 15 to 22 December 2006. A total of 309 soil and root samples were collected in the county and taken to laboratory for nematode extraction and identification. Of the analyzed, 96.7% were positive for Heterodera glycines. The root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus brachyurus, was found in 77.3% of the samples. The genus Helicotylenchus was present in 47% of the samples, although it is not of primary importance for soybean and maize. There are four races of Heterodera glycines found in the county and, moreover, most of the resistant cultivars available in the market are not resistant to all these races. Maize, as an option for culture rotation to solve the problem of cyst nematode, increases the population of Pratylenchus brachyurus, complicating the management of maize and soybean. There is an urgent need to establish control strategies for the nematodes H. glycines and P. brachyurus in Jataí County . Next step should be mapping the races of Heterodera glycines in the county to potentialize the use of the resistant soybean cultivars.

This research had the purpose to adjust the cold test metodology to evaluate the vigor of sorghum seeds (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), using samples of two lots about AG1018 hybrid, one with marginal quality, called test lot, and other with high quality, called control lot, in the cropping season 2005/2005. The experiments were made at Monsanto do Brasil Ltda seeds analysis laboratory, with Instituto de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, in Uberlândia MG. Five experiments were made in this work. The first had the purpose to determine the soil blend and the best humidity to conduct the cold test. The others were made to determine the profundity to plant, the time inside the cold chamber, and the best temperature of growth room. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with four repetitions. In the first experiment analysed 13 treatments made of four soil blends with three humidities, one more control treatment. The other experiments were made for diferents temperatures of growth room (22, 25, 28 e 31ºC), distributed in a (4x3) factorial one more additional treatmet. The factorial was made of four times inside the cold chamber (120; 144; 168 e 192h) and three profundities to plant (1,5; 3,0 e 4,5cm). The control lot was the additional treatmet. The percentage of plant emergence was analysed and it can be concluded that: the best soil blend was made of two parts of washed sand and one part of soil with humidity 65%; the time to keep inside the cold chamber for five days was enough to analyse the vigor of sorghum seeds; the best percentage of plant emergence for 1,5 e 3,0cm profundity was with growth room on 25ºC and 4,5cm the temperature was 29ºC.

Soybean asian rust, caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is one of the major pest problems in the crop. Disease control has required a combination of cultural practices to minimize losses. Among the control methods, chemical control with fungicides, has been the only one available. Control strategies, such as the use of cultivars with partial resistance to the fungus are desirable for an effective disease management in the crop. This study was done to study partial resistance, sowing dates and fungicides for soybean asian rust control, in the field, as part of the search for new cultivars with partial resistance to aid rust control. The experiment was one in Uberlândia-MG, in field conditions, from September 2005 to May 2006 and consisted of two sowing dates. The following variables were evaluated: disease incidence, severity, as the percentage of diseased leaf area, severity, as a visual score of the plot, number of pustules cm-2, weight of one thousand seeds and yield. Based on the variables incidence, both severities, and number of pustules cm-2 the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated. Subsequently, the analysis of variance was done and the averages compared by the Scott-Knott test, at 5% probability. Significant differences were observed among cultivars and treatments, among the values of AUDPC, as well as among the weight of one thousand seeds and yield. Based on the results of this study, cultivars IAC-100, Potenza and UFUS-Impacta, presented the lowest values of AUDPC in both sowing dates, thus demonstrating the presence of partial resistance to soybean asian rust in these genotypes. The fungicide triazol (Cyproconazole) and its mixture with a fungicide strobilurin (Azoxystrobina + Cyproconazole) were effective on the control of soybean asian rust in both sowing dates. Disease was most aggressive in the second sowing date due to the greater inoculum pressure.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

The objective of this work was to analyze the stability and adaptability of 11 soybean genotypes, where 8 lines belonged to the Soybean breeding program of UFU and 3 commercial cultivars were used as controls: M-Soy 8400, MG/BR-46 Conquista and M-Soy 6101. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with three replications. The study was done in 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 harvest in Uberlândia and Uberaba counties (Minas Gerais state), where years were considered as places by the Soybean breeding program of UFU. Individual and combined statistical analyses were performed considering genotype effects as fixed and environment effects as variable. The methods to analyze were AMMI procedure ( additive main effect and multiplicative interaction analysis) and ecovalence method. There was average correlation between stability and higher mean yields by the ecovalence method. By the AMMI procedure, the genotypes G9, G5, G7, G1 and environment Uberlândia 2004/2005 (A1 and A2) were the most stables, also presenting good average yields, demonstrating that they are the most promising for cultivar recommendation.

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The great diversity of morphology in diaspores of Anacardiaceae reflects in germination and dormancy processes and generates a differentiated behavior among species. There are some species within this family that show physical dormancy, others show mechanical dormancy, some that do not show dormancy and also species that lack this information in the available literature. Lithraea molleoides is among the species whose dormancy has not yet been elucidated. The objective of this work was therefore to study germination and emergence of seedlings originated from diaspores recently collected from different donor plants occurring in the Rio Araguari Valley, MG, as well as behavior of diaspores after storage in cold chamber. Diaspores were collected from eight donor plants in October and November, 2004 and 2005. Six experiments were carried out, being two with recently-collected diaspores, two with diaspores stored for six months in cold chamber and two with diaspores stored for 12 months in the same condition. The experiments were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions and uncontrolled conditions of a semi-open greenhouse. Data collection was carried out every 24 h, by recording embryo protrusion (botanical criteria) in the laboratory experiments and seedling hypocotyl emergence above the substrate in the greenhouse experiments. In all the experiments, the diaspores derived from donor plant number 2 stood out in some way, showing better physiological quality compared with the others (average time between 4 and 22 days, average speed between 0.042 and 0.217 day-1, uncertainty between 1.62 and 3.53 bits and synchrony between 0.040 and 0.381). The large values of average time and uncertainty, as well as low synchrony, indicate that the processes of germination and seedling emergence of Lithraea molleoides, independently of diaspore age, are dispersed in time, characterizing them as exhibiting relative dormancy and being resistant to dry storage. It is worth emphasizing that the study of the sample population of this species was representative, since the collected donor plants showed similar behavior in all experiments. These characteristics are important for the species conservation.

Basic studies of seed germination and seedling emergence assume an important role within scientific researches due to the devastation and fragmentation of the native vegetation of the Cerrado. Thus, in the present study the processes of seed germination and seedling emergency were evaluated using the linear correlations among the measurements calculated for five Cerrado species. The individual contribution for the variability of the studied species and the contribution of each species in relation to the studied group were also quantified. For this purpose, hierarchical lineal models were used to determine the genetic parameters among individuals within the species. The diaspores were collected in the 2004/2005 crops, in a fragmented area of the Araguari river valley, MG. The experiments were carried out using newly-collected diaspores, being conducted in a germination chamber for germination and in a greenhouse covered with light reducing net for seedling emergency. The data collection was carried out every 24 hours, taking into account the protrusion of the embryo for the experiments set up in the laboratory and the emergence of any part of seedling above the substratum for experiments kept in greenhouse. The variability registered among the individuals of the studied species generated statistical differences in all aspects of the germination and emergency processes, indicating that the decision to mix the diaspores or not for the formation of the lots should be made after results of previous tests. High mean values were registered for germinability (G) and emergency percentage (E) for the majority of individuals studied, indicating the good physiological quality of the diaspores produced in the 2004-2005 crop. The seed germination and seedling emergence of Anadenanthera colubrina and Chorisia speciosa and the seedling emergence of Myracrodruon urundeuva were faster and synchronized, while those of Cedrela fissilis and Lithraea molleoides were slower, asynchronous and spread over time, indicating the presence of relative dormancy. These germination and emergence patterns were confirmed by means of positive linear correlations between E and Z (synchrony) and negative between E and U (uncertainty) for the synchronous events; negative correlations between E and Z and positive and E and U for the asynchronous. For C. speciosa the synchrony of germination was also expressed by the positive association between G and v (mean germination rate). The partition of the variability allowed one to verify that the germination process and seedling emergence present a pattern behavior intrinsic to each species, with more than 60% of the total variability attributed to the species. Above 0.80 of the heritability was registered for most of the characteristics evaluated, indicating that the largest proportion of the total variability is of genetic nature. High genetic variability, expressed by the CVg and detected for time, rate, and synchrony measurements was registered between the L. molleoides and C. fissilis individuals. The magnitude of the CVg values showed that genetic variation exists in the studied species in relation to the germination and emergency processes and then they should be included in conservation projects.

This work had the objective to evaluate the performance of soybean lines, come from the Program of Genetic Improvement of soybean of the Federal University of Uberlândia, in regional tests of evaluation of lines in the cities of Goiatuba, Rio Verde, Bela Vista, Campo Alegre and Porangatu, in the State of Goiás. 27 lines of delayed cycle had been evaluated and having as witnesses to cultivate them M-Soy 866, Guarantee, M-Soy 8800, Chapadões and M-Soy 8411, sown in the agricultural year of 2004/2005. The experimental design was of randormized blocks, with 3 replications. 32 genotypes in each one of the five places had been tested. The parcel was similar in all the experiments, being formed by four rows of 5 meters of length, spaced 0,45m between rows. The evaluated character it was: productivity of grains (PG). The methodologies that quantify the used adaptability and/or fenotype satability had been simple linear regression of Eberhart and Russell; bissegmentada lenear regression of Cruz; Torres and Vencovsky. The interpretation that better took care of to the objectives of the improvement was of the methodology of Eberhart and the Russell, detaching lines 9, for congregating good productivity of grains, adaptability and stability in the test places.

This work has aimed to evaluate the quality of glyphosate-tolerant seeds of soybean genotypes of early, mid-, and late season, produced in adequate conditions. Experiments took place in two phases. Firstly, in a field one, with three variety competition trials; 6 glyphosate-tolerant genotypes of soybean were evaluated: early season (BR01-71210, BR02-64301, BRSMG 750SRR, BRS Favorita RR, BRS Valiosa RR e M-Soy 8008 RR); mid-season (BR02-71943, RRMG03-9511, RRMG03-9563, RRMG03-9565, M-Soy 8585 RR e CD 219 RR); and late season (BR01-66633, BRSMG 850GRR, BRSMG 811CRR, RRMG03-9184, BRS Silvânia RR e M-Soy 8787 RR). The second phase took place at the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia s laboratory of seed research. Visual quality, wetness degree, weight of one thousand seeds, germination, plantules vigor, electrical conductivity, tegument, and emergence in sand of seeds produced in the field trials were evaluated. Independent experiments for each season were designed in full randomized blocks of 6 x 2 factorial designs. The first factorial design corresponds to the genotypes; the second one, to cropping periods (physiological maturity, cropping point), with four replications. Results led to the following conclusion: a) early season genotypes MGBR 01-71210 and M-Soy 8008 RR produced seeds of superior quality in comparison with the rest; b) mid-season genotypes RRMG 03-9563 produced seeds of worst quality; c) late season M-Soy 8787 RR e RRMG 03-9184 produced seeds of better and worst quality respectively; d) no matter the season, the quality of seeds cropped during the physiological maturity surpassed seeds cropped during the cropping point.

This study evaluated coffee plant Ruby, line MG-1192, vegetative development, yield and berry quality, cultivated under irrigation levels during five years. The experiment was done in a loamy red latosol, at Experimental Farm of Glória, located to 18º58 S and 48º12 W, and approximately 890 m above sea level, in the county of Uberlândia, in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The local climate is Cwa, with dry winter and hot and rainy summer. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four repetitions and eight treatments of irrigation levels, which were 0% (without irrigation), 30%, 60%, 90%, 120%, 150%, 180% and 210% of the Evaporation measured in the Class A tank (ECA). Planting was done in January 2001, at the spacing 3.5 m between rows and 0.7 m between plants. The plots consisted of three rows with eight plants each, and the four central plants of the middle row were evaluated. A drip irrigation system was used, with self compensating drippers at a flow of 3.5 L h-1, and the irrigations were always done on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. Data on rainfall, water evaporation in Class A tank, temperature and air relative humidity were collected daily. Production fertilization was done conventionally under the plant canopy, while the micronutrients were applied as foliar sprays. Pest, disease and weed control was done as required. Weeds were cut with a weeder between rows and controlled with herbicides under the plant canopy. Plant height, canopy and stem diameter, length of the plagiotropic branches and number of internodes in the orthotropic branches were measured yearly (from 2002 to 2006). Starting in 2003, for four consecutive harvests, production, yield and profitability, and in 2006, the berry quality were evaluated. Regarding the coffee plant vegetative development, the best results were obtained with levels varying from 136.3% to 149.2% ECA. The maximum yield obtained was 115 60-kg sacs per hectare, obtained in 2004, with the level of 164.1% ECA. The irrigation did not mitigate the biannual effect, since, in 2005, yield was relatively low. However, the use of this technique reduced the percentage of big berries (sieves 19, 18 and 17) and it increased the number of medium berries (sieves 16 and 15), not interfering in the quality of coffee beverage.