Repositório RCAAP

Soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, can be found in up to 2 million hectares in Brazil. Few agronomic practices are economically suitable and effective against this nematode, therefore new tools development becomes important. The objective of this study was assessing the natural occurrence of Pasteuria sp. on H. glycines populations; P. nishizawae, PN1 isolated, endospores attachment on different H. glycines populations and its efficacy against H. glycines under green-house conditions. Pasteuria natural occurrence was assessed by endospores observation on nematode skin in 14 different nematode populations, from commercial soybean areas. Nice H. glycines populations were used for attachment tests with PN1 isolated of P. nishizawae by centrifuge method described by Hewlett & Dickson (1993). For efficacy test were tested two P. nishizawae rates (106 e 108 endospores / plant), abamectin and Purpureocillium lilacinus, on commercial rates. Pasteuria sp. endospores were found on all evaluated populations at different frequencies, from 5.5 to 87%. Such observation represents the first report of Pasteuria sp. occurrence on H. glycines in Brazil. Attachment results of PN1 isolated of P. nishizawae showed few variations were found among nematode populations, from 12.5 to 44.5%. In efficacy test, P. nishizawae (PN1 isolated) was effective at 108 endospores per plant in early H. glycines control, according number of females per plant, number of females per root gram and number of eggs per plant. Therefore, P. nishizawae showed a good potential as biological agent against H. glycines in Brazil.

The Claro River is located in the State of Minas Gerais and is a major tributary of the Araguari River. Its basin covers an area of 1106.16 km ² belonging to the districts of Uberaba, Nova Ponte, Sacramento and Conquista. The headwaters of the Claro River and its originators are an important source for supplying the population of Uberaba, also its water supplies demands of agricultural crops irrigation, this region is a major producer of vegetables and grain. The basin of the Claro River underwent sweeping changes regarding use and land cover in recent decades. The increase in water demand for various purposes has led to a conflict over water use in this basin. In order to control the demand for water, the National Water Resources Policy, instituted by Law 9.433/1997, adopted the granting of right to use as an instrument to ensure the quantity, quality and regime of the resource. The award of grants is subject to water availability in the basin. The water availability in a basin is one of the most important information. It is usually estimated by reference of minimum flows, which represent the smallest flow rates of the historical series, and the drainage area is the most important variable for representation. Among the grants of right to use water issued in the basin of Claro River, the largest water demand is concentrated for irrigation and public supply in second, accounting for approximately 40% and 39% respectively. Besides the already installed conflict due to current uses, is in technical analysis by the competent organ, several applications for new grant funding. And there are still requests for environmental regularization of some small hydroelectric plants that strive to install in the source in study. With the implementation of these new uses, there may be an impact on agriculture in this region, which may diminish or even extinguish some food producing areas. In this sense, the present study aims to make a diagnosis of the basin, and from the relation between supply and demand of water of Claro River, make an assessment of the impacts on agricultural activity caused by the inclusion of other water uses.

The ex situ fungal cultures collections represent important biological heritage and is useful for mycologists and plant pathologists, supporting several scientific works. They provide viable pathogens anytime and assisting at identification, morpho-physiological aspects, life cycle, epidemiology, resistance to fungicides and breeding programs in resistance of diseases. However, there is not a universal preservation method that is efficient and suitable for the different groups of fungi. The most appropriate is the one that maintain, even after long periods, the original characteristics of culture: viability, sporulation and pathogenicity, excluding mutations and undesirable contamination. The choice will depend of the laboratory infrastructure, micro-organism, objectives, preferences and knowledge of the researcher. For necrotrophic fungi, after passing their life cycle stage as saprophytes they can be isolated in growing medium, using different preservation methods, especially: periodic transfer, dried host tissues, sterile water (Castellani), mineral oil, sterile soil, freezing, silica gel, lyophilization and cryopreservation. The study aimed to describe the efficiency of sterile soil (68 isolates), resistant structures (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) in 4°C (10 strains), gelatin (17 strains), mineral oil (31 strains) and silica gel (14 strains) on the maintenance of viability, sporulation and colonization-pathogenicity of phytopathogenic necrotrophic fungi preserved in different dates, in Laboratório de Micologia e Proteção de Plantas (LAMIP), Uberlândia (MG), and in Laboratório de Microbiologia e Fitopatologia (LAMIF), Monte Carmelo (MG). The gelatine method has never been tested for fungi. The viability remained in 38 strains of sterile soil; three of mineral oil, 10 of gelatin. Sclerotia s maximum time of preservation was four years, and all fungal strains were viable on silica gel.

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The nematodes are very abundant, as they represent 80% of individuals in the kingdom Animalia. The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, is a great problem for soybean cultivation and it is present in about ten states of Brazil. Some species or soybean cultivars have the characteristic of resistance or alteration in survival skills and perpetuation of nematodes (female index FI), which process is activated when the nematode parasitism process starts; so the development of new resistant cultivars is primordial to the preservation of plant productivity. The objective of this study was to identify the reaction of 101 genotypes of soybeans in the Germplasm Laboratory of Federal University of Uberlândia (LAGER/UFU) improvement program, with inoculation of 4,000 H. glycines race 3 eggs. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse room of UFU, where seeds of the genotypes and two standards, one susceptible (M-SOY 8866) and the other resistant (BRSGO Raissa) were sown in plastic cups of 500mL containing solarized mixture of soil and sand (1: 2). The tests followed a randomized block design (RBD), with five replications. Evaluations were made 35 days after inoculation on the basis of fresh and dry weight of roots, root volume, number of females (NF) and females index (FI). Genotypes 46 (F5: 6 BRSGO Caiapônia X 100 IAC) and 11 (Engopa 316 RR - Sel 4) performed moderate resistance; the genotype 61 (F5: 6 Caiapônia X Potenza) had moderate susceptibility; and the rest of the genotypes presented as susceptible. In the genotypes, NF ranged from 9.5 to 159.7 and FI ranged from 17 to 214.8. The coefficient of genotypic determination (H2) was 70.28 for NF and was considered high, indicating genetic variation in the genotypes tested. Estimates of genotypic correlation coefficients (rG), phenotypic (rf) and environmental (ra) had a lower magnitude values (<0.70). The fresh root weight data, dry root weight and root volume showed no significant effect. The analysis of the simple Pearson correlation was significant and positive between the variables dry weight (g) and root volume (cm3), with no relation to resistance of the cyst nematode (NF and FI), among the lines evaluated.

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The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) has great importance in human nutrition where it occupies the fourth place among the most consumed foods in the world. It is a highly demanding culture technology especially in the nutritional point of view. Despite the titanium (Ti) is not considered a nutrient, studies have shown beneficial effects of this element when applied to plants. The application of Ti leaf can be an alternative for this element is slightly movable in the soil and is generally present in insoluble forms. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the influence of application rates of Ti foliar in the potato crop. We conducted an experiment in the period from August to November 2014, installed at the experimental station Udi Pesquisa e Development in Uberlândia-MG, with kind Ágata. Variables related to metabolism were evaluated: SPAD chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase activity (NRA), lipid peroxidation (LP), urease, proline, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). Nutritional factors such as levels of nutrients nitrogen (N), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) present in leaves and tubers were measured stages of growth, tuber and tuber filling. At the end of the crop cycle was quantified the average mass, diameter, commercial classification and productivity of tubers. The design was a randomized block design with four replications and six treatments. The supply of the Ti compound fertilizer was through for 5% of magnesium oxide, 10% sulfur trioxide and 0,85% titanium complex and the treatments was: T1 - without the application of Ti, T2 -10.2; T3 - 15.3; T4 - 20.4; T5 - 22.9 and T6 - 25.5 g Ti ha-1 divided into three equal applications during the growth phase, tuber and tuber filling. It was concluded that in the growth phase the foliar application of Ti reduces the Mn content in the leaves and there is increased activity of POD and ANR and reduced urease activity. In the tuberization phase the Fe absorption, SOD activity and POD response to increasing Ti dose. In tubers filling stage foliar application of Ti increases chlorophyll levels (Spad value). The application of Ti in the leaf growth stages, tuber and tuber filler results in a lower Zn content in the tubers. The average tuber weight, the average diameter of tubers and the total productivity of tubers are affected by foliar application of Ti. The dose Ti foliar applied for further tuber yield is 5.74 g Ti ha-1.

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Essential oil of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) with high concentration of linalool is valued in the international market and widely used in the industries of condiments and cosmetics. It has few information regarding the basil culture (Ocimum basilicum L.), therefore this research has the objective to evaluate the yield and the quality of essential oil of genotypes of basil in function of levels of organic fertilization in the conditions of winter with irrigation. The experiment was lead in the Farm Experiment of the Glory, pertaining to the Federal University of Uberlândia, in the period of 21 of May the 7 of October of 2005. Five levels of fertilization, being 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 had been used kg of organic fertilizer (chicken manure)/m2. The used experimental delineation design was completely randomized and divided in groups with four replications. Two genotypes had been sown: Basil PI 197442 S3 Bulk 13 (G1) and Basil NSL 6421 S3 Bulk 14 (G2). Hydrodistillation with Clevenger Modified for extration of the essential oil had been made. The analyzed variable had been: height of the plant; length and width of leaf; relation length/width (C/L); essential oil yield , yield of linalool in the essential oil, with cool and dry mass of leves and flowers. The doses of chicken manure had significantly influenced the cool yield of linalool of distilled essential oil with mass and dry of both the genotypes, being the other variable had not presented significant differences.

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The use of Mo rich seeds is an alternative for supplying Mo that has presented consistent results on increasing NBF and soybean yield. Soybean enrichment with molybdenum was analyzed through leaf application during the reproduction stage, as potassium molybdate, to optimize its use in soybean culture. The experiment was done on a sandy soil, classified as a neosol, located at the Fazenda Adriana, in the county Alto Garças MT. The experimental design was randomized blocks with 6 treatments and 6 repetitions. The treatments were a control with no MO, a Standard with 800 g ha-1 Mo, using sodium molybdate divided into two applications, in R3 and R5.4; and four treatments using potassium molybdate, with a single application at R5.1, in the doses 91, 182, 273 or 364 g ha-1 Mo. Each experimental unit consisted of nine 7 m long rows spaced 0,45m from each other. The area evaluated measured 7,2 m2, consisting of the four 4 m long rows, excluding the outside rows and 1.5 m at each row end. The cultivar used was FMT-Perdiz. Yield, molybdenum contents and accumulation in the seeds were evaluated. There were no significant differences for yield among the treatments. Molybdenum contents in the seeds increased according to leaf applications of potassium molybdate (y = 1,947667 + 0,040086 x). Both Mo accumulation and contents in the seeds presented significant differences, and the application of 364 g ha-1 Mo, as potassium molybdate (18,23 mg kg-1 and 73,54 g ha-1) were greater than the standarda treatment with 800 g ha-1 Mo as sodium molybdate (13,74 mg kg-1 and 59,40 g ha-1). It can be concluded that Mo leaf application in the reproductive stage, for soybean seed enrichment with molybdenum did not affect the crop yield, and a single application of 364 g ha-1 Mo as potassium molybdate resulted in seeds richer in Mo than two applications of 400 g ha-1 Mo each (800 g ha-1 Mo) as sodium molybdate, and leaf application of potassium molybdate, in soybean reproductive stage was effective in supplying Mo for the plants and to obtain molybdenum rich seeds.

CHAPTER II: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is one of the most important statistical models applied in agronomic experiments, especially in the seeds area. Based on strong assumptions, it lasted for many years with the support of techniques such as data transformation. As ANOVA being a special case of Generalized Linear Models (GLM), a classic experiment of seeds germination of tree species Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. can show the mirroring between both methods of analysis, and this is one of the goals of this research. It also aimed to compare the quality of the adjustment and the efficiency of the models for the germination, expressed in percentage with Normal distribution and number of germinated seeds with Binomial distribution. To meet these objectives, seeds of C. langsdorffii were arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications of 25 seeds in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme, in which the first factor refers to the methods to overcome dormancy (M1, M2, M3 and M4) and the second effect is related to samples (A1, A2 and A3). For the results expressed in percentage of germination, the assumptions of normality and independence of residuals and homoscedasticity were tested by Shapiro-Wilk, Durbin-Watson and Levene, respectively. Then, it was applied an ANOVA model, as well as GLM with Normal distribution and identity link function. About the data expressed as number of germinated seeds, GLM was performed with Binomial distribution and logistics link function. For both distributions, the quality of the adjustment was determined by Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC), Cook s distance and q-q plot analysis. As expected, ANOVA model was equal to GLM with Normal distribution for the percentage of copaiba seed germination, and they indicated a significant effect of sample and interaction, as a previous analysis confirmed that all assumptions of the model were held. The GLM with Binomial distribution had the same significance of the effects as the Normal GLM. However, AIC and BIC indicated that Binomial model was better adjusted to data, and the accommodation of values to the simulated envelope with 95% confidence was greater. Cook s distance did not discriminate the models, since they approached to the same amount of influential points. CHAPTER III: Seed germination experiments are constantly analyzed using ANOVA, but it is also faced the problem of not holding the assumptions; when these ones are violated, the reliability of all parametric tests is compromised. To solve this problem, some authors suggest angular transformation of the data, as in many other cases the use of this technique with no care. Another suggested alternative, with less impact to the data, is the application of statistics methodologies that do not need to answer these assumptions. Among the existing methodologies, Generalized Linear Models (GLM) stands out. Despite the common representation of the number of germinated seeds in percentage, the original nature of data is discrete and follows all the criteria of Binomial distribution. Thus, GLM emerge as an alternative to solve ANOVA restrictions and to bring different statistical techniques, allowing a better data processing. GLM are poorly known in agronomy, and there are not works to the seed analysis that investigate the applicability and the adjustment of this technique, comparing to ANOVA and data transformation. In this way, the objective of this study was to compare the GLM methodology with ANOVA by checking the impact caused by them within seed germination variable. It was also aimed to apply the data transformation and compares it to GLM, checking which the best one for the studied data is. Statistical analysis focused on the characteristic of normal seedlings obtained from the process of validation of methods for germination test of 50 forest species seeds. ANOVA is a part of GLM, and its incorporation was made assuming the Normal distribution of random component and the identity link function. The number of normal seedlings followed a Binomial distribution, corresponding to the event of success with a logistic link function for this GLM. Only 41% of species that hold the assumptions and 22% of those which did not had the same interpretation about the effects of the factors, which proves that the analysis change within GLM was radical even for species that attended the assumptions. Registrations of AIC can conclude that the Binomial model with logit function was more harmonious for the data set and have fewer parameters to explain the variation, which made it a more parsimonious model. Normal plots graphics allude to a better linearity of the residuals from Binomial distribution data. The angular transformation was able to correct the problems in a completely meeting the assumptions in only ten species, in relation to the 23 that were studied. It proves that the application of GLM with an immediately Binomial distribution was essential for 13 of them.

Utilization of organic materials might contribute to reduce costs of production and enhance vegetative development and quality of coffee seedlings. With the objective of evaluating the effects of the utilization of different organic materials on the standard substrate used for coffee seedlings production, (Coffe Arabic L.), an experiment was conducted at the Agrotecnical Federal Scool -EAFU in Uberlândia, MG, Brazil, in a commercial nusery of fruit-bearing and forest seedling production, from July 2005 though January 2006. It was utilized a randomized complete-block design with treatments organized as a 3 x 6 factorial arrangement with four replications. The factors studied were composed of three sources of organic materials: mature bovine manure, mature turkey bed and mature tobacco residues, all of them in six proportions of the original substrate (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%). For the fertilization of the substrate, it was utilized a slow-releasing fertilizer ( osmocote ) with the formula NPK 15-09-12 applied in homogenous mixture in the dose of 1 g of the commercial product per container. The containers utilized were rigid plastic tubettes with volumetric capacity of 120 mL. The following traits were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaf pairs, leaf area and root and shoot dry matter weight. All data were submitted to appropriate statistical analysis. The F test was utilized to test the significance of the factors effects, considering the traditional levels of probability of 5 and 1%. In order to limit the significant difference among the sources of the organic materials, the Tukey test was used at the 5% probability level in order to compare the means. On the other hand, for the proportions of organic materials a regression analysis procedure was utilized. It was conclude that the turked bed was the organic material which presented the highest average values for all traits evaluated. The addition of 40% of turkey bed to the standard substrate, regardless of the mixture proportions, hindered seedling development; tobacco plant residue also impaired seedlings development, and from 60% lead to death all the coffee seedlings.

The objective was to define an efficient method of indirect selection for tolerance to water stress and use it as a screening method in tomato genotypes F2RC1. The experiments were conducted at the Seed Analysis Laboratory and Genetic Resources and the Experimental Station of vegetables, the Federal University of Uberlândia in Monte Carmelo. At first it was assessed how best concentration of Mannitol able to identify two genotypes (wild access LA-716, Solanum pennellii and cv Santa Clara) known to be tolerant and susceptible to water stress, respectively. The potential level of -0.3 MPa osmotic obtained from the use of 22.29 g L-1 Mannitol presented selection efficiency. This methodology was used for selection in seven F2RC1 families, wild accession Solanum pennellii and cv Santa Clara. Was used a completely randomized design. The data were submitted to normality test (Lilliefors test). To compare means, we used the Tukey test at a significance level of 5% probability (p <0.05). Orthogonal contrasts of interest were performed comparing each group for each characteristic evaluated using the Scheffé test (α = 0.05 and 0.01). The family UFU80- F2RC1 # 1 differed statistically in relation to check susceptible to water stress.

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Weed competition occurs during potato planting and development, demanding for the application of specific herbicides, especially pre-emergent ones. There are few herbicides registered for this crop and the cultivars present different selectivity levels to them. Thus, the study of selectivity and weed management are fundamental for obtaining high yields. This study evaluated the selectivity and weed control with the use of pre-emergent herbicides on potatoes. Two experiments were done in Perdizes-MG, using the cultivar Innovator. The first one was installed on August 2014 to evaluate pre-emergent herbicide selectivity to potatoes. Treatments consisted of a control, a hoed control, metribuzin (240 g ha-1), metribuzin (480 g ha-1), linuron (450 g ha-1), linuron (990 g ha-1), diclosulan (25.2 g ha-1), imazetapir (700 g ha-1), prometrine (1000 g ha-1), clomazone (360 g ha-1), clomazone + carfentrazone (300 + 7.5 g ha-1), clomazone + carfentrazone (600 + 15 g ha-1) and sulfentrazone (125 g ha-1). The second experiment was installed on March 2015 using pre-emergent herbicides to evaluate the control of weeds. Treatments consisted of a control, a hoed control, clomazone (360 g ha-1), metribuzin (480 g ha-1), linuron (990 g ha-1), clomazone + metribuzin (360 + 480 g ha-1), and clomazone + linuron (360 + 990 g ha-1). Both experiments were done as randomized blocks with four replications. Plant vegetative development, phytotoxicity and weed control were evaluated 10 and 30 days after shoot emergence (DAE), while total soluble solids, yield and classification were evaluated after harvest. Averages were compared by the Tukey test at 5% significance. The herbicides evaluated for selectivity, in the first trial, did not affect plant development. The herbicides metribuzin, diclosulan and imazetapir presented high phytotoxicity, lowe soluble solids contents and lower yield, and were considered as less selective. In contrast, the herbicides linuron and clomazone were not phytotoxic, did not affect soluble solids contents and did not cause crop yield reduction, and were considered more selective to this potato cultivar. The herbicides evaluated for weed control, in the second experiment, alone or in association, provided 100% control for the species Eleusine indica and Digitaria horizontalis. The best control of Commelina benghalensis, was obtained with clomazone alone or in association with metribuzin or linuron. Plots treated with clomazone presented phytotoxicity at 10 DAE; however, plants recovered from it at the 30 DAE evaluation. . The greatest yields were observed in treatments with clomazone and metribuzin applied by themselves. However, metribuzin reduced total solids contents, which affects potato industrial yield. Therefore, for this potato cultivar, the herbicides conserved more selective were clomazone and linuron, applied alone or in association.

A major part of the success of a crop is related to the use of seedlings of good quality. Little information is found in agricultural literature regarding certain details in the production of yellow passion fruit seedlings in tubettes, which makes the activity for seedling producers quite difficult. The present research had, as a general objective, to extend the knowledge of the production of yellow passion fruit in tubettes as well as to study different techniques for sowing, dormancy break, types of cuttings, utilization of rooting hormones, besides volume and substrate granulometry with the purpose of obtaining seedlings of good quality in the environmental conditions of Uberlândia, M.G. In the first chapter information regarding the importance of the crop is presented, and some procedures are adopted in the subsequence chapters. In the second chapter the aim was to evaluate the influence of the volume and granulometry of a commercial substrate on the vegetative seedling growth development. It was conclude that the reduction of the volume and substrate granulometry affected the aeration and the drainage, so reducing growth and development of yellow passion fruit seedlings. The seedlings produced in the commercial substrate with the original granulometry and in the volume of 180 mL attained best responses for the following traits: plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter and root and shoots dry matter. In the third chapter, the objective was to evaluate the capacity of rooting and development of the seedlings proceeding from cuttings at the apical, median and basal branches of the yellow passion fruit submitted to different environmental conditions in Uberlândia, M.G. The results obtained showed that the cuttings originated from the median and basal shoots of the yellow passion fruit presented higher percentage of rooting (79,1% and 91,6% respectively), even with no application of IBA ( Indolebutyric acid ). On the other hand, the use of the auxin improved the apical cutting rooting, reaching 80,5% of cuttings rootings with the dose of 500 mg L-1, besides that, the hormone promoted also an increase in the sprout lengths and in the amount of root and shoot dry matter. In chapter four the aim was to evaluate the influence of sowing depth and the break of dormancy on the vigor and vegetative development of the seedlings. The resulted obtained showed that the yellow passion fruit seedlings, regardless of being or not submitted to techniques for dormancy breakage, presented higher germination in a 2,0 cm sowing depth. Seeds that were immersed in water at room temperature for 24 hours and sown at a depth of 2,0 cm presented seedling emergence in a shorter period of time. The techniques of immersion in water at room temperature for 24 hours and immersion in water for 15 minutes at the temperature of 35 º C for 15 minutes were quite efficient and promoted high seed germination ( 96,9% and 95,4% ) respectively, as well as development of seeds with greater number of leaves, plant height and greater quantity of roots dry matter.

This research aimed at the estimation of genetic parameters in a diallel cross according to the methodology developed by Jinks & Hayman. The experiment was conducted in an experimental area of the Agronomy Dept. of the ILES/ULBRA University, at Itumbiara, Goiás, Brazil in 2003. Treatments tested comprised the eight parental cultivars and their 28 hybrid combinations. The following traits were submitted to the J&H analysis: cottonseed yield, lint yield, picked lint percent, seed index, index of production and earliness, fiber strength, uniformity of length, short fiber index, CSP index and reflectance. With the exception of the latter, all other traits presented variability among treatments based on the anova. Fiber length and elongation, failed to meet at least one of the assumptions of the additive dominant genetic model for the analysis and therefore were not considered further. The higher values of heritability in both narrow and broad sense were estimated for the trais lint percent and seed index. The parental genotypes Antares and CD-403 were found to be the most indicated for the improvement of the majority of the agronomic traits. On the other hand, DeltaOpal was the one indicated for the improvement of most fiber traits.