Repositório RCAAP

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Non-human primates have constituted an important group among animals subjected to various studies, such as ethological and paleontological studies who have revealed changes in anatomical structures linked to the evolution of primates and the detailed knowledge on their anatomy may represent an important factor for their preservation and protection. Aimed to identify the distribution of the femoral, saphenous, obturator and sciatic nerve of the pelvic limb of Cebus libidinosus (C.l.). In general, the enervation model of the four primates, men, baboons, chimpanzees and C.l. is identical, but in specific terms, the differences in enervations indicate evolution divergence closer to the branch of baboons in the evolutionary tree, and these data corroborate other comparative studies in relation to the same primates to vessels, muscles and nerves. In conclusion, the sciatic nerve sends branches to the biceps femoris muscle, semitendinous, semimebranosus and accessory and to the ischiofemoral muscle, in the distal third, this nerve is divided into tibial, sural cutaneous medial and common fibular nerves; the femoral nerve sends branches to the sartorius muscle, vastus intermedius muscle, vastus medialis muscle, to the vastus lateralis muscle and branches to the rectus femoris muscle and sends the saphenous nerve. The obturator nerve provides branches to the pectineus muscles, adductor brevis muscles, adductor magnus muscles, adductor longus muscle and glacilis muscle.

The productive and reproductive performances were evaluated on Nelore cows supplemented with minerals and vitamins parenteral via. One hundred and twenty cows were randomly allotted into five treatment groups. Treatment one was the control group which did not receive any medication; to group two 479 mg of copper + 3 mg of cobalt was applied; group three received 3.45 g of phosphorus + 750000 IU of D2 vitamin + 0.42 g calcium; to group four 5000 IU of E vitamin + 1200000 of IU D2 vitamin + 0.075 g of selenium + 7 g phosphorus were administered and group five was an association of treatment groups two and three. The animals received a dose of these injectable minerals and vitamins thirty days prior to the breeding season and another thirty days after the first application. The reproductive evaluation and weighing were carried out monthly from October 15, 2004 to March 15, 2005 in the town of Douradoquara, Minas Gerais State. The weight gain and the score of body condition were analyzed through Kruskal Wallis test, and the ovarian condition and pregnancy rate through the Chi-square test. It was observed that the parenteral supplementation of minerals and vitamins did not influence the weight gain, the score body condition, the ovarian condition or the pregnancy rate of Nelore cows grazing native pasture.

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária

The exploration of ostriches is aimed at marketing the meat, feathers, leather and fat. Closely related to productivity is the digestive system, and among the major vessels responsible for nutrition is the celiac artery that was studied the origin and distribution. In 30 specimens, the left isquiatic artery was cannulated for injection of a marker of blood vessels then were fixed in formalin solution 10% by deep intramuscular applications, subcutaneous and intracavitary. We concluded that it originated from the descending aorta, its first branch ventral and headed for the right antímero in its path sends branches to: esophagus, proventriculus, ventricle, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, duodenum, ileum, cecum left and right.

Considering the importance of the nerves that make up the brachial plexus was aimed to study the origin and distribution of the thoracodorsal nerve. Thus were used 30 pig fetuses of lineage Pen Ar Lan obtained from miscarriages in farms of the Triangulo Mineiro region. The specimens were prepared by injection of solutions of Neoprene Latex "450" at 50% and 10% formaldehyde in the aorta, and immersion in the same solution for a minimum of 48 hours. The dissections were performed bilaterally up to reach the brachial plexus that has emerged from the spinal ventral branches of the sixth (C6), seventh (C7) and eighth (C8) cervical nerves and of the first thoracic (T1). It was found that the thoracodorsal nerve was formed from C8 in two sides (3.33%), T1 in 17 sides (28.33%), and C8 and T1 in 41 sides (68.33) and that there was symmetry in terms of its origin, in 23 animals (76, 66%). It was found that the thoracodorsal nerve sent branches in 100% of cases for the latissimus dorsi muscle, and 36.66% for the teres major.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

The objective of this study was compare the physicochemical composition and microbiological quality of organic milk to conventional. It was collected 30 samples from 10 animals Gir (P.O.) and Girolando (1/4, ½ and 5/8), in differents months in lactation (between 2 and 5) in each of the properties during February, March and April. The Fazenda Felicidade used to produce organic milk and Fazenda Peroba, used to produce conventional milk, both are located in Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais. That samples were submitted to mesophilic count, determinacion of fat, protein and solids percentage, and were submitted too a somatic cell count. For the statistical analysis used the Student t test (p<0.05) between the means of each analysis. It concluded with this study, that organic milk had higher fat, solids and protein percentages, and no difference in mesophilic count and somatic cell count compared to the conventional milk.

CHAPTER 2: This work was developed with the purpose of evaluating and comparing two different dosages of ketamine and midazolam in Caiman crocodilus. We used twelve common caiman divided into two groups of six animals. Group 1 received midazolam 2 mg/kg IM and ketamine 20 mg/kg IM, as in group 2, we used the same dosage of midazolam with ketamine at 40 mg/kg IM. We assessed the physiological parameters of body temperature, heart and respiratory rates, also the righting reflex, muscle relaxation, head support, corneal reflex and response to nocciceptive stimulation. The beginning of sedative action, interval of the optimum effect and recovery time of the animals did not differ (p>0,05) between the two protocols, being 7.5 ± 4.18 minutes, 257.5 ± 39.6 minutes and 450 ± 122.47 minutes for the group 1 and 5.83 ± 2.04 minutes, 279.17 ± 80.4 minutes and 550 ± 104.89 minutes in group 2, respectively. There were no changes in physiological parameters and all the animals showed satisfactory muscle relaxation, however, the protocols did not promote non-response to nocciceptive stimuli. We concluded that the concomitant use of midazolam 2 mg/kg associated with ketamine 20 mg/kg is more compensatory than the protocol composed of these drugs with the dissociative agent at a dose of 40 mg/kg. CHAPTER 3: The aim of this study was to compare the sedative effects of racemic ketamine and S (+) ketamine in Caiman crocodilus. We used twelve common caiman divided into two groups of six animals. Group 1 received racemic ketamine at a dose of 20 mg/kg IM, as in group 2, we used S (+) ketamine (20 mg/kg IM). We assessed physiological parameters, righting reflex, muscle relaxation, head support, corneal reflex and response to nocciceptive stimulation. All crocodilians presented lethargic behavior with a decrease in aggression and attempted to escape muscle relaxation and difficulty in sustaining head. The optimum effect of sedative action and duration of maximum effect did not differ (p>0,05) between the two protocols, being 6.66 ± 0.96 minutes and 81.66 ± 39.2 minutes for group 1 and 10. 83 ± 3.76 minutes and 68.33 ± 30.98 minutes for group 2, respectively. The recovery in group 1 occurred at 110 ± 48.99 minutes and in group 2, at 115 ± 55.04 minutes, values statistically equal (p>0,05). The physiological parameters of body temperature, respiratory and heart rates were not statistically different (p>0,05) between baseline (t0) and other times analyzed. It was concluded that there is no relevant differences in relation to periods anesthetics and adverse effects between the use of ketamine in the racemic form and S (+) pure, at a dose of 20 mg/kg IM in Caiman crocodilus. Furthermore, the protocols evaluated are indicated for using in pharmacological restraint of common caiman for non-invasive procedures.

Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

We aimed to investigate the efficacy of lidocaine and bupivacaine via spinal injection in promoting sensory and motor block in the regions of the tail/cloaca and pelvic members of Trachemys dorbignyi. Ten females with average weight of 1.375 kilograms (kg) were submitted to two anesthetic protocols, with an interval of 10 days: 4.6 milligrams (mg)/kg of lidocaine 2% and 1.15 mg/kg of bupivacaine 0, 5%, deposited via spinal in the coccyx region. The animals were evaluated for latent period, reasonable period and recovery period of anesthesia. For the period of latency of the tail (Lca), we obtained an average of 28.80 ± 2.29 seconds (sec) and 56.80 ± 4.78 sec for lidocaine and bupivacaine. Since the average latency of pelvic limb was 448.00 ± 48.51 sec and 487.70 ± 30.25 sec for both anesthetics. The reasonable period of anesthesia was 79.29 ± 33.11 minutes (min) for lidocaine and 116.55 ± 41.03 min in the tail/cloaca for bupivacaine. Averages corresponding to 112.03 ± 45.12 min and 150.87 ± 53.36 min were obtained in the pelvic members through use of anesthetics in the same sequence. Finally, the recovery period was 76.30 ± 32.18 min and 68.00 ± 43.35 min for lidocaine and bupivacaine, respectively. The heart rate remained within the range considered normal for reptiles. It was concluded that the use of lidocaine 2% and 0.5% bupivacaine via spinal injection is safe and effective in promoting anesthesia in the tail/cloaca and pelvic members in Trachemys dorbignyi. The duration of anesthetic effect in the tail/cloaca was significantly higher by using bupivacaine 0.5%. The times of reasonable periods of anesthesia achieved with the use of both anesthetic protocols are sufficient to perform simple and routine surgical procedures, such as amputation of the penis and suturing of skin lacerations.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Twenty-four New Zealand rabbits, adult males were separated into two equal groups, control (GC) and treated (GT) with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2. The groups were subdivided for evaluation at 45 (C1 and T1) and 90 days (C2 and T2). There was a lateral parapatellar incision in his left knee on the skin and joint capsule. The patella was displaced medially and a segment of the trochlear groove was removed. In CG and TG was filled with allograft osteochondral graft pre-served in glycerin at 98%. In rabbits the GT were administered 1 mg intra-articular bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2). There was adhesion of the joint capsule in four (33.3%) animals of the GT, and five (41.66%) of GC. Among the changes found in the cartilage graft was found, severe scaling in two animals (16.66%) followed by necrosis in four (33.3%), whereas in GT in three (25%) rabbits was found peeling, but without necrosis. It was found in eight (66.66%) rabbits GT hyaline cartilage growth in the process of ossification. The intra-articular inoculating of rhBMP-2 in the repair of the trochlear groove of rabbits with allogenic osteochondral allograft of rabbits pre-served in glycerin, satisfactory results in cartilage and bone repair after 45 and 90 days postoperatively.

The sheep industry requires new methods for metabolic and nutritional evaluations. In this context, the objective of this study was to analyse the variations in the metabolic profile of protein, energy enzyme and mineral of Santa Inês ewes with low body condition score (BCS) during peripartum. The experiment was done within the city of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 12 animals by jugular venipuncture to determine the serum biochemical profiles of protein, energy, mineral and enzyme metabolisms. Samples were collected on the following days: days 28, 21, 14, and 7 before calving, at birth and, at days 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 postpartum (dpp). The samples were centrifuged and the serum analysed by Automated-Analyser. The mean and standard deviations were determined; variance analysis was performed to determine possible differences between sampling periods by using the statistical software Minitab 15. There was no alteration of the BCS during the 28 dpp, which varied between 0.6 and 2.1 ± 2.4 ± 0.5, and was considered as lean. The values of the total serum protein, globulin, albumin, and albumin/globulin ratio were reduced effective from the period before birth until 28dpp. There was mobilization of energy as demonstrated by the increase of non-esterified fatty acids; the values of beta-hydroxybutyrate, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium remained below those of reference values. The concentrations of ALT were decreased particularly during the weeks before delivery. It was concluded that Santa Inês sheep with low body condition score demonstrated a reduction in the metabolism of proteins, energy, mineral and enzyme during peripartum.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets with different metabolizable energy levels on the development of the digestive system and digestive capacity of broilers. This experiment employed a 4x9 factorial design (metabolizable energy levels: low, medium, high and very high; x age: every three days until 28 days old). Four birds from each treatment were euthanized and had body weight, relative weight of various components of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and accessory glands and the relative length of intestinal segments evaluated. Characteristics of villi and absorptive surface area of the duodenal mucosa were evaluated. Digestibility was evaluated using the method of total excreta collection. The metabolizable energy level did not influence the development of the TGI and accessory glands of broilers, with the exception of the ileum. From 21 days of age, it s possible to increase the metabolizable energy without harming the digestibility of fat, indicating that from this age the broilers can digest greater amount of fat. The birds until 27 days old best digested nutrients in diets with medium metabolizable energy level. The energy level of the diet differently influenced the digestibility of nutrients, and in the period studied, the highest rate of digestibility was up three days of life, with a sharp decline until the period of seven to nine days of age and an increase from this period without, however, reach the digestibility of the first three days of age.

The objective was to compare two different lineages that have undergone genetic selections considering the quantitative characteristics of the carcass, intestinal morphology, intestinal absorption and quality of meat and see if these are correlated with the yield of lean meat. were studied 120 pigs, half barrows and half female, with approximately 150 days old on commercial farms, to compare two different genetic lineages: Lineage 1 - ½ (Large White and Pietran) x ½ (Large White and Landrace) and Lineage 2 - ½ (Large White, Pietran, Duroc and Hampshire) x ½ (Large White, Landrace, Meishan and Fengjing). In 60 animals of each genotype were analyzed the following characteristics: hot carcass weight (HCW), carcass length (CL), backfat thickness (BT), percentage thin meat ( CM%) , intramuscular fat (IMF) and intestinal length (CI). For the analysis of intestinal absorption (IA) of 62 animals were used only from those previously evaluated , and 31 animals of each genotype. The lineage 1 was called a "European" and the lineage 2 of "Chinese". The average values of CC and GIM differ between strains, and the European were higher. The meat of animals studied showed a low content of GIM, existing significant negative correlation between the CM and ET%. The strains showed IC, AI and CM% statistically equal.

The present study describes the flexor and extensor muscles in Cebus libidinosus forearm and compare them with those from humans, chimpanzees and baboons. The data is presented in quantitative anatomical indices for similarity. The capuchin forearm muscles showed important similarities with chimpanzees and humans, specially those that act on thumb motion and allow certain degree of independence from other hand structures, even though their configuration does not enable a true opposable thumb. The characteristics of Cebus forearm muscles corroborate the evolutionary convergence towards an adaptive behavior (tool use) between Cebus genus and apes.