Repositório RCAAP

The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of lidocaine and bupivacaine in spinal turtles by species Phrynops geoffroanus to promote sensory and motor block in the regions of the tail, vent and later members. Ten females with average weight of 2.14 kilograms (kg) were submitted to two anesthetic protocols, with an interval of 10 days: 4.6 milligrams (mg) / kg of lidocaine 2% and 1.15 mg / kg of bupivacaine 0.5% deposited in the spinal region of space proximal intercoccígeo. The anesthetic action in the tail for the two anesthetics was instantaneous, that is less than 1 min. Regarding the latency period in later members (PM), we obtained 4.5 ± 4.37 min and instant messaging as their average values for lidocaine and bupivacaine. The presence of maximum muscle relaxation and analgesia was 34.50 ± 33.28 min and 114.55 ± 39.89 min in the tail / vent to 2% lidocaine. and bupivacaine 0.5%, respectively. Medium corresponding to 24 ± 23.42 min and 110.50 ± 28.81 min was obtained by the later members use of anesthetics in the same sequence. The recovery period, equivalent to the time required to return to preanesthetic parameters from the start scoring 2 for muscle relaxation, was 37.00 ± 23.63 min for lidocaine and 61.5 ± 36.59 min for bupivacaine. Times skillful anesthesia achieved with the use of both anesthetic protocols are sufficient to perform simple surgical procedures and routine, such as amputation of the penis and suturing of skin lacerations. The choice of anesthetic to be applied will depend on the average time the procedure was performed to average 2% lidocaine and bupivacaine half-hour average of one hour.

The Campylobacter species are the etiologic agents incriminated in most cases of human gastroenteritis. The main way of human infection is the consumption of animal risen food and contaminated water, but studies are required to better understand the epidemiology and risk factors for the infection of humans and animals by these organisms. They have been collected and analyzed for the presence of Campylobacter spp., faeces samples from 160 children under five years old and 120 samples from pets (103 dogs and 17 cats) met at the Clinical Hospital and Veterinary Hospital, respectively, at Federal University of Uberlândia. The positivity was 6.87% among the human samples and 18.3% among the animal samples, with 100% of agreement between the results obtained through phenotypic and genotypic methods. From the 33 positive faeces samples for Campylobacter spp., 57.6% were identified as C. jejuni (fifteen from dogs and four from children), 33.4% as C. coli (four from dogs, two from cats and five from children) and 9% as Campylobacter gracilis (one from dog and two from children). The most prevalent biotype was C. jejuni biotype I, with 13 isolated samples, followed by C. coli biotype I with 11 isolated ones. There was resistance from more than 50% of the strains isolated from dogs to ceftiofur, sulfazotrim, norfloxacin and tetracycline. Among the strains isolated from humans samples could be headlined the resistance to amoxicillin, cefazolin, ceftiofur, erythromycin, and norfloxacin. There were no differences in resistance profile between the species C. coli and C. jejuni (p> 0.05). The PCR technique showed that among 19 isolated strains of C. jejuni, 12 had between two and four of the virulence genes: flaA, pdlA, cadF or ciaB. Among the isolated strains from canine, one of them has shown the four genes simultaneously, two strains had three genes and two of them had one gene, all the others had two genes. Among the isolated strains from human faeces, all of them had the flaA and cadF genes, only one sample contained the pdlA gene and two of the strains had the ciaB gene. All the strains that showed the virulence genes have been isolated from faeces of animals or children with diarrhea. It was observed a high rate of resistance to sulfazotrim in isolated sample from dogs and cats, with values of 66.7% and 100% respectively. Among the children isolated samples the most troubling resistance values were found to erythromycin and norfloxacin. This data demonstrates the need to follow the use of antimicrobials as they are the drug of choice for gastroenteritis treatment in animals and campylobacteriosis in humans, respectively. The association of risk factors and infection of Campylobacter spp. in children demonstrated: an increase of 3.57 times probability to have diarrhea, 0.49 times more, when in contact with pets and 1.4 times more, during an antibiotic therapy, but in all of them there was no statistical significance (p> 0.05 ). When the same associations were created for dogs, the odds increased 7.38 times for the presence of diarrhea and 57.41 more chances when on antibiotic use (p <0.05). The presence of the four virulence genes in dogs isolated strains increased by 18.33 times the probability of the animal get diarrhea (p <0.05). Although, in this study, there has been no positive association between contact with pets and children infected by Campylobacter spp., further investigation should be made such as it must be established the epidemiological relationship by molecular methods for isolated strains from human and animal infections.

The objective of this study was to compare serum concentrations of the hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in pigs on commercial line beginning and end of growing-finishing phase, correlating them with productive performance, carcass and meat quality. Blood samples were collected from 48 animals at the beginning and end of growing-finishing phase by puncturing the jugular vein, around the same time (08:00 to 10:00). Measurements of serum thyroid hormones were made by enzyme-immunoassay for the quantitative determination of serum concentrations of T3 and T4 in pigs, multichannel analyzer in automatic Chemewell®, using the kit Interkit (Bio check, Inc.). The temperature and relative humidity were measured during the experimental period and the black globe humidity index (BGHI) was calculated to characterize the environment. The following characteristics of productive performance, carcass quality and meat were measured: Initial body weight (IBW), final body weight (FBW), average body weight gain (BWG), backfat thickness at first rib (BTFR), backfat thickness at last rib (BTLR), backfat thickness at the last lumbar (BTLL), carcass length (CL), length of small intestine (SI), lean meat percentage (LM%), pH at 45 minutes (pH45min), pH at 24 hours (pH24h), temperature at 1 minute (T1min), temperature at 24 hours (T24h). The values of temperature, BGHI and relative humidity were hight, characterizing the stressful environment. The T4 and T3 values decreased with increasing age of pigs. It was verified that final T3 negatively and moderately correlated with FBW and BWG, as final T4 with IBW (p<0.05). Initial and final thyroxine negatively and moderately correlated with pH45min and pH24h, respectively (p<0.05). The FBW positively and moderately correlated with BTFR, BTLR, BTLL, CL, SL, but negatively and moderately with LM% (p<0.05). Thus, values of T3 and T4 in pigs early in the growing-finishing phase are larger than in termination. These hormones influence the initial and final weight, BTLL, pH45min and pH24h of growing-finishing pigs.

Thus this research has as objective to evaluate the effects of heat waves in the Triangle Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba - MG on milk production and feed intake and map this influence through a bioclimatical zoning based on temperature and humidity index (THI) medium. Therefore it was determined the THI frequency of occurrence above the critical level determined in THI &#8805; 81. The concept of heat waves used was proposed by period of more than three consecutive days of maximum temperature equal to or greater than 32°C. Nine weather stations was analyzed to represent the Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba, having at least one representing each micrometeorological station. A historical of heat wave occurrence was developed based on climatic data in an interval of four to eleven years was made in the database of the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) with dry bulb temperature data and relative humidity at three times of day (09:00, 15:00, 21:00). Also simulated to quantify the decline in milk production (DMP) and decline in feed intake (DFI) in cities that have been identified heat wave periods. The results showed that the cities of Ituiutaba and Frutal were those with the largest number of flashes per year and have the cities of Patrocínio, Araxá and Sacramento, did not present heat waves during the study period. By simulating DMP and DFI and bioclimatic differences were found between the cities of Uberaba, Ituiutaba and Frutal, the first with the lowest estimates of production losses. The best cities for the creation of specialized breeds in milk production are Sacramento, Patrocínio, as presented THI out of hazard, THI night below 76 and did not have heat waves. The study of the occurrence of heat waves more effectively shows the effect of heat stress on milk production, which can hardly be seen in the study of the occurrence of THI average.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

We analyzed the distribution of the common peroneal nerve in fetuses of 30 horses, breed not defined, from the collection of the Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, which were injected and stored in aqueous solution of formaldehyde at 10%. It was noted that this stems from the sciatic nerve divides into superficial and deep peroneal nerves, distributed to the lateral extensor muscles and long toe, peroneal and tibial cranial third. By drawing an imaginary line in the mid-lateral region of the tuberosity of the tibia bone, the common peroneal nerve can be blocked in its proximal part, the caudal third, between the tendon of insertion of the biceps femoris and lateral gastrocnemius lateral (middle third), and the deep peroneal nerve at the proximal tibia, distal to the fibular head-common. The superficial peroneal nerve block can be accomplished in two regions of the tibia: the proximal, considering the imaginary line, distal to the point referred to the fibular and caudal to that described for the deep peroneal, and distal side of the face tibio-tarsal, between the tendons of insertion of the extensor muscles of the lateral and long finger.

They had been studied a total of 304 pigs, barrows and gilts, with approximately 150 days old. Initially 144 pigs were analyzed to evaluate the effect of the HAL gene on the deposition of GIM. Subsequently, we studied 160 animals in order to investigate the interference of the minerals Mg, Zn, Se and Cu, added to water pen, pre-slaughter, the final quality of pork, and for each of the mineral teste were studied a total of 140 pigs (20 treated and 20 controls) were housed in two pens of rest previously prepared, and the administration period of 12 hours of the mineral. For analysis of GIM, initially characterized the genotype of the HAL gene in animals by analyzing DNA from blood using one protocol of PCR-RFLP protocol and GIM was measured from samples collected from the semimembranosusi muscle. For the analysis of minerals were evaluated for meat quality characteristics: pH 45 minutes, pH 24 hours, meat color and WHC. There was no significant difference in allele n halothane gene in the deposition of GIM, when heterozygous. Pigs subjected to dietary water containing the mineral magnesium, as well as the mineral selenium showed higher pH 45 minutes, pH 24 hours and WHC than those who did not under go the same showing thus a higher quality of meat. In addition, meat color was more pale pigs did not have access to magnesium. There were no significant differences in the quality of meat for the animals supplemented with mineral springs containing copper and zinc.

The study of the physiological traits of calves has contributed to the helped in the explanation, recognition and differentiation of morbid states that affect these animals. Furthermore, this data is essential to ensure the clinical care of these neonates to reduce economic losses in bovine breeding. Based on the age and gender, this study is aimed to evaluate the concentrations of the serum biochemical profile of crossbred calves from birth to 360 days. 30 crossbred calves were used and 13 blood samples were taken from each at monthly intervals. The first withdraw was on the one a thre days of birth. The concentrations of total serum protein, albumin, globulin, ALP, GGT, AST, ALT, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium ionized, creatinine, urea, triglycerides and cholesterol. Blood analyses were performed by using the automated multichannel analyzer Chem Well®. All proteins, enzymes and minerals were influenced by age. Urea was the only parameter that was not statistically different according to age. We conclude that age has an influence on the values of most biochemical parameters.

The present study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of broiler breeders fed different levels of protein and metabolizable energy treated with three different diets, varying amounts of metabolizable energy and crude protein. In one treatment, the heavy broiler breeders were fed a diet with 13.8% CP and 2750 Kcal / kg, 22 to 66 weeks of age. In treatment two, the roosters received the same ration provides for the females, being from 22 to 36 weeks of age containing 15% CP from 36 to 60 weeks, 15.2% CP and 60 to 66 weeks, 14% CP, all diets contained 2850 Kcal / kg. In treatment three, the breeding males fed a diet with15% CP and 2700 Kcal / kg from 22 to 66 weeks is old. The semen was collected from 16 rooster each treatment in three different ages of week, 34, 38, 43, 48 and 51 weeks. The semen collected was subjected to staining protocol with toluidine blue and subsequently evaluated by computer image analysis, with measurements of area, perimeter, homogeneity and intensity of compaction of chromatin in each head of spermatozoa. The roosters fed with high protein (15%) showed improve results in terms of compression and density of the heads of sperm chromatin. This same group had values of spermatozoa size smaller, which indicates minor morphological changes. It wasn t possible to correlate the onset and fertility with other data, as in this study there was no significant difference between treatments (p >0.05). Concerning the age of the rooster, regardless of the diet used, all treatments showed changes in chromatin compaction, and the roosters fed with 13.8% crude protein and 2750 Kcal / kg, showed greater changes in chromatin compaction. This can explain the decrease in fertility, usually observed in the field after this period, in flocks of broiler breeders.

Origins, ramifications and distributions of the left and right facial arteries were studied in the 30 (thirdy) stillborn swines (Sus scrofa domesticus) of the Sadia lineage, 17 (seventeen) males and 13 (thirteen) females. The specimen had it s artery system filled with stained solution of neoprene latex 601 A and after wards attached in a wattery solution of formaldehyde at 10%. It was observed that in 100% of the animals studied the facial arteries originated of the ventrolateral surface of the external carotid artery rostrally to the lingual artery. The gland branches ramificated supplying the mandibular, parotid glands, monostomatica portion of the sublingual gland and lobos of the cervical thymus in muscular branches irrigating the medial pterygoid muscle, masseter, ventral aspect of the digastric muscle and cutaneous of the face. Furthemore, the pharyngitis branch irrigating the soft palate, the tympanic bula and basihyoid, and last but not least the submentalis artery that is directed towards the submental muscles and the dorsal face of the digastric muscle.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

CHAPTER 2: Since growth in the creation of exotic snakes as pets, beyond its use in a commercial scale, pharmacological restraint used during medical and surgical procedures has become essential. Thus, the objective was to compare the effects of racemic ketamine and S(+)-ketamine in Boa constrictor. We used 20 redtail boas, divided into two groups of ten animals. Group 1 (G1) received racemic ketamine and group 2 (G2) S(+)-ketamine, both at a dose of 20 mg/kg IC. Physiological parameters showed that the snakes had lethargic behavior with decreased muscle tone, head tone, movement and loss of aggressiveness. The specimens of G1 remained in the score 2 for the head tone, muscle tone, manipulation and locomotion by 128 ± 47.85 minutes and the representatives of G2 by 171.50 ± 55.43 minutes. Only 50% of the animals of group 2 reached the reasonable period of anesthesia, because they have lost postural righting reaction by 50.60 ± 33.75 minutes and analgesia achieved by only 67.5 ± 10.61 minutes. The turnaround time t0 conditions were 174 ± 46.48 minutes for the G1 and 258 ± 61.97 minutes for G2. There were no significant differences between the assessment of heart rate and respiratory rate in both groups. It was concluded therefore that there is a superiority of S(+)-ketamine over the racemic form. However, the recovery period the S(+)-isomer was greater than that observed with racemic ketamine in Boa constrictor. The protocols are evaluated for the listed drug containment of the species studied, little or procedures for non-invasive. CHAPTER 3: Given the increase in the breeding of snakes in captivity and focus on the preservation of wild specimens, knowledge about the anesthesia of these animals has become essential, given the increased demand for medical and surgical care. Thus, the objective was to compare the effects of midazolam in Boa constrictor. We used 20 redtail boas, divided into two groups of ten animals. Group 1 (G1) received midazolam 1 mg/kg and group 2 (G2) 2 mg/kg, via IC. In the G1 the specimens remained in score 2 for the head tone, muscle tone, manipulation and locomotion for 233.50 ± 71.34 minutes and the representatives of G2 for 328.50 ± 125.35 minutes. No redtail boa belonging to both the G1 and G2 lost the RPE or achieved analgesia. However, there was an intense muscle relaxation and a difficult to move in all specimens tested. The turnaround time t0 conditions were 279 ± 73.55 minutes for the G1 and 372 ± 142.27 minutes for the G2. There were no statistical differences between evaluations of heart and respiratory rates in both groups tested. It was found that the snakes had lethargic behavior with decreased muscle tone, head tone, movement and loss of aggressiveness. It was concluded therefore, in redtail boa midazolam at dosage of 1 mg/kg causes the same effect as midazolam 2 mg/kg, but with less recovery time and can be used to contain Boa constrictor, or associations aimed at an effective muscle relaxation.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

The aim of this study was to evaluate thermoregulatory characteristics in early pregnancy as well as some reproductive efficiency of sows of different parity orders. It was collected and analyzed rectal and skin temperatures and respiratory rate of 98 sows of four groups of parity orders: gilts, primiparous, second to sixth and seventh to eleventh parity order, as well as the during pregnancy and the number of piglets born alive of 164 sows, which were compared to four groups of parity orders, in three moments of early pregnancy. The mean values of respiratory rate and skin temperature did not differ between parity orders. Rectal temperature of 7th to 11th parity order was lower than all other parity orders, probably because these animals are older, so they have a slower metabolism than the others. This group of parity order also showed a higher during pregnancy. In early pregnancy, age does not affect the respiratory rate and skin temperature, however, older sows have a lower rectal temperature, as well as higher gestation period.

ABSTRACT II: Endurance race is one of the most competitive emerging equestrian sports in the world. Laboratory tests have become essential in the evaluation of the competition horse and therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the profile of proteins, metabolites, minerals and enzymes in serum of horses subjected to endurance race. Blood samples were collected from 31 Mangalarga Marchador horses during the Cavalgada Sul Minas, with the percurse of 90 KM between the cities of Lavras and São João del Rey, Minas Gerais. Samples were collected in the first, third and fifth day of competition. In each serum sample were determined creatinine, urea, gamma glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin and globulin. It was observed that the majority of the analyzed elements remained within the normal physiological patterns except CK and ALT which showed elevated, and cholesterol, which showed reduced. A significant difference was observed in serum in the three stages of total protein, globulin, ALT and cholesterol. The elements albumin, CK, creatinine, uric acid, chloride, total protein and globulin increased from first to second stage, decreasing in the third. ALT increased significantly at all three stages, while there was a decrease of cholesterol levels. At some point there were statistical differences from GGT, increasing exaggeratedly at the second stage, AST, triglycerides, urea, sodium and potassium sera levels appearing differents in the third stage. The test ride causes biochemical changes in horses, especially in the elements ALT, cholesterol, total protein and globulin. ABSTRACT III: Training is essential to prepare the body for intense changes occurring in athletic performance. The effect of training depends on the duration, type, frequency and intensity of athletic training. The objective of this study was to evaluate the profile of proteins, metabolites, minerals and enzymes in serum of equine athletes Polo, correlating with those in professional animal training. Blood samples were collected from 82 Thoroughbred horses of both sexes, at Haras San Jose, located in Santa Rosa of Viterbo - SP. We performed a single collection in the morning, before training the animals, and these were divided into two groups. Group I animals in training, those who do not participate in the proof of Polo, and group II, animals professionals who already practice the sport regularmente.Foram determined in each sample serum albumin, calcium, total cholesterol, creatinine , alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus, gamma glutamyl transferase, total protein, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, urea, and magnesium. All elements analyzed were within the normal physiological patterns. When confronted the two groups was statistically significant for lacatato, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, urea, creatinine, phosphorus and potassium. When confronted animal sex statistical difference was observed for globulins, creatinine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and phosphorus.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of auxiliary tools for the detection of estrus in cows. In experiment 1, we evaluated the efficiency of Estrotect ® in comparison with visual observation in 58 crossbred cows. The animals were divided into two groups: the TAI (n = 21) was subjected to a protocol of a fixed timed insemination (TAI) and 10 days after insemination device was fixed to the animals. In the group PG (n = 37) was administered prostaglandin (Dinoprost Tromethamine, Lutalyse ®, Pfizer) and immediately 25mg/animal/IM pasted adhesive. In the experiment 2, aimed to compare the Estrotect ® with chalk marker in crossbred heifers. After synchronization of estrus with P4 (CIDR) + GnRH - 7 days - PGF2a, heifers were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 56) received the Estrotect ® and Group 2 (n = 56) received in the insertion of the marking tail with the chalk marker. The visual detection of estrus was performed daily in the same way in first experiment, from 07:00 to 08:00 and from 17:00 until 18:00. In experiment 2, the devices were only reached two times a day. After detection were artificially inseminated and diagnosed by ultrasound after 30 days in both estudies. In experiment 1, there was no effect of group (P> 0.05) on the efficiency of visual detection of estrus or auxiliary tool. There was no detectable difference between the efficiency of estrus and the visual detection device (P> 0.05) 92.5%. In experiment 2, not detected a group effect (P> 0.05) in the detection of estrus or the range of CIDR removal to the manifestation of estrus. The heat detection and conception rate was 92.86% (52/56), and 46,15% (24/52) for Estrotect® and 85,71% (48/56), and 58.33% (28/48) to chalk marker. It is concluded that the methods of estrus detection aids are effective and help in improving the efficiency of artificial insemination programs.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Bovines, as homeothermic animals, are able to keep their body temperature stable, but in tropical and subtropical regions, can suffer pronounced effects of heat stress because the high temperature and relative humidity. The objective was to evaluate the rate of conception and pregnancy loss during the seasons (winter and summer) in crossbred dairy cows. The experiment was conducted on the farm Glória of the Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Was used a herd with average of 90 lactating cows, submitted to the IATF protocol, being inseminated or placed with a bull, totaling 370 inseminations from may/2007 to march/2010, which were divided for data analysis in three intervals, I, II and III, corresponding may/2007 to march/2008, april/2008 to march/2009, april/2009 to march/2010, respectively. The environment was characterized by average temperature, air humidity and ITU. After analyzing all the winters and summers, and the intervals I and II, there was a higher conception rate in winter than in summer. Already a pregnancy loss between 28 to 45 days after insemination, was not influenced by season of the year. We conclude that the region of Triângulo Mineiro, the warm season of the year negatively affects conception rate in crossbred dairy cows, but does not interfere in pregnancy loss between 28 to 45 days.

Aiming to evaluate different protocols of S (+) ketamine and to define the most appropriate dose of this drug for chemical restraint in chelonians, we used 40 specimens of giant Amazon river turtle, with weights ranging from 1.0 to 1.5 kg, from the commercial breeding Moenda da Serra, in Araguapaz - Goiás - Brazil, which were divided into four groups of ten animals. We administered S (+) ketamine in doses of 10 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, in groups one, two, three and four, respectively, all intramuscularly (IM). We evaluated the physiological parameters of cloacal temperature and heart rate, as well as righting reflex, muscle relaxation (motor block), support the head and response to noxious stimuli (sensory block). The dose of 10 mg/kg did not provide any effect on the animals, being inefficient in pharmacological restraint of P. expansa. With the protocols of 15 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, all animals exhibited muscle relaxation without loss of righting reflex; maintained at soreness and no statistical differences in relation to heart rate and cloacal temperature. However, the duration of action of the drug was significantly higher in the group that was administered the dose of 40mg/kg IM. It is concluded that the protocol of S (+) ketamine 10 mg/kg IM is not capable of promoting effects in Podocnemis expansa, and that the dose for the pharmacological restraint of the species varies from 15 to 40 mg/kg IM.

Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias