Repositório RCAAP

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The aimed of this study was to determine and compare seroprevalence of Bovine Leukosis between beef and dare cattle in the city of Catalão, Goiás and identify epidemiological factors that influence the disease. Twenty properties were chosen ten with dare ability and ten cut ability, comprising 120 animals of each one. The epidemiological variables considered were: ability (beef or dare), gender, age, replacement of animals on the property, needle exchange among animals, intense presence of vectors practice of milking, fomites sharing, veterinary care and supply of silage. Serum samples were examined by AGID - LEB and produced by TECPAR. In beef properties, 20 calves were positive (16.67%), whereas in dairy herd cattle 49 (40.83%) were positive for leukemia. In simple regression, there was an increase of probability of 3,45 times of the animal is seropositive for leukemia in dare ability. The age group with the highest percentage of positive was that of over 36 months. A higher positivity rate (34.57%) on the properties who do needle exchange than no standard exchange. When analyzed individually, needle exchange did not influence the frequency of the disease. In the multivariate analysis, needle exchange influenced the leukemia frequency, being higher in properties that practiced exchange. Vectors presence on the property and providing silage influence the greatest number of positive animals. Females had a higher percentage of positive animals for leukemia than males. Properties that practiced replecement of animals from other areas had lowest percentage of positivity. In properties where cows were milked, denotes to increase 1,28 times of chance of the animal been positive for leukemia. Fomites sharing practice influenced the higher positivity of the herd in the properties that used this practice. Failure of veterinary treatment was responsible for over 50% of cases of animals with leukemia. Of the ten risk factors, five were significant (ability, age, needle exchange, presence of vectors and supply of silage) when evaluated together for the presence of the disease and five as unrepresentative (sex, replacement of animals, milking, sharing fomites and veterinary care). In dairy cattle observed increase in the probability of being positive for leucosis more than 5,21 times. For each age group that evolves, is increased by 0,16times of the chance of finding disease. Already needle exchange represented an increase of 2,83 times of probability of having leukemia. Intense presence of vectors increased 7,14 times of chance to present leukemia. Providing silage represents an increase of 5,2 times of probability of bovine be positive. In multivariate regression, gender, replacement of animals, milking, sharing fomites and veterinary care together not correlate with seropositivity for enzootic bovine leukemia. 8.34% (20/240) of positive population belongs to beef cattle and 20.42% (49/240) belongs to dairy cattle. In conclusion, Enzootic Bovine Leukosis occurs most frequently in dairy cattle in the court, in the Catalan / GO region. The risk factors that together account for significant prevalence of the disease are: animals over 36 months, needle exchange, intense presence of vectors and supply of silage.

This study includes two experiments, and in the first the goal was to evaluate biochemical and hematological parameters in sheep supplemented with different soybean molasses levels in the diet. Serum levels of protein, phosphorus and calcium/phosphorus showed significant differences in relation to the assessed days. Uric acid and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels showed significant changes for the treatments. Energy parameters were not altered for days and for treatments. Hematological variables were similar for all parameters studied. Supplementation with soy molasses can interfere on levels of uric acid and AST, not causing metabolic changes in the evaluated parameters. In the second experiment the goal was to evaluate the intake and digestibility of nutrients, ingestive behavior and performance of sheep supplemented with different soy molasses levels in the diet. The protein intake relative to body weight and protein consumption and mineral matter were significant for the treatments. The apparent digestibility of nutrients had no change, as well as ingestive behavior, intake efficiency, rumination and chewing and rumination frequency. The water consumption and water/molasses consumption ratio were significantly different for the treatments. Supplementation with up to 12% soy molasses does not change dry matter intake, digestibility of nutrients and ingestive behavior of sheep, but increased consumption of protein and mineral matter. Then, it is an alternative of supplementation in the diet.

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Considered the testudine that has been most kept in captivity as a pet due to its extensive illegal trade, Chelonoidis carbonaria species (tortoise-piranga or red-leg-tortoise) is widely distributed in South America and Brazil . The objective was to measure the changes in protein compounds, metabolites, minerals, electrolytes and serum enzyme in Chelonoidis carbonaria held captive using analytical methods routinely used in clinical laboratories, as this dosages are laboratory tests used in veterinary medical clinic for the important contribution that provide diagnosis and prognosis of metabolic changes that affect these animals. For this, used were 25 specimens from C. Carbonaria. Was performed on each animal both sexes, Blood collection Serum for subsequent biochemical analysis. Analyses were processed in automatic analyzer (Flexor XL). It was observed that the results of the serum biochemical constituents C. carbonaria evaluated to show no significant differences in mean observed for other species Testudines, the differences being observed probably due to the difference managements, diet and normal physiological variations different species. There were no significant differences between males and females for the studied parameters and the values obtained for glucose levels in venous blood obtained by enzymatic colorimetric method (GVE) and digital glucometer (GVG). Analytical techniques routinely employed for biochemical tests appear to be suitable for determining the biochemical profiles of these animals with the exception of gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) and creatine kinase enzyme (CK) and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) showed wide variations of standard deviations. The results of this study can contribute to the interpretation of biochemical parameters of tortoises as well as support other studies that seek to reference values for the species.

Caiman crocodilus is popularly known as caimans, belonging to Sub Class Archosauria, Alligatoridae Family, subfamily Aligatorinae. The objective was to measure the variations of the biochemical constituents of Caimam free crocodilus, using 30 species belonging to the municipality of São Miguel do Araguaia - GO, Brazil. It was performed on each animal of both sexes, blood collection of 3ml by puncture cervical sinus using syringes, transferred into previously identified tubes without anticoagulant, the material was stored in their own boxes, and centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 5 minutes to obtain serum, the material was stored in plastic bottle conical bottom (Eppendorf), identified and again cooled and sent to the Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of Faculdade Cidade Patos de Minas, where occurred the processing and determination of biochemical values through quantitative analysis of serum indicators. Analyses were processed in automatic analyzer (Flexor XL), and mean values were obtained for the following parameters: total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin / globulin, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, uric acid, glucose, amylase , alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase. The results and the respective standard deviations, were made in the tool Action (2013) and BioEstat 5.0 (Ayres et al., 2007). The values of blood biochemical parameters are generally similar to those described in the literature and the results can serve as a reference for diagnostic support in the studied species and other works of the same character of observation.

Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (marandu grass) is one of the most used grasses in systems of pasture production in the tropics. With this, two works were realized to evaluate the phenotypic plasticity of this grass in relation to defoliation and nitrogen fertilization. In the first, for better understanding of the phenotypic plasticity of this plant, aimed characterize morphological responses of tillers of marandu grass before the nitrogen fertilization and frequency of defoliation. The study was conducted in two experimental years. The treatments in the first consisted of different cutting intervals (seven, 14, 28, 56 and 112 days), while the second, the same cutting intervals and phosphorus and nitrogen fertilization conditions (low and high). Were adopted the randomized block design and in experiment two, was used the factorial design with four repetitions. In both experiments the responses to stem length, leaf blade length, space between leaf blade and leaf area and weight of tiller increased with cutting intervals. In experiment two, high doses of fertilization provided larger number of vegetative tillers, space between leaf blades, weight of tiller, longer leaves and stems, and higher population densities of reproductive tillers with greater cutting intervals. Was concluded that the defoliation and the nitrogen fertilization induce to morphologic modifications in the tillers of marandu grass suggesting the phenotypic plasticity of this grass. In the second study aimed to characterize the changes in the way of growth subject marandu grass the cutting intervals and fertilization, as well to evaluate the effect of these variables in the type of growing on forage removed and remaining after of cut. In the first experimental year, the highest horizontal index found in plants subjected to more frequent cuts and, when cut with longer intervals (56 and 112 days), a reduction of the index. In the second year, the high fertilization increased the horizontal index only in the plant cutted every seven days. In general, in both experiments was increased residual forage biomass with increased of cutting intervals. In the second experimental year, the residual forage biomass increased with high fertilization, as well as the percentage of living stems. In the two experiments, the forage biomass and leaf area index were higher in the plants removed in higher cutting intervals. But when subjected to high fertilization, in the experiment two, the forage biomass and leaf area index were higher compared to the low fertilization condition. In the second experimental year when fertilization condition was high, was a low percentage of live leaf under intermediate cutting intervals (28 and 56 days). Was concluded that when the defoliation is very frequent, the increased availability of nutrients in the soil contributes to the Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu more sharply modify their way of growth, from upright to prostrate, compared to the condition of low availability of nutrients in the soil. Furthermore, the increased cutting interval and fertilization increment the removal of the fodder marandugrass.

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This paper aimed at evaluating the effects of replacing corn with whole and ground sorghum on the performance, relative carcass weight and viscera, carcass composition and digestibility of nutrients in the diet of turkeys in the initial phase of production (1 to 28 days). Three thousand nine hundred and sixty male turkeys from Nicholas lineage were housed, distributed in a completely randomized design, submitted to the following treatment diets: A) Whole Sorghum (100% Ws); B) ground corn (100% C); C) 75% ground corn + 25% ground sorghum (75%C25%S); D) 50% ground corn + 50% ground sorghum (50%CS); E) 25% ground corn + 75% ground sorghum (25%C/75%S); F) ground sorghum (100% Sg). Each treatment with twelve replicates of 55 birds each. Performance data such as feed intake, body weight, real feed conversion, traditional food conversion and viability did not differ at 28 days of age and the percentages of carcass parts and morphometry of viscera. However, the results of the chemical composition of the carcass were higher for fat in the diet with ground sorghum and better digestibility of crude protein in diets with whole sorghum (100% Si) and ground sorghum (100% Sm) compared corn ground. It was observed that sorghum may be a viable alternative ingredient in the composition of the diets of turkeys. And for performance in creating grain or ground may be provided.

The main goal of this study was to establish the follicular depletion of the remaining and implanted ovaries in the subcutaneous in domestics cats after 120 days, by quantification and morphometric classification, and with respect to the preservation of the tissue organization. Thirteen female domestic cats (Felis catus) were used, distributed into two groups: G1 (cats 1 to 7, with left ovary as control and implant, and right ovary remaining), and G2 (cats 8 to 13, with right ovary as control and implant, and left ovary remaining). After unilateral ovariectomy, the ovary was sliced in three parts. The two extremities were implanted under the skin, and the middle section was used as control. Four months later, the implants and the remaining ovary were removed and observed under light microscopy. The implants were found in 38.4% of the cats, and the analysis showed a large number of primordial follicles (59.75%), primary follicles (40.25%), and conjunctive fibroplasia. The average size of the primary follicles was larger in the implanted ovary (36.10/mm²) than in the control ovary (12.11/mm²), and larger than in the remaining ovary (16.27/mm²). The remaining ovary showed regular appearance with follicles in all stages of development, with the average of the tertiary follicles (1.12/mm²) larger than the control (0.96/mm²). The diameter of primordial follicles was bigger in the control ovary (41,51μm) in relation to the remaining (37,30μm). The primary in the control was bigger (57,5 μm) than the remaining (47,5μm) and bigger than the implants (38,33μm). Considering the side, the tertiary follicles in the remaining had been more frequent in the right side and in relation to the diameter; the primary follicles in the controls had been bigger in the left side. We conclude that the ovarian implants recovered in this study only presented primordial and primary follicles, with fibroplasia. A length of study longer than 120 days to analyze follicular depletion would also be useful, because in that period this fact was not characterized.

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The Geoffroy s side-necked turtle has omnivorous diet, and the digestion speed of these animals is influenced by both temperature and nutricion status. To understand the digestion process of food in animal organisms, studies on the gastrointestinal tract transit are necessary. The objective of this study was to determine the gastrointestinal transit time of this reptile, in order to supply information to clinical and surgery operations. Ten adults animals from Uberabinha river (18°55 42.1 S and 48°17 39.4 W), Brasil, 1.92 ± 0.42 kg of weight were sampled. The animals were orally fed 10ml/kg of a barium sulfate suspension (Bariogel®) at mixed with mineral oil (Nujol®), at a rate of 70% of barium sulfate for 30% of mineral oil. Afterwards, the animals underwent radiography in a dorsum ventral position, with the X-ray device adjusted at 62 KV and 250 mA, in time intervals as to follow the permanency of contrast in the organism. After 110.4 ± 33.37 h (approximately 4.6 days) all contrast was eliminate. Therefore, we can conclude that it was possible to determine the whole radiographic sequence of the contrast in the gastrointestinal tract of these animals and to establish some parameters regarding time in each region of the digestive tract.

Comparative Anatomy of mammals has been a relevant subject of researches in biomedical and biological areas with the objective of looking for more information that could aid for searching about understanding of the unit variety-complex. Nonhuman primates have been considered an important group among many studied animals having a great interest not only for the understanding of its own evolution but also due to the fact that detailed knowledge of its anatomy could represent an important factor for its preservation and protection. The aim of this work was to study the origins, ramifications, ventricular branches and distribution of the right coronary artery in such animals. Twenty-five hearts were used taken from Cebus apella (Capuchin monkey), 12 male and 13 female of varying ages. The coronary artery was filled by means of injection of neoprene latex 601 A® (Du pont do Brasil S/A) colored with specific pigment through the right femoral artery. Previous studies have not demonstrated any findings about the topic in this species. Right coronary artery originated from the right semilunar sinus of the ascendant aorta at the level of the free edged of the right semilunar cusp in all cases. In 68% of the cases its first branch, the infundibular one, emerged together with the right circumflex branch from a common trunck. In 2 cases (8%) it emerged directly from the right semilunar sinus. Then right coronary artery entered in the sulcus coronarius as the right circumflex branch giving off a variable number of vessels to supply the cranial aspect of the right ventricle. Proximally to the right cardiac edge it gave off one branch that rounded it and supplied the lateral and the caudal wall of the right ventricle (20% of the cases). In all 5 cases (20%) the right marginal vessel emerged from it. Right circumflex branch remained in the sulcus coronarius for variable distances. Then it turned abruptly to run in the subsinuosal interventricular sulcus as the subsinuosal interventricular branch. In 48% of the cases this vessel occupied 1/3 of the sulcus. In remain cases it extended as far as the apex where it anastomosed with the paraconal interventricular vessel from the left coronary artery. In the coronarius sulcus the right circumflex branch anastomosed with the left circumflex branch.

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The Ema (Rhea American ) is a bird in extinction. It is created in captivities, which fact causes some problems related to the handler, like physiologic stress and hormonal interaction, influencing on the immunological answer. This change can act on the activation of mononucleos and polimophonucleos, promoting the liberation of anion-superóxido. The aim of this work is to value the morphology and the cellular activation of heterophilus from emas blood (male and female) with the hormone melatonin and the Escherichia coli. Were collected 20 samples of blood (10 males and 10 females) of animals from Ambiental Development Centre of Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineiração. The separation of cells took place through the method gradient of density Ficoll Paque and sedimentation by dextran (Sigma). For the liberation of ânion-superóxido were used the method Acridine Orange. With the hormone melatonin, were checked some different statistics where males have more activation (16,5 + 1,1) than the females (14,1 + 0,5) (p<0,05). The heterophilus are big and have a kind of spherical, oval or irregular form with granules of several aspects. Notice that the phagocyte in the Ema s blood have phagocytec activity for Escherichia Coli, and there wasn t a meaningful difference between the cells of males and females. The index of microbicidal was also similar between the types of phagocyte with values up to 60%. We can conclude that the functional activation of heterophilus from ema s blood by agents imunomodulatory depend on the sex and this cells can be consider an important mechanism of defense to this animals, up against the bacterial infections.

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New Zealand kind 14, adult, male and female rabbits were used to evaluate sclera histological aspects, bulbar conjunctiva and clinical after the implant of the teflon tube in the anterior chamber associated with subconjuntival mitomycin C. Ten right-eyes were part of group I and ten left-eyes were part of group II evaluated for 30 and 60 days of post-operatory (PO), respectively. The other eight were part of group III, observed for 48 hours. A bag were formed in the bulbar conjunctiva, and mitomycin C was applied inside it, for three minutes. A teflon tube was introduced in the anterior chamber and fixated in the sclera, the conjunctival bag were aproximated on the limbus over the implant. There was a significative difference when measuring the intraocular pressure (IOP) between the pre-operatory and the post-operatory of 30 and 60 days. The animals on the groups I and II manifested hypotony and plain anterior chamber on the first two PO weeks. In 27 eyes (96,5%), the bag remained with volume and filled with aqueous humor. On the conjunctival bag histological evaluation after 48 PO hours, only the presence of the basal layer and conjunctive tissue degeneration were noticed. In 30 days, the absence of vascularization and secretion cells were noticed, and in 60 days, an atypical scar process were noticed. The teflon tube implant, associated with topical application of subconjunctival mitomycin C, showed itself as a safe and efficient method in normotense rabbits, lowering the IOP and keeping it for 30 to 60 PO days.

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CHAPTER II: The poultry keeping is one of the main farming activities of the region of the Triângulo Mineiro, enters the organic residues produced the chicken manure presents potentiality to be used in the recovery of areas degraded under pasture vegetation. So that developed the experiment in a typical dystrophic red Latossol under pasture of Brachiaria decumbens in advanced state of degradation for evaluate the influence of the application the mineral fertilizer and chicken manure in chemical alterations of the soil, the absorption of nutrients and foodstuffs characteristics of the Brachiaria decumbens. The delineation was mounted in DBC, where had been used five treatments (control, one mineral dosage, three exclusive dosages of chicken manure (1,200; 2,400 and 4,800 kg ha-1) and one mix the 2,400 chicken manure + mineral fertilizer dosage). The application of the residue was the throwing and had been carried through 2 collections the soil (March and August of 2004) and four plant collections (two in the period of rain season and two in the period of dry season). The fertilization with chicken manure increased the productivity of the MS of the forage; it increased the crude protein (CP), it kept texts of NDF; ADF and Lignin of the forage. It promoted increments in the absorption of nutrients N; P; K and supplied micronutrients the forage. As organic seasoning, the chicken manure presented high agronomic efficiency with residual effect until the 120 days for N; P; K; did not modify in the applied dosages the chemical characteristics of the soil how much to texts OM; pH; P and K. CHAPTER III: The breeding of turkey desenvolving in Brazil principal and Last decade, in the virtue of increase the demand of market external and inside. Although this similar characteristics presentable into residues of chicken manure and turkey manure, she necessary evaluate thes particulates that residue in recovery the grazing degraded. So that developed the experiment in a typical dystrophic red Latossol under pasture of Brachiaria decumbens in advanced state of degradation for evaluate the influence of the application the mineral fertilizer and turkey manure in chemical alterations of the soil, the absorption of nutrients and foodstuffs characteristics of the Brachiaria decumbens. The delineation was mounted in DBC, where had been used five treatments (control, one mineral dosage, three exclusive dosages of turkey manure (1,200; 2,400 and 4,800 kg ha-1) and one mix the 2,400 turkey manure + mineral fertilizer dosage). The application of the residue was the throwing and had been carried through 2 collections the soil (March and August of 2004) and four plant collections (two in the period of rain season and two in the period of dry season). The fertilization with turkey manure increased the productivity of the MS of the forage; it increased the crude protein (CP), it support e/or reduce of NDF; ADF and Lignin of the forage. It promoted increments in the absorption of nutrients N; P; K and supplied micronutrients the forage. As organic seasoning, the turkey manure presented high agronomic efficiency with residual effect until the 120 days for N; P; K. Not modify in the applied dosages the chemical characteristics of the soil how much to texts OM; pH; P and K.