Repositório RCAAP

This study proposes to make a diagnosis of the situation of poor and non-poor youth in the labor market in the metropolitan region of Recife, and to evaluate the determinants of the unemployment of the poor and non-poor youth there during the years 1995, 2001 and 2007. This study verified that poor youth are substantially more affected by unemployment than non-poor, irregardless of age or sex. Another important aspect highlighted by this study is that although it is expected that the unemployment rate would go down in relation to the advancing age of the young, for the poor this improvement is not as significant. Moreover, in higher age groups, it is the biggest gap between the unemployment rates of the poor versus non-poor, showing that the unemployment of the poor will influence his adult life, when the gap in the unemployment rate between poor and non-poor will be greater. Classifying by gender, it appears that the highest rates of unemployment are experienced by women and are even higher for poor women. As for even education, this also distinctly influences poor and non-poor, and in the same levels of education, the poor face greater difficulties in obtaining employment, compared to non-poor and in the older age groups is where the biggest differences between the unemployment rates of poor and non-poor are seen. To estimate the probability of youth unemployment among the poor and non-poor, the micro-data of the National Household Sample Survey (NHSS) was used as a data source for the probit model. The results obtained show that the variables that influence the probability of youth unemployment, at the 1% significance level, in the case of poor young people are: per capita family income, experience, and role/social status of the young in the family. For non-poor young, their probabilities of unemployment are affected by the experience and role of the young in the family.

The current work aims to analyze the strategy of territorial Rural Development carried out by MDA/SDT in the Território Rural dos Lençois Maranhenses. To do this, we use as criteria for examining the theoretical concepts on which rests this development strategy, that is, the idea of social capital and territory. Upon search the field, we held through interviews with different benefited actors directly with this policy and with benefited actors from the tourist activity, it was found that the sense of belonging of social actors of the Território Rural dos Lençois Maranhenses/Munim - a basic concept in the manifestation of the capital - occurs through the inclusion of them in tourist activities. Thus, we raise the hypothesis that for the case, the chances of success of such a policy, the way it is designed, are small, due to disregard, for the diagnosis before the implementation of that policy in a dimension of capital social which can be complemented with the theory of sites.

This study was designed to analyze the socioeconomic impacts of the process of mechanization of sugarcane sector and the expansion of production in new areas like the Midwest. The sugar industry has expanded to new areas with emphasis on the state of Goias, however, the sugarcane industry in the Northeast region of the country stagnated, with relative loss of participation with respect to domestic production and difficulties in increasing the degree of mechanization in the light of the relief. With the introduction of new technology in sugarcane production the demand for skilled workers grows with increasing unemployment among workers with low qualification. With that, the quality and formalization of the employment rise, along with pay. A question arising from this process is about the behavior of the balance of employment. The study suggests there will be dismissal of workers involved in manual cutting, but in return there will be a greater demand for workers with higher qualification. In the end, suggests a study on alternative employment for manpower unemployed by the sector, which apparently will have no alternative work.

The recent rapid expansion of monoculture of cane sugar, encouraged by the expansion of the biofuels program, is raising questions about its possible social impacts in rural areas. Biofuels are seen as a strategic issue for development by the national government as the country aims to meet the international demand of the product, encouraging trade, via export of domestically produced renewable fuels, especially ethanol. However, what this paper intends to show is that the production of biofuels based on the model of agribusiness (specifically the production of ethanol as a Brazilian export product to meet the growing world market) could threaten food production in the event the motion to replace cultures and may lead to increased land concentration in the country, since such production requires large areas of flat and adjacent to his farm, which may cause the displacement of small-scale production with the lease of the property, thus causing a decrease in rates Occupancy at these sites. The used data extracted from the Municipal Agricultural Survey 2006, 2007 and 2008 Agricultural Censuses and the 1996 and 2006 show that the expansion of monoculture of cane sugar has been detrimental to rural populations, as it affects food production, leads to increased land concentration and decreases the levels of occupation in the field, increasing the vulnerability of local social.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Since its creation, the National Program for Strengthening Family Farming (PRONAF) has been the main public policy for the inclusion of the family farmers into the formal agricultural credit, such farmers in the past were not even acknowledged as a productive party by the Government. Furthermore, a recent valorization of family farming has taken place in the sense of allowing to fulfill an active role before the new ways of understanding the economic development. Family farmers in Rio Grande do Sul have had a great participation in the program since its implementation. Besides, Family farming has a great economic and social importance. The goal of this dissertation is to verify the logics of the distribution of these resources in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. To do so, a Rural Development Index has been used based on the works of Silva (2006) and mapping techniques. As a result it is observed that, in the case o Rio Grande do Sul, PRONAF is still very connected to banking logics, that is, family farmers who are not well integrated within the market and who would theoretically need a major attention from the government still have great difficulty getting access to these PRONAF resources.

The aim of these lines is to analyze the foundations of the development of the Brazilian North and Northeast regions. We will consider the singularities of the cities of these regions. To accomplish that goal, the text is divided in five chapters. The first chapter will revise the concept of a monetary theory of production, so that the decision of the economic agents can be observed at the moment of their decisions. The evolution of the banking system will be described trough stages. The second chapter describes the evolution of the lending activities of the public and private banks, concerning various types of credit, such as directed, free from charges and of investment. It will be shown which of the banks leads the lending activity. Besides that, we analyze the logic of the banking system and the portfolio adjustment of the fifty greatest banks in Brazil. The third chapter presents the new character of the agricultural financing system, the evolution of the Sistema Nacional de Crédito Rural and the distribution of it in the region of North and Northeast. The forth chapter analyzes the evolution of the legislation, its changes and the taxes paid by each of the fund managers, the operation of the BNB with own resources and the resources of the Fundos Constitucionais do Nordeste. Finally, the last chapter shows how the resources approval of the Fundos Constitucionais do Norte e Nordeste were made, aiming to check if these fund distribution is attending the objectives established in the Brazilian constitution of 1989.

Mestre em Economia

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The purpose of this dissertation is the study of occupational segregation between black and white men, and between white and black women in the period 2002 to 2008. In an attempt to assess the degree of occupational segregation between such workers used three indexes: Index of Dissimilarity Duncan & Duncan (D), the Standardized Index of Dissimilarity Size (Ds) and the Karmel-MacLachlan index (KM). The results confirmed the existence of occupational segregation in the period, however, among black and white men segregation had a slight increase, while for black and white women is observed stability in the level of segregation. Overcoming this segregation indicate to the need for public policies that promote its decline.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

The dissertation has the main goal to investigate the performance of the exports sector for a set of selected emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa and to identify its main determinants. The econometric investigation based on the variance decomposition analysis has shown that capital flows (FDI) are relevant to understand export performance for all five countries; technological effort result (patents) is important for Russia, India and China; investment rate for Brazil and South Africa; exchange rate for Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa; the proxy for growth of the main partners is crucial for chinese exports; and finally, education seems to matter for brazilian exports. The estimated exports VEC models for Brazil, India China and South Africa indicate that capital flows (FDI) are relevant for the short run adjustment (Brazil) and on the long run for the other economies. Other than this, the real exchange rate is statistically significant in the long run (evidence of cointegration) for Brazil and South Africa, and for short run adjustments in China. The proxy for foreign growth of the main trade partners (TCPPC) is relevant both in the short and the long run for India and Brazil, while we used the world growth for South Africa, which is relevant for both time horizons. Finally, education is an important variable in the long run for Brazil, while patents is relevant for China, India and South Africa. In general, one can say that there is a relatively large set of variables that are not necessarily homogeneous among the BRICS when analyzing exports performance over the past decades.

The role of policies in support of innovation has been subject of discussion in developed countries as well as in developing ones. This debate is due to the fact that public agents are able to not only improve technological capacity in enterprises, but also search for means to promote the needed structure for such investments to occur. The goal of the current study is the analysis of policies of innovation carried out by the state of Minas Gerais, with the intention of verifying the complementarities or not among the instruments supporting innovation carried out both in the Federal and State spheres. Within the achieved results in the study, stands out that the efforts of the state of Minas Gerais to promote innovations- somewhat recent and scarce- can be considered positive and complimentary to the Federal efforts in the search for increasing the innovative rhythm in companies.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Formulated within the theoretical-abstract issues of the marxist theory of dependency, the concept of workforce superexploration was directed to the comprehension of the mechanisms that, as a result of the income transference between peripheral and central countries in landmarks of the international business relations, allowed the continuation of the process of capital accumulation and reproduction in the peripheral and dependant economies, from the conjugation between the arose of the intensity of work and remuneration under the minimum amount necessary to guarante the reproduction capacity of the working class, while mechanisms which increase the surplus value. In concrete terms, the Brazilian working class, in the ends of 1970, reorganized its forms of militant organization, process which guided the creation of the Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT). Throughtout these aspects, the intention of the present work is linked to the analysis of the concrete relation between the workforce superexploration and the union politics adopted by the CUT since 1990. The central argument that guides the investigation lies on the fact that, through the implementation of the neoliberal politics, the work relations have gone in deep transformations, making not only the working class but also its representative institutions extremely fragile in respect to the government and the capitalist class. Therefore, the transformations in the work relations had not only created a more propitious context to the use of the mechanisms of workforce superexploration but, at the same time, they had pressured the CUT to adopt standard actions of labor union more moderate, therefore, less militant. Because of that, in an environment of work precarization, the representative role built by the CUT along its history has been disarticulated.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

The evolution of the productive chain in Brazil‟s movie industry, was and still is restrained by some governmental policies that drive it forward. Since the beginning of the nineties, movie productions take a new and accelerated dynamics, reinforcing the role of the state as a supporter. The purpose of the present paper is to analyze the dynamism of the movie industry in Brazil, looking into the productive sectors, distributors and exhibitors of its movies between the years 1995 and 2009, also highlighting the governmental policies carried on throughout all these years. Among the results acquired during this research, despite the restoration of the productive dynamics, it is acknowledged a reduction on the productive chain and its sectors, showing difficulties when entering into the movie market. This way, it becomes clear the need of governmental policies that reach all the productive chain, so that the national movie industry could take a wider market share in the country.

This work studies the distribution of resources by the National Program for the Development of the Familiar Agriculture (PRONAF) between 1999 and 2009, which is a credit program, that positions itself as a public policy to extinguish the difficulties of access to resources by familiar farmers. The aim of this work is to investigate if, regardless of the changes in its legislation to increase the incorporation of the poorest familiar farmers in poorer regions, the program has had a logic of distribution concentrated in the most dynamic familiar farmers and developed regions. This study has as background the post-Keynesian theoretical perspective, in which banks, as economic agents, are the main responsible for the supply of credit, that is essential to the economic development. In the view of Keynes, banks take into account their expectations about the borrower‟ future ability of payment, the alternative forms of return on assets and their desire for security. The prospect is that these economic agents prefer to direct resources to the most dynamic agents, which can provide greater guarantees, in most economically developed spaces, to the less risky sectors of the economy. The trend, from this, is of concentration of the credit. The case of the rural sector is more problematic because of the higher risk associated with the activities performed in it. Hence it comes the hypothesis of the work: that the PRONAF could present difficulties in the distribution of resources to the poorest familiar farmers, especially in poorer regions. We performed the study of the PRONAF‟s distribution from 1999. Both the analysis of the total distribution for Brazil and for each region indicated, considering the whole period, a relative improvement of the distribution between 2003 and 2006 and a worsening in the distribution from then on. In addition to this analysis, we set up capitation indicators from the PRONAF by municipality and we associate them with Rural Development Indicators, by the statistical technique Correspondence Analysis in order to observe the profiles of familiar farmers and spaces that have received the resources. We made associations for three periods between 2001 and 2009. The results showed that, in general, the final position of the less developed municipalities was worse than the initial position, except in the Northeast region. Furthermore, we note, in general, that the most integrated familiar farmers groups (D and E) have improved their participation in detriment of the poorest familiar farmers groups (A, A/C, B and C). Finally, we associate the participation of the group B with the volume released by the Program Bolsa Família (between 2004 and 2006 and 2007 and 2009), in the Northeast region. The results showed an inverse relationship between the level of rural development and the level of receipt of the Program, showing that the Bolsa Família is able to reach more intensely the poorer municipalities. Furthermore, the association between the participation of the group B and the volume released by the Bolsa Família also presented an inverse relationship. In our view, it is not the poorest familiar farmers‟ difficulty that explains the low relative access, but the difficulties imposed on them by the bank logic.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior