Repositório RCAAP

The estimate of pineapple profit (total income/costs) helps the producer to better plan the crop. An experiment was established with pineapple 'Perola', grown in Rio Grande do Sul, under high, medium, and low levels of technology, using three population densities (50 000, 40 000, and 30 000 plants/ha), with a total of 40 000, 30 000, and 21 000 fruits sold, respectively. The fruits were classified according to their weight (<0.6 kg; 0.6-0.8 kg; 0.8-1 kg; > 1 kg), and price (R$ 0.35; R$ 0.45; R$ 0.55; R$ 0.65). The income was estimated considering the total number of fruits in each class and the price per unit. To estimate production costs, the following expenses were considered: mechanical operations, manual operations, inputs, materiais and equipments, leasing, interests, and devaluation of the equipments. The cost comprised the average princes of the local market in August 1999, and the fruit price was the average paid to the growers in 1997, 1998, and 1999.The total income from fruit safe was R$ 23,200.00, R$ 15,000.00, and R$ 8,820.00, for an estimated production cost of RS 10,061.16, R$ 8,181.80, and R$ 5,999.77, with a net income of R$13,139.00, R$6,618.00 and R$2,820.00 (US$1.00 = R$1.88 in 08/16/99), resulting in retum taxes around 130%, 83%, and 47% for the respectivo technological leveis: high, medium and low. Under the medium technology, the seedlings, interests, manual operations, fertilizers, materiais and equipments, herbicides, leasing, devaluation, mechanical operations, inductors and surfactante, as well as insecticides had the following percentages of the total cost of the crop, in this order: 41, 18, 13, 8, 5, 5, 4, 2, 2, I and I. Regardless of the risk and the high costs, pineapple culture may have a high profit when cultivated under a high technological level.

Adequate soil management may increase its permeability and water storage and allow to estimate the irrigation requirements for growing pineapple in the northeastern coast of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Evapotranspiration data of the period 1980-1990, as wel I as temperatures from 1956 to 1999, and rainfall from 1931 to 1960, for this region, were compared with the conditions when irrigation is indicated. At Estação de Pesquisa e Produção of FEPAGRO, in Maquiné - RS, was conducted an assay to study the effects of soil management (conventional tillage, strip-tillage and no-tillage), in the main plots, and planting techniques (furrow and spear), in the subplots, on the soil gravimetric moisture. Soil management and planting techniques did not affect the gravimetric moisture. In Maquiné the average rainfall is 1,650 mm/year, above the required for pineapple (1,000 to 1,500/year). The analysis of evapotranspiration, and temperature data collected at the experiment station indicates no need of irrigation for pineapple culture in this region. Therefore, during the period of intensive growth, when water needs increases, and under conditions of low rainfall, such as the period of November-December, and April-May, irrigation might be necessary.

Low water availability is a limiting factor for growth and development of summer crops in Rio Grande do Sul State. Brazil. Studies aiming to determine crop coefficients for water requirements are important for water supply recommendation. The objective o f this study was to determine the maximum evapotranspiration of sunflower (ETm) in relation to the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and with solar radiation (Rs), to obtain the ratios ETm/ ETo (Kc , coefficient) and ETm/Rs (Kc 2 coefficient), at different crop stages. Field experiments were carried out at Centro de Pesquisa de Fruticultura, in Taquari, 29°48'S latitude, 51°49'W longitude and 76 m of altitude, during 1987/ 88, 1989/90, 1990/91 and 1991/92 crop seasons. The average ratio ETm/ETo for the whole crop cycle (from sowing to physiological maturity) was 0.77, while the average ratio ETm/Rs was 0.48 for the same period. The highest average values of crop coefficients occurred during flowering period with average values of 1.12 and 0.71, respectively, for Kc, and Kc 2 .

An experiment was conducted in Porto Velho, Rondônia, for pasture deferment and utilization of the forage accumulated of with the purpose to determine the best time Panicum maximum cv. Tobiatã for herd supplementation during the dry season. The experimental design was a randomized complete-block (split-plot) with three replications. The periods of deferment began on February 28, March 28 and April 28 and constituted the main plots, and the months of utilization (June 30, July 30, August 30 and September 30) the sub-plots. Results indicate the feasibility of stockpiling the grass during the rainy season, to provide forage for herd supplementation in the dry season. For utilization in June or July, the herbage deferred in February provided higher dry green matter (DGM) yield, while for utilization in August or September, the herbage stockpiled in March was the most productive. The grass, irrespective of deferment dates, showed significant reductions (1 3 <0.05) in crude protein (CP) content and in vitro DOM digestibility (I VDGMD) towards the later utilization date. However, the highest CP yields were obtained in herbage stockpiled in March and used in July or August. Deferment starting in March or April and to be used in June produced forage with higher IVDGMD coeficient. In order to obtain higher forage yields with better quality, it is suggested to start deferment in February for pasture utilization in June or July, and in March for pasture utilization in August or September.

To evaluate the effect of chemical and biological insecticides on predators and parasitoids of soybeanpests, an experiment with randomized block design , with plots measuring 100 x 100 m replicated three times, was setup. The treatments were applied two times on each plot, the first for controlling the velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsiagemmatalis), and the second for stink bugs (Nezara viridula, Piezodorus guildinii and Euschistus heros) control.The treatments consisted of the insecticides and doses (g a.i./ha) applied two times: 1. endosulfan (210/525); 2.lambda-cyhalothrin; (4.5/9); 3. monocrotophos (96/180); 4. Baculovirus anticarsia (24 g formulated)/monocrotophos(120) + NaC1(0.5%). The shock method was used to sample the arthropod population, by applying a broad spectruminsecticide (dichlorvos) over the sampling area, collecting the dead insects on plastics placed on the round andtransferring them to the laboratory to be identified and counted. All insecticide treatments reduced the number ofpredators two days after being applied to control stink bugs, but only lambda-cyhalothrin showed a lower populationthan the check, 26 days after the first application. The determination index of parasitoid versus total dipteranspopulation was r2=0.99, meaning that the insecticide effect over the total dipterans and the population of parasitoidsof this orders was the same. The parasitoids populations and the index of parasitism of pests were not affected by thetreatments.

Coriander is an aromatic and medicinal plant of great importante. The grains and leaves are marketed, used in pharmaceutical industry, and as seasoning. The aim of this work was to identify differences among cultivars and sowing periods. The experiments were carried out in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul. The seeds of the cultivars Verdão, Português and Nacional Palmeira were submitted to the germination standard test. In the evaluation of the sowing periods, the treatments were arranged in a factorial 3 x 2 (cultivars x sowing periods, April and August). A randomized complete-block design, white Eive replications was used. The seeds presented low gennination (19-40%). 'Nacional Palmeira' had early flowering. The best sowing date was in autumn. 'Verdão' presented higher yield in the two sowing dates, and the cultivar Português, with two cuttings, provided the highest number of marketable bunches.

To verify the genotype x environment interactions, a study was undertaken using the yields from the bean varieties and breeding times state Trials, carried out during five years in seven environments. throughout the state of santa Catarina. Statistical analysis were performed using the main recommended varieties which participated in ali trials from 1991 to 1995, taking the grain yield as an indicator of adaptability. The trials were planted with four replications in a randomized complete block design, with four-row plots, 5 m long. The significance of the genotype x environment interaction indicates that the varieties/lines did not have the same behavior across the environments. The value of the estimated environment x genotype interaction variance (a 2c,$) was higher than year x genotype interaction (a 2cxyw), indicating that the best strategy is to use a higher number of locais rather than years to evaluate bean genotypes. The cultivars with better yields along this period were Macanudo', `Barriga Verde' and `Carioca'.

To study alternatives in chemical control for the leaf cutting ant, Acromyrmex striatus (Roger, 1863), three field assays were conducted in 1997 and 1998 with powdered formicidae in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. Dosages and application methods were tested in the first assay, and dosages and commercial formulations were studied in other two experimenta. The effect of dosages, application methods and products were evaluated two and three times after application. Doses and application methods on the first assay were not efficient to control this ant species. Chlorpyrifos (20g a.i./kg), Fenthion (50g a.i./kg) and Deltamethrin (2g a.i./kg), beginning at 5 g per hill entrance of the commercial product, were effective in controlling this species. However, Diazinon (10g a.i./kg) rapidly inactivated the ant hills but did not eliminate, definitively, the nests of A. striatus.

Bean anthracnose and common bacterial blight caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum•andXanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli, respectively, may cause considerable yield reduction of common bean inBrazil. Genetic resistance is onc of the componente of the integrated disease control of common bean. In addition,lodging and pod height are importam characteristics that should be consideréd during the development of a newcultivar. The objective of this study was to develop common black bean tines resistant to four important C.findem/d//anum pathotypes and to X axonopodis pv. phaseoli with highly desirable agronomic characteristics andhigh yield potential. Crosses were designed to combine such characteristics into a single line. Eight lines wereobtained combining resistance and desirable agronomic characteristics. The line 9310639 showcd a high diseaseresistance to anthracnose and bacterial blight and is a valuabl e source of resistance for common bean improvement.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade de características agronômicas de uma população de trevo vermelho (Trifolium pratense L.) tais como: taxa de crescimento em altura nos períodos vegetativo e reprodutivo, taxa de crescimento em diâmetro no períodos vegetativo e reprodutivo, rendimento de matéria seca por planta, produção de sementes e seus componentes (hastes/planta, inflorescências/plant

The main objective of this study was to develop a freely available mobile software application and education platform in health and safety for aquaculture workers and managers.  The application, called AquaSafe, was created in Portuguese and English for the Android system using the Java 8 programming language and the Android Studio development environment. AquaSafe content focusses on the identification of hazards and health risks, hazardous sources and preventive measures for occupational health and safety in the aquaculture sector. It has three predominantly interactive user interfaces to reinforce the main messages, which include games in the form of compliance checklists, quizzes and question-answer tools. The software is designed to act as a platform for assessment and management of occupational hazards, guide decision making on simple techniques or measures to prevent injuries, diseases and fatalities during aquaculture activities. It is envisaged that the AquaSafe mobile software will contribute to the prevention of occupational injuries and diseases in aquaculture.

Four trials in randomized complete blocks design were carried out in the Laboratory of Centro de Pesquisa para Pequenas Propriedades, of Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina, Chapecó, western Santa Catarina, Brazi I, to study repellent and toxic products to Sarasinula linguaeformis (Semper, 1885) (Mollusca, Veronicellidae). Repellents tested were: copper sulfate 2%, creolin 2%, ammoniac salt 2%,and sodium hydroxide 0.125%, sprayed on the leaves of cabbage used for feeding the slugs. The evaluation was done 96 hours after measuring the remains of the food. The toxicity of different products were tested with: sodium hydroxide 2%, copper sulfate 2%, tobacco extract 3%, detergent 3%, slugs extract 10%, creolin 2%, ammoniac disinfectant 3%, kerosene 3%, ammoniac salt 2%, sodium chloride 3% and 5%, and urea 3%, sprayed directly on the slugs. The mortality of the slugs was evaluated 24; 48 and 72 hours after spraying. The best repellent was copper sulfate. The most toxic products were sodium hydroxide, kerosene, creolin, and ammoniac salt.

The present study aimed to identify some common techniques of management which may affect the experimental error of competition assays in com, soybean, rice, wheat, bean and oat. A total of 1920 assays were developed in Rio Grande do Sul State, from 1987 to 1995. For each crop, the assays were grouped based on similarity of management. For each new group the value of the mean square of the average error was calculated, considering the error degrees of freedom. These values were used to apply F test to compare two variations. The effects of crop management on the experimental error were analyzed based on comparisons among specific groups. It can be concluded that seeds treatment in soybean and wheat, com trimming, use of pre-germinated seeds in rice, insect and weed control in soybean reduce the experimental error, generally. On the other hand, cover fertilizer application in soybean, and insect control in com and wheat usually increase the experimental error.

The use of mean separation tests is one of the alternatives to compare treatments, when the factors are qualitative and not structured. This paper had the objective to evaluate the use of mean separation tests in oat trials and to discuss the advantages of application of more appropriate statistical procedures. The data analyzed were published in the annals of "Reunião da Comissão Brasileira de Pesquisa de Aveia" (Meeting of Oat Research Brazilian Committee), from 1996 to 1998. The published papers were classified as follows: appropriate, partially appropriate and inappropriate, concerning its use. The conclusions regarding the oat trials were encouraging. More than 80% of the papers that presented mean separation tests were properly applied, with a tendency to increase in the evaluated years. The mean separation tests applied inadequately represented 10% (in average) of analyzed papers, where the most frequent error was to apply these tests to compare levels of quantitative factors. The incorrect use of mean separation tests does not imply, necessarily, in erroneous conclusions. However, it may limit the inferences that could be made on the obtained data.

Disease resistance, at seedling stage, has been widely used in breeding programs because it is easier to recognize and select. However, the adult-plant resistance (APR) can be used to increase the durability of resistance. An experiment was carried with the cultivars Rio Negro, Rio Tibagi, Diamante Negro, Pérola, Xamego and Aporé, with the objective of identifying APR. Six successive planting dates of these cultivars were madc at seven-day intervals and inoculation with four pathotypes of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. APR was observed in the cultivars Rio Negro and Rio Tibagi. However, a seedling resistance interferente in the latter was observed. Although the susceptible cultivars Diamante Negro and Pérola showed reduction in symptoms intensity with increase of age, they did not achieve the resistance level of 'Rio Negro' and 'Rio Tibagi'. The cultivars Aporé and Xamego showed seedling resistance to alI four isolates of the pathogen tested.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three methods of soil tillage (conventional, reduced and no-tillage), three crop systems (oats/ com, oats + clover/ com, and oats + clover/ com + cowpea) and two rates of nitrogen (0 and 120 kg/ha) on the accumulation of crop residues on the soil surface, com nutrition and yield. The accumulated crop residues on the soil surface, evaluated at the end of the year, varied from 3.09 to 5.60 t/ha of dry matter, and it was not affected by soil tillage, crop systems and N rates. The nitrogen was the most limiting nutrient to the com yield, and its availability was lower in no-till lago, as compared with conventional tillage. However the com yield was not affected by tillage methods and it varied from 2.39 to 5.72 t/ha. Without N application, use of legumes as green manure-cover crops increased com yield up to 81% and it was correlated with total amounts of N in the biomass on the soil surface (residues plus winter crops). The conservation management systems, that associate no-tillage or reduced tillage, and legumes for cover and N addition, resulted in relatively high com yields. In addition, they have benefits due to soil cover crop residues during a larger period of the year, compared with conventional soil management systems.

Among bacterial diseases that affect dry beans, common bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli, can considerably reduce grain yield of this crop and is the most important in Brazil. Genetic resistance is one important characteristic to be considered in the integrated disease management during the development of new dry bean cultivars. The objective of the present research was to obtain dry bean lines resistant to common bacterial blight using the single seed descent method. Thirty lines resistant to common bacterial blight were obtained with considerable reduction in generation advance time.

Seed germination is basic to good pasture implantation. The objective of this work was to evaluate germination ability of Paspalum notatum Flügge var. notatum seeds, ecotype André da Rocha, under distinct storage conditions: storage at 5° C in refrigerator, or in laboratory conditions. Sceds were submitted to the standard germination test and two methodologies to break dormancy: 1) imbibition in potassium nitrate (0,2 %); 2) manual scarification of the caryopsis. A split-plot experimental design was used with four replications of 50 seeds, for each storage condition and treatment. Storage conditions were treated as plots, and treatments as subplots. There were no differences in seed germination, regarding storage conditions and treatments to break dormancy (P>0,05). The KNO 3 treatment was the most efficient in breaking dormancy of seeds.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of baits formulated with boric acid to control Sarasinula linguaeformis (Semper, 1885) (Mollusca, Veronicellidae). The trial, in randomized complete design with nine treatments and five replications, was carried out in laboratory of Centro de Pesquisa para Pequenas Propriedades, EPAGRI (Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina), Chapecó, westem Santa Catarina, Brazil. Each plot consisted of three slugs inside boxes (gearbox). The treatments, baits formulated with a mix of boric acid (different percents), wheat and com flour and eggs, were efficient in the attractiveness and control of the slugs, mainly at the rates of 2,0; 3,0; 5,0 and 10,0 %, with mortality between 99,46 and 100 %, up to 72 hours after the baits supply.

The mito Dichopelmus notus (Acari, Eriophyidae) causes tan and fali of leaves in mate tree. The treatments: canopy thirds (upper, medium and lower) and depth inside canopy (internal and external) were arranged in randomized blocks with a factorial design, with ten replications (trees), and were performed in an orchard in Chapecó, Santa Catarina to propose a sampling plan for Dichopelmus. Each plot consisted of one tree. Samples of three leaves per treatment were collected every two weeks from February through May 1999, per treatment. The number of mites/1 cm2 of each leaf was counted at laboratory. Through the modal, an estimator of the overall mean variance and the variances associated with random effects was obtained. The number of trees (10 and the number of leaves (L) were obtained by the combination of KxL, timing the variance of the mean at a minimum level. Results indicate that it is necessary to examine three internal leaves from inferior or medium thirds on a minimum of 110 trees.