Repositório RCAAP

Resumo O tucumã é um fruto amazônico, possui alto poder nutricional e é utilizado em diversos segmentos econômicos. Portanto, estudos para a redução de umidade devem ser realizados para o aumento do tempo de prateleira deste fruto. Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar o estudo de secagem do epicarpo (casca), mesocarpo (polpa) e endocarpo (amêndoa) do tucumã nas temperaturas de 60 ºC, 70 ºC e 80 ºC. Foi observado que o aumento da temperatura reduziu o tempo de queda da razão de umidade do epicarpo, mesocarpo e endocarpo. Modelos matemáticos foram utilizados para estimar dados experimentais e foram calculadas propriedades termodinâmicas do processo. Baseado no maior R2 e o menor SE e DQM, o modelo Logístico apresentou melhor ajuste para cinética de secagem dentre os avaliados, estimando energia de ativação de 39,50 kJ mol-1, 46,62 kJ mol-1 e 17,76 kJ mol-1 para o epicarpo, mesocarpo e endocarpo, respectivamente. Os resultados das propriedades termodinâmicas mostraram que a entalpia (ΔH) caracteriza a secagem como um processo endotérmico. A entropia (ΔS) diminui com o aumento da temperatura. Os valores da energia de Gibbs são positivos, ou seja, o processo é não espontâneo e necessita de energia externa para difusividade da água no ar.

Abstract Drying is one of the stages of coffee processing and has been considered one of the factors that impact the quality of the final drink. In this sense, the present study developed a phenomenological model for a box-type dryer implementing in C / C ++ programming language. The profile of the exhaust air temperature was obtained over the drying time. The model was verified by comparing data obtained from the literature, thus guaranteeing its functionality to make predictions about the air temperature profile in equipment used by small coffee producers, which may contribute to the increase in product quality.

Abstract To respond to the growing demand for specific diets aimed at lactose intolerant and vegan consumers, chocolate-flavored frozen desserts with no addition of lactose and other animal-derived products were produced, and the temporal profile and the consumers' acceptance of the samples with sucrose substitution by sweeteners were also investigated. Six frozen dessert formulations were made, three made with soy protein and three with rice protein, sweetened with sucrose, sucralose, and stevia. Acceptance tests and Time-Intensity (TI) analysis were performed to assess the intensity and duration of the attributes sweet taste, bitter taste, chocolate flavor, and melting behavior. The results showed no effect of the different plant proteins on the temporal profile and the acceptance by consumers. The use of sweeteners altered the temporal sensory profile and negatively impacted the acceptance of the samples. The sucralose-sweetened formulations were characterized by a lower intensity of sweet taste, chocolate flavor, and bitterness, whereas the stevia-sweetened formulations showed greater intensity and duration of the bitter taste. Characteristics such as the low intensity of chocolate flavor and the increase in sweetness affected the final acceptance of the product. The melting time of frozen desserts has been extended with the use of body agents to replace sucrose.

Abstract Currently, the high natural oil content in the regular daily diet of a significant segment of the global population has raised deep concern for health authorities worldwide. One example can be soups, which are liquid foods that usually contain high salt levels besides the fat released by the ingredients during the cooking process and the oil that is directly added. This investigation focused on assessing a novel technique to regulate the oil content in soups after being served for consumption. The research aimed to examine the potential reduction of fat in soups by using a non-invasive capillary mechanism created by microchanneling used on the surface of a polystyrene oleophilic/hydrophobic wall in contact with the food to enhance the migration and further sequestration of a fraction of the freely floating oil in these meals.

Resumo Valores aberrantes são grande preocupação em laboratórios de alimentos, até pela heterogeneidade de muitas matrizes, e, embora haja diversos testes de hipóteses para identificá-los, faltam informações detalhadas sobre seus resultados. Gráficos, como desenhos esquemáticos, ramo-e-folhas e outros, não têm sido vistos em laboratórios com esse objetivo. Interlaboratoriais da literatura em alimentos foram revistos e tais gráficos foram empregados junto aos testes de Dixon, Grubbs e Hampel, além do escore Zr. Pôde-se notar como os resultados desses métodos podem apresentar discordâncias, tanto entre os gráficos como entre os resultados numéricos, e entre os últimos e os primeiros. Dentre os gráficos empregados, além dos desenhos esquemáticos, os ramo-e-folhas trouxeram boa visualização de valores aberrantes. Nas técnicas numéricas, o escore Zr apontou o maior número de valores aberrantes potenciais e o teste de Hampel se mostrou mais adequado. Houve conformidade entre os resultados desta pesquisa e os de um dos quatro interlaboratoriais revisitados, enquanto foram observadas divergências nos demais. Sugere-se o emprego, quando possível, dos modelos de delineamentos ao estudar os experimentos e atenção aos casos com mais de 1% de valores aberrantes.

Abstract The liming (Ca(OH)2 addition) and sulfitation (HSO3- addition) is the conventional treatment for purification of sugarcane juice (SCJ) in sugar cane mills to crystal sugar production. Although, the sulfite has been associated to human health problems, this industrial step kept untouchable or few studies have been made to change this scenery. This work aimed to evaluate the variables which influence the electrocoagulation performance on the SCJ purification as a sulfur-free crystal sugar process. A fractional factorial design with the surface response methodology was used to evaluate the influence of voltage, pH, soluble solids total (Brix), temperature and distance between the electrodes in the electrocoagulation process. The outputs were turbidity, juice color, sucrose contents (as pol%juice) and Reducing Sugars (RS). Residual aluminum was analyzed by voltammetry to control de aluminum releasing into the treated juice. The electrocoagulation reduced color and turbidity, in special at low pH (2.5), highest voltage (25 V) and minimal distance of electrode (1.0 cm). Although in this conditions, sucrose was converted into RS indicating partial hydrolysis. In this work, the most part of residual aluminum went to floated and precipitated phases (76.8% and 18.1%, respectively), whereas only 5.1% remained in the SCJ clarified. Electrocoagulation/electroflotation proved to be a potential technique as a substitute for sulfitation in SJC treatment, which ensures the production of safe food for humans.

Abstract The consumption and consequent production of butter has increased considerably in recent years. In order to know the butters sold in Brazil, the study aimed to analyze butters of Brazilian, French, Italian and Argentine origin. The samples were analyzed for fat content, moisture, Defatted Dry Extract (DDE), and total acidity for comparison with Brazilian legislation. The levels of chlorides, protein, ash, total dry extract, water activity, color and determination of the lipid profile were also determined. In all analyses, there was a statistically significant difference between the samples. Some samples showed disagreement with the quality requirements recommended in Brazilian legislation for commercialization. Indeed, 10 samples did not present the minimum fat content required, varying from 68.53% to 77.31% in butters with salt and from 71.64% to 81.72% in those without salt. Eight samples presented humidity levels above the legal recommendations, varying from 17.05% to 20.28%. All products were in agreement with acidity levels. The predominant fatty acids in all samples were myristic acid (C14: 0), palmitic acid (C16: 0), stearic acid (C18: 0) and oleic acid (C18: 1n9). The regional influence, breed and handling of the animals and season of the year in which the milk was obtained for butter production, were suggested to be the main reason for the physical-chemical difference found between the samples.

Abstract Tamarind is a tropical fruit with relevant importance for family agriculture, and can be used as raw material for a ready-to-drink juice; however, there are few data in the literature associated with the tamarind juice storage stability. This work aimed to evaluate the physicochemical, sensory and microbiological stability of tamarind juice throughout storage at room temperature (~28 °C) for 180 days. Two juice formulations were produced, a control (pH 2.5), and the formulation with acidity reduction (pH 3.5). Physicochemical (pH, acidity, and soluble solids), sensory and microbiological analyses were performed for both juices along storage. The results showed that both juices were stable regarding all physicochemical parameters analyzed. Furthermore, both juices kept sensory scores in the acceptance zone, despite little changes in attributes (tamarind, sour, and sweet taste) for the partially neutralized juice (pH 3.5). Microbiological results were also stable for the period analyzed, which indicated efficient good manufacturing process alongside efficient heat treatment. Therefore, both juices can be stored at room temperature without presenting quality loss.

Abstract This study evaluated the lactose hydrolysis by immobilized β-galactosidase, which was produced by Kluyveromyces marxianus using porungo cheese whey as substrate. Initially, the yeast was cultivated in porungo cheese medium at 30 °C and 200 rpm, showing a maximal β-galactosidase production of 14.19 U mL-1. The crude extract obtained was used to evaluate the enzymatic hydrolysis in lactose solution. The optimal pH and temperature of the free and immobilized enzyme was investigated, whereas the lactose hydrolysis was carried out using two enzyme solutions (total activities of 2 U and 6 U) for both forms of the biocatalyst. Ca-alginate immobilization of β-galactosidase increased optimal temperature range to 40 °C, compared to the value for the free enzyme, which was 37 °C. The optimal pH was also increased by immobilization to 7.0, from pH 6.5 observed for the free enzyme. The highest lactose hydrolysis conversion was 15.82% using 6 U of free enzyme and 13.77% for 2 U of immobilized enzyme. Although, free enzyme showed higher conversion rates in the initial reaction time, the immobilized enzyme kept operational stability throughout reaction time, suggesting the advantage of using this technology. The use of porungo cheese whey allowed to aggregate value to this agro-industrial by-product, with the concomitant production of β-galactosidase to be used in the food industry chain itself.

Abstract The açaí is a popular Brazilian fruit, however, already part of the world's healthy eating habits owing to its antioxidant properties. The study aimed to determine the effect of solvent in extracting phenolic compounds with antioxidant potential in açaí juçara (Euterpe edulis Mart.) using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The phenolic compound profile was quantified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and the data set was analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The PCA was applied to evidence the relationships between the concentration of phenolic compounds and the solvents. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity was also determined by 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) methods. The solvent ethanol: water 70% was more efficient in extracting phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity. In this extract, salicylic acid was found in high concentrations as well as catechin, epicatechin, and coumaric acid. Based on a consensus that phenolic compounds are associated with the most powerful antioxidant activities of fruits, the “açaí juçara” from the Atlantic Forest is a potential source of polyphenols. They could be used as natural antioxidants for application in the food and pharmaceutical industry in order to substitute the synthetic antioxidants.

Abstract Pumpkin is a yellow or orange-colored vegetable with a mild flavor that stands out as a fiber and nutrient source. However, the products with pumpkins are still little explored in Brazil, due to high perishability in natura and to the lack of eating habits of regional baked goods. This study aimed to produce and characterize a pumpkin flour to be used as an ingredient in muffins, evaluate the technological, and sensory characteristics of these cakes, and select the most sensorially accepted muffin for nutritional composition evaluation. Three muffins were produced as following: one control (M0); and two containing 5 (M1) and 10 (M2) g/100 g of partial substitution of wheat flour by pumpkin flour, thus maintaining the other ingredients common to cakes. The technological characteristics of firmness, volume and color were evaluated. Sensory acceptance was assessed using an affective test on an unstructured 9-point hedonic scale. There were no significant differences in the firmness and image analysis (distribution, size, and pore area of the crumb) among the three muffins, however, M1 and M2 presented darker crust color, more orange crumb, and a lower volume compared to M0. The sensory acceptability of the muffins was considered as a criterion for selection for nutritional composition analysis. The muffins’ acceptance of M1 was better than M0, but without differences to M2. The consumers’ opinions were also considered, and M1 was selected for having greater acceptance. Nutritionally, M0 and M1 presented similar levels of proteins, digestible carbohydrates, and lipids, however, M1 showed a higher content of ash and total dietary fibers: 2.01 ± 0.03 and 1.57 g/100 g (dry basis), respectively. Thus, the pumpkin flour could be produced and used as a regional, enriched, and natural-colored ingredient for muffins or other bakery products, and therefore they had a socially positive impact on family farming.

Resumo O jamelão é uma fruta encontrada nas regiões Norte, Sudeste e Nordeste do Brasil. O extrato dos frutos apresenta atividade antioxidante, devido à presença de compostos bioativos, como carotenoides e compostos fenólicos. Este estudo objetivou elaborar filmes comestíveis, compostos por amido de mandioca como matriz principal, com a adição de extrato de jamelão. A polpa de jamelão foi concentrada em roto-evaporador para a obtenção do extrato aquoso. Os ensaios para a elaboração dos filmes foram realizados segundo um delineamento composto central 22 com três repetições no ponto central, para avaliar o efeito das concentrações de glicerol (7,95% a 22,05%) e de extrato de jamelão (15,9 a 44,1%) sobre as propriedades mecânicas do filme (força na perfuração e deformação na ruptura) e sobre o teor de compostos fenólicos. As maiores concentrações do plastificante glicerol e do extrato de jamelão influenciaram positivamente nas propriedades mecânicas do filme, provocando diminuição da força na perfuração de 3,61 N para 2,55 N e aumento da deformação na ruptura de 1,44% para 76,33%. Os efeitos lineares e quadráticos das concentrações de glicerol e de extrato de jamelão e suas interações foram significativas sobre as respostas: força na perfuração e deformação na ruptura, no nível de 95% de confiança. A concentração de extrato de jamelão teve efeito significativo sobre o teor de compostos fenólicos, com coeficiente de determinação R2=0,9782. A interação entre glicerol e extrato de jamelão auxilia na obtenção de filmes de amido de mandioca com boas propriedades mecânicas e bioativas.

Abstract It is estimated that the global number of people affected by micronutrient deficiency, known worldwide as hidden hunger, is over two billion and also considered a public health problem. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate biofortified cassava cultivars in relation to their physical-chemical composition, total carotenoids and to verify their sensory acceptance by schoolchildren. The study was conducted in Santa Maria, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, with four cassava cultivars, two biofortified with yellow pulp (BRS 399 and BRS 396); two non-biofortified varieties: one with yellow pulp (“Gema de ovo”) and another with white pulp (“Vassourinha”). After cooking the roots, the nutritional composition (moisture, protein, lipid, ash, and total starch), the total carotenoid content, and the sensory acceptance of the roots by the children at school, in the countryside of Julio de Castilhos and Dilermando de Aguiar, was determined. The contents of moisture, protein, lipids, ash, and starch showed significant variations between the cultivars analyzed. The highest levels of total carotenoids were found in biofortified cultivars (12.85 µg g-1). In the non-biofortified cultivars, “Gema de ovo” and “Vassourinha”, the levels were 12.01 µg g-1 and 3.30 µg g-1, respectively. Sensory acceptance was 78.7%, demonstrating the potential for the insertion of biofortified roots in school meals.

Abstract Noodles are popular food and fortified noodles with vital nutrients may build a healthy food habit among people. Oat is a cereal with high nutritional value. Therefore, the current research was undertaken to increase the nutrient content of noodles using oat flour and to evaluate the effects of oat flour on the physicochemical properties and sensory attributes of the noodles. The noodles were prepared following five different formulations (oats: wheat flour in the ratio of 0:100, 20:80, 25:75, 30:70 and 35:65). Other ingredients like table salt, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), corn starch, and water were equal in each formulation. To evaluate the best formulation, proximate analysis, functional characteristics and sensory assay were conducted on samples. The formulation having 70% of wheat flour and 30% of oat flour showed the best performance in proximate analysis and sensory evaluation. This formulation of noodles has 13.03% of protein, 1.51% of fat, 1.46% of total ash, 0.76% of fibre, 73.87% of carbohydrate, 361.19 kcal of energy and also a good amount of important minerals. The formulation regarding wheat flour 70% and oat flour 30% may be suggested to the large population who are habituated to consume noodles regularly as the main diet.

Abstract: This paper investigated if Spanish consumers would be willing to consume vitamin D-enhanced pork meat from animals fed on mushrooms treated with ultraviolet (UV) light. The questionnaire briefly explained the context of the study (vitamin D deficiency) and asked the consumers to choose answers with which they were most in agreement (non-enriched meat, enriched meat with synthetic vitamin D or enriched meat with vitamin D from UV-irradiated mushrooms). A survey was conducted to 400 non-vegan nor vegetarian consumers in Aragón (Spain) by direct invitation. Sampling was carried out in a random and stratified manner, by province, gender and age group using the Aragón population data for 2017 (INE). Some sociodemographic, health and consumption habit data were requested. Most consumers preferred non-enriched meat. Treatment with UV-irradiated mushrooms was rejected by most consumers, and the consumers who presented any willingness to buy meat enriched with UV-irradiated mushrooms were in the youngest age group.

ABSTRACT: Brazilian Cerrado fruits have a great diversity of bioactive compounds, with significant relevance for fresh consumption and industrial processing. The uvaia (Eugenia pyriformis Cambess) stands out among these fruits, seeing that this species contains high phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid levels. However, its technological and nutritional potential is still little explored industrially. This research aimed to develop three uvaia nectar formulations and to evaluate its stability during 90 days of storage. The formulations were made with 30%, 40%, and 50% of uvaia pulp, corresponding to F1, F2, and F3 formulations, respectively, which were characterized for pH, total titratable acidity, soluble solids, ascorbic acid, and total phenolics during 0, 30, 60, and 90 days of storage at room temperature. A significant pH reduction was observed after 30 days of storage for all nectars. The acidity and ascorbic acid levels increased in proportion to the addition in the pulp concentration of the formulations. The ascorbic acid content reduced over the storage period and remained higher for the formulations F2 and F3. The concentration of phenolic compounds was higher in the nectar containing relevant levels of uvaia pulp concentration, which increased throughout 30 days of storage, however, with a decrease after this period. The formulations containing 40% and 50% of uvaia pulp showed higher concentration and better stability of bioactive compounds. Uvaia can be considered an effective raw material for the development of a novel beverage with important nutritional and bioactive properties.

Resumo O murici (Byrsonima crassifolia L. Kunth), pertencente à família Malpighiaceae, também conhecido como murici-do-campo, é um fruto típico do Cerrado. É consumido no Brasil pelas populações locais tanto na forma in natura quanto nas formas processadas, tais como sucos, licores, sorvetes, geleias, iogurte, pães e bolos. A partir dessas possibilidades, este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se o uso de diferentes embalagens e atmosferas modificadas é eficiente no armazenamento pós-colheita de muricis in natura. Muricis in natura foram armazenados a 12 ± 2 °C e umidade relativa de 60% ± 4% em diferentes embalagens, utilizando-se esquema fatorial triplo 3×2×9, para avaliar periodicamente três embalagens (polipropileno – PP, polietileno de baixa densidade – PEBD e poliamida/polietileno – PA/PE), submetidas a duas modificações de atmosfera (a vácuo e sem vácuo), durante nove dias (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 e 16 dias). Os frutos foram avaliados quanto a luminosidade, teores de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, pH e índice de maturação. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (p < 0,05) e, quando significativos, foi realizada análise de regressão. A embalagem PA/PE, aliada ou não ao uso da atmosfera modificada ativa (vácuo), pode ser indicada para o armazenamento refrigerado (12 ± 2 °C) de muricis in natura, por ter proporcionado vida útil de 16 dias.

Abstract Whole flour of cowpea grains of the cultivar BRS Tumucumaque biofortified in iron and zinc were processed in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder Clextral HT 25. A central rotational composite design 23, combining temperature (from 86.4 to 153.6 °C), screw rotation speed (from 163.6 to 836.4 rpm) and moisture content (from 16.6% to 23.4%), was used to assess the effects on flour constituents. The three variables significantly affected (p < 0.05) the levels of protein and copper in the extrudates. The reactions of the extrusion process caused a decrease in the levels of proteins and an increase in the levels of copper, zinc and potassium, and these amounts were accentuated as the values of the process variables approached those of the central point region. Extreme conditions at high rotational screw speeds combined with low moisture content reduced the magnesium content, at the opposite end of the values for these two variables, the intensity of the reduction was lower. In the analysis of global desirability, it was found that the extrusion condition at 112.6 °C, 587.4 rpm and 23.4% moisture provided the highest nutrient retention. The levels of iron and zinc remained above 60 and 40 mg kg-1, respectively, in extruded products.

Abstract Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm., the second most widely cultivated oyster mushroom was grown on paddy straw, which is cheap and readily available waste material. After harvesting and drying, nutritional, and antinutritional composition of P. ostreatus were estimated using the standard assay methods. Tannin and phytic acid were present in very negligible amount (0.095 ± 0.027 mg/g and 0.150 ± 0.083 mg/g, respectively), whereas oxalate and cyanide were absent in whole mushroom. In fact, P. ostreatus was hydrolysed with commercially available proteinase K, pepsin and trypsin with different concentrations of the enzymes (0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15%), at different temperatures (30 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C) for different time periods (60, 90 and 120 min) to get the mushroom protein hydrolysates. Degree of hydrolysis and protein content varied from 4.29 ± 1.12% to 99.42 ± 0.02% and from 0.25 ± 0.07 mg/mL to 3.22 ± 0.12 mg/mL, respectively. Maximum degree of hydrolysis and the highest protein content of protein hydrolysate was obtained when using 0.15% proteinase K, at 50 °C for 120 minutes. Mushroom protein hydrolysates thus obtained exhibited improved functional characteristics such as foaming capacity, foaming stability and emulsifying property than the unhydrolysed mushroom. Based on the result of the present study, the mushroom protein hydrolysates could be served as useful ingredient for food and nutraceutical applications.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of parasitic structures in curly lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) sold in food stalls open markets in Cuiabá city, in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso (MT). For this purpose, 50 samples were evaluated using spontaneous sedimentation and centrifugal flotation methods. These techniques showed positivity in 96% (48/50) and 78% (39/50) of the samples, respectively. The sedimentation method was statistically (p ≤ 0.05) more effective in detecting parasitic structures of the pathogens as Entamoeba histolytica, Ascaris spp., Strongyloides spp., Larvae and Hookworm eggs, when comparing both methods. However, these methods did not differ significantly for the detection of Giardia lamblia. Ascaris spp and Entamoeba coli occurred in 64% (32/50) and 46% (23/50) of the positive samples, respectively, with the highest percentages observed. The occurrence of Blastocystis spp., Fasciola spp., Dipylidium caninum and Ascaris lumbricoides revealed detection exclusively by the spontaneous sedimentation method, while Iodamoeba butschlii and Enterobius vermicularis were detected by centrifugal– flotation procedure. These results could reinforce the need to use methods based on sedimentation and the fluctuation of parasite structures in the analysis of lettuce. The presence of parasites in lettuce by fecal origin, with recognized pathogenicity, represents a risk to consumer health and demonstrates a deficit in good agricultural practices in the production, distribution and commercialization of lettuce.