Repositório RCAAP

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Esta dissertação tem como objecto de estudo a construção de interpolação, característica de variedades dialectais do Português Europeu (PE) contemporâneo. O trabalho que se apresenta assenta em fundamentação empírica proveniente do CORDIAL-SIN – Corpus Dialectal para o Estudo da Sintaxe e organiza-se em torno de quatro objectivos fundamentais: (i) a descrição detalhada das propriedades e funcionamento da construção de interpolação dialectal contemporânea, (ii) a compreensão da relação existente entre esta construção e outros fenómenos relativos à colocação dos clíticos manifestados nos mesmos dialectos em que aquela se produz, (iii) a perspectivação diacrónica do fenómeno da interpolação dialectal contemporânea na história global da construção e (iv) a explicitação da situação de microvariação sincrónica que caracteriza o PE contemporâneo no que à colocação de clíticos diz respeito. A investigação sobre este tema é desenvolvida no quadro da teoria de Princípios e Parâmetros (Chomsky 1981), na sua versão minimalista (Chomsky 1992, 1993, 1995 e trabalho subsequente). A análise que se propõe adopta o modelo de organização da gramática previsto pela teoria da Morfologia Distribuída (Halle & Marantz 1993, 1994). Este estudo revela que a interpolação é uma construção particularmente produtiva em muitas das variedades dialectais consideradas, que apresenta características que a individualizam no cenário geral da história da interpolação e que deve ser interpretada como um fenómeno inovador que emerge recentemente na gramática do português, contrariamente ao que habitualmente é assumido na literatura sobre o tema. Propõe-se que a interpolação dialectal contemporânea é derivada por uma operação de metátese, no sentido de Harris & Halle (2005), que actua na componente Morfologia em PF, numa fase terminal da derivação. Esta análise trata unificadamente um cluster de fenómenos, que se actualizam nos mesmos contextos em regime de variação livre – interpolação, ênclise opcional e duplicação de clítico –, concebendo-os como diferentes instâncias de um mesmo mecanismo gramatical.

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The colonial experience, a complex tapestry of power dynamics, cultural intersections and historical narratives, has left an indelible mark on the world. It is a phenomenon that transcends mere discourses and categories of identity, delving deep into the realm of the senses. The senses, as the channels through which individuals interact with and comprehend the world, play a crucial role in shaping both colonial, anti-colonial and postcolonial narratives. In this sense, we draw on Michel Serres’s The Five Senses (1985), in which he challenges us to think of the senses as constantly transcending or exceeding the body, “mingling” with the world and each other. This exploration draws on the phenomenology of coloniality, an approach rooted in social science and philosophy that proposes that a phenomenon must be explored within its site, and seeks to understand and analyse the lived experiences of individuals and communities affected by colonialism and its enduring legacies. The term “anti/colonial” encapsulates the inherent conflict of being simultaneously part of and against something, and provides a more nuanced perspective on anti-colonial resistance. The aim of Colonial Senses is to explore the embodied colonial experience and how it remains in the memory, emotions and collective identity of those affected. By paying attention to the sensory experiences of the colonised, the book highlights how the embodied colonial experience has contributed to anti-colonial resistance and post-colonial transformations. It is through the senses that acts of creative resistance to colonial oppression and the dismantling of hierarchical power structures are often initiated. Drawing on a rich tapestry of postcolonial theory, phenomenology, the sensorial turn and memory studies, this book offers a cross-fertilisation of ideas to illuminate the intricacies of colonialism and its sensory regimes. The case study that serves as the basis for our argument is late Portuguese colonialism in Africa, as we aim to make sense of anti-colonial resistance and its sensory possibilities against colonial oppression. We seek to answer two questions: “How did it feel to be colonised?” and, more importantly, “How does it feel to fight colonial oppression?”

This article sets out a conceptual/operational framework designed to analyse how the state has enabled, promoted and shaped housing financialization. We build on the systematic analysis of literature and legislation in Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece, thereby providing an overview of housing financialization in Southern Europe. We identify six modes of housing financialization (mortgage debt, mortgage securitization, social rented housing, market rental housing, housing companies, “not-for-housing housing”), characterized by relative autonomy and specific mechanisms, plus a number of cross-cutting dimensions. Our conceptual/operational framework allows to systematically inquiry whether the state has passively adapted to global transformations or shaped these transformations in turn, therefore advancing two main contributions: first, contributing to a more precise conceptualization of the mechanisms of housing financialization; and, second, providing operational instruments to explore state action and policy in housing financialization beyond Southern Europe.

Background Amongst the cave-dwelling millipedes (Diplopoda), there are several endemic species in Portugal with a very small geographical distribution. These species play an important role in the decomposition of organic matter in subterranean ecosystems and are vulnerable to disturbance from human activities, such as habitat destruction, pollution infiltrating from the surface and cave tourism. New information We present the IUCN Red List profiles for cave-adapted millipedes (Diplopoda) from Portugal and propose conservation measures to prevent extinction. Overall, cave-adapted millipedes from Portugal represent an endemic part of the country's biodiversity and conservation efforts will help maintain the delicate ecological balance of subterranean ecosystems.

São Tomé (Gulf of Guinea, Central Africa) is a 854 km2 tropical island that had a pivotal role in early European colonial expansion through the Atlantic between the 15th and 16th centuries. Historical sources suggest that native vegetation has been heavily impacted since human arrival (1470 CE) due to monoculture economies and the introduction of mammals and plants, some of which now have established wild populations. The Afromontane forest of São Tomé, located above 800 m.a.sl., is particularly rich in endemic plant species and has remained relatively unaffected by direct human impacts. Here, we explore how environmental change influenced this forest through the study of a sedimentary sequence from the volcanic crater of Lagoa Amélia (1340 m a.s.l.), a palustrine system located at the boundary between submontane (800–1400 m a.s.l.) and mist forest (above 1400 m a.s.l.). We used fossil pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs, sedimentology and charcoal to determine forest dynamics from the Late Pleistocene to the present. From 14,000 to 12,500 cal yr BP the forest was dominated by taxa from higher altitudes, adapted to cooler and drier climates (e.g. Afrocarpus mannii trees and Psychotria nubicola). After 12,500 cal yr BP, a potential uphill migration was identified by an increase in taxa like the trees Symphonia globulifera and Craterispermum cerinanthum. From 11,200 cal yr BP through the rest of the Holocene taxa from lower altitudes became dominant (e.g. Prunus africana, Polyscias, and Sabicea), except at c. 8500 cal yr BP when rapid cooling led to forest opening. Charcoal showed that fires were frequent during the Late Pleistocene (14,000 to 11,200 cal yr BP), becoming rare during the Holocene until anthropogenic fires started at c. 220 cal yr BP. Other recent anthropogenic impacts detected in Lagoa Amélia included the appearance of pollen of introduced plant species (e.g., Cestrum), and the increase in pollen of economically important species (Elaeis guineensis, Zea mays) and in fungal spores related to introduced herbivores. Our results reveal that climate changed the altitudinal distribution of the Afromontane forest in São Tomé during the Late Pleistocene, as observed on the African continent, and that this ecosystem was also strongly impacted by human arrival, through fire, farming, and introduced species.

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Irei sumarizar a seguir as dimensões com que o pensamento geográfico (e não só) se tem engajado com o poder de medo e insegurança. Estruturarei o cerne da discussão a partir das três dimensões identificadas por Hazem Abu-Orf (2013) na sua teoria sobre cidades em conflito, na reformulação que tenho proposto pelo caso das cidades “comuns” (Tulumello, 2015): as geopolíticas (urbanas) da insegurança; o papel do medo em caraterizar o encontro com a alteridade; e, terceiro, o papel do espaço construído, e das suas espacialidades, em moldar os sentimentos individuais. Em conclusão, irei mobilizar o conceito de paisagens do medo (landscapes of fear ou fearscapes; Tulumello, 2017, capítulo 4) que permite ao mesmo tempo articular, e ultrapassar, essas três dimensões. Embora estes debates se tenham desenvolvido sobretudo na literatura, dita internacional, em língua inglesa, terei atenção em apontar também os debates desenvolvidos em Portugal e Brasil, e em língua portuguesa.

Food fraud associated with the intentional mislabelling of non-Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) is a concern for consumers. “Maçã de Alcobaça” (Alcobaça apple) is one of the oldest Portuguese PGI products, characteristic of the main apple-growing regions in the country, being of utmost importance to develop traceability and authenticity tools to depict the PGI certification status of these products. Pulp multielement signatures were able to discriminate with moderate accuracy (65.7 %) different Royal Gala clones, grown within the same cultivation area. Moreover, Variable Importance in Projection Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis (VIP-PLS-DA) allowed the discrimination of the Royal Gala samples from different PGI producers with 70.0 % accuracy. Apple PGI cultivars were also discriminated accurately (82.0 %). Expanding the approach to non-PGI production areas, several cultivars could be distinguished, according to their provenance with high accuracy, namely Starking (100.0 % accuracy), Granny Smith (100.0 % accuracy), Fuji (100.0 % accuracy), Royal Gala (86.7 % accuracy) and Reineta (90.3 % accuracy). The PGI fruit's microelement nutritional traits highlighted their higher nutritional value, an important trait for food fraud reduction, informing the consumer of the product authenticity, and providing insights on the nutritional value of these high-value market products.

Achieving food security in a context of environmental sustainability is one of the main challenges of the XXI century. Two competing strategies to achieve this goal are the use of genetically modified plants and the use of plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPMs). However, few studies assess the response of genetically modified plants to PGPMs. The aim of this study was to compare the response of over expressing the vacuolar H+-PPase (AVP) and wild-type rice types to the endophytic fungus; Piriformospora indica. Oryza sativa plants (WT and AVP) were inoculated with P. indica and 30 days later, morphological, ecophysiological and bioenergetic parameters, and nutrient content were assessed. AVP and WT plant heights were strongly influenced by inoculation with P. indica, which also promoted increases in fresh and dry matter of shoot in both genotypes. This may be related with the stimulatory effect of P. indica on ecophysiological parameters, especially photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intrinsic water use efficiency and carboxylation efficiency. However, there were differences between the genotypes concerning the physiological mechanisms leading to biomass increment. In WT plants, inoculation with P. indica stimulated all H+ pumps. However, in inoculated AVP plants, H+-PPase was stimulated, but P- and V-ATPases were inhibited. Fungal inoculation enhanced nutrient uptake in both shoots and roots of WT and AVP plants, compared to uninoculated plants; but among inoculated genotypes, the nutrient uptake was lower in AVP than in WT plants. These results clearly demonstrate that the symbiosis between P. indica and AVP plants did not benefit those plants, which may be related to the inefficient colonization of this fungus on the transgenic plants, demonstrating an incompatibility of this symbiosis, which needs to be further studied.

In this paper, we assess and map the risk that atmospheric nitrogen (atN) pollution poses to biodiversity in Natura 2000 sites in mainland Portugal. We first review the ecological impacts of atN pollution on terrestrial ecosystems, focusing on the biodiversity of Natura 2000 sites. These nature protection sites, especially those located within the Mediterranean Basin, are under-characterized regarding the risk posed by atN pollution. We focus on ammonia (NH3) because this N form is mostly associated with agriculture, which co-occurs at or in the imme diate vicinity of most areas of conservation interest in Portugal. We produce a risk map inte grating NH3 emissions and the susceptibility of Natura 2000 sites to atN pollution, ranking habitat sensitivity to atN pollution using expert knowledge from a panel of Portuguese eco logical and habitat experts. Peats, mires, bogs, and similar acidic and oligotrophic habitats within Natura 2000 sites (most located in the northern mountains) were assessed to have the highest relative risk of biodiversity change due to atN pollution, whereas Natura 2000 sites in the Atlantic and Mediterranean climate zone (coastal, tidal, and scrubland habitats) were deemed the least sensitive. Overall, results allowed us to rank all Natura 2000 sites in mainland Portugal in order of evaluated risk posed by atN pollution. The approach is of great relevance for stakeholders in different countries to help prioritize site protection and to define research priorities. This is especially relevant in countries with a lack of expertise to assess the impacts of nitrogen on biodiversity and can represent an important step up from current knowledge in such countries.