Repositório RCAAP

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This paper aims at offering a global picture of the subtype of comparative constructions known as ‘multi-headed comparatives’ (from the fact that they exhibit more than one comparative operator in semantic interdependence). As a prerequisite to the fulfilment of his goal, an attempt will be made to clarify the scope of the notion ‘comparative construction’ and to draw a general typology of such constructions. The boundaries of the notion ‘comparative construction’ are defined by contrasting a “genuine” class of comparative constructions with others that hold some syntactic or semantic resemblance to them. Different typologies will be taken into consideration. As for multi-headed comparatives, even though different examples of these constructions have been identified in the scarce literature on the matter, the discussion on their syntactic patterns and meaning is still embryonic. This paper suggests that the expressive power of these comparatives, which seem to provide a particular strategy of information compression, is higher than has been assumed. Four sub-kinds of multi-headed comparatives are identified, based on meaning differences, namely: multi-headed comparatives with a distributive reading, multi-headed comparatives with a cumulative reading, multi-headed comparatives with a comparison of ‘ratios’ reading, and multi-headed comparatives with a comparison of differences reading. While resorting to some classic English examples, the object language will predominantly be Portuguese.

This paper is concerned with mood distribution in European and Brazilian Portuguese. Although, in many cases, these two varieties do not differ as regards the selected mood, there are exceptions in some contexts. The variations involve rather different constructions, at first sight suggesting a chaotic picture. However, if one assumes that mood is associated with the expression of an attitude towards a proposition (in other words, that mood is an expression of modality), it becomes clear that European and Brazilian Portuguese are diverging in respect to the relevant factors for mood selection. In particular, while in European Portuguese the selection of mood is sensitive to both veridicality and epistemic modality, Brazilian Portuguese is becoming a language where the truth-value of the proposition is the main factor responsible for mood selection. Hence, a tendency appears to be developing for Brazilian Portuguese to approach the pattern found in languages like Rumanian, (Modern) Greek or Hungarian, while European Portuguese follows the pattern found in most other Romance languages.

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo estudar o conceito de ironia, tal como é entendido por José Régio (1901-1969) e trabalhado ao longo da sua obra, bem como mostrar a sua importância no projeto literário do autor. Na primeira parte, “A Conceção Regiana de Ironia,” procuro caracterizar em detalhe aquilo a que José Régio se refere por ironia, partindo de um conjunto de textos do autor que se debruçam, de modo mais ou menos direto, sobre este tema. Neste momento, a ironia regiana começa por ser descrita como uma característica inata de personalidade, que predispõe certas pessoas a não se comprometerem com quaisquer ideias ou ideais, por nunca poderem chegar a um conhecimento total das coisas. Para além desta natureza cética, a ironia regiana reflete, aqui, alguns temas românticos, nomeadamente, o desejo de verdade, unidade e perfeição por parte do indivíduo, que coexiste com a consciência da sua condição limitada e imperfeita. Este dualismo fundamental no sujeito regiano é descrito como uma forma de desdobramento do ego, um conflito entre um eu que age e um eu que critica a ação por lhe reconhecer invariavelmente falhas, fruto do conhecimento limitado da realidade. Serão analisados poemas do autor nos quais o sujeito poético adota esta última perspetiva crítica. Na segunda parte, “A Vocação de Ironista,” procuro expôr o modo como Régio tematiza o lado fenomenológico da ironia: numa primeira fase, o processo irónico assume a forma de um desdobramento alienante do sujeito, através do qual ele se liberta das suas condicionantes bio-psico-socio-culturais e observa a sua vida de um ponto alegadamente exterior e neutro, momento em que é revelado o caráter factício do valor anteriormente atribuído a essa vida. Este movimento é associado a um conhecimento mais apurado da realidade, e este conhecimento, por sua vez, é permeado por conotações místicas. Uma das conclusões que retiro neste ponto é que a ironia regiana pode ser entendida como um dom divino, estando intimamente associada ao conflito religioso regiano, nomeadamente à luta mística de emancipação do Espírito em relação à Carne. Na expressão desta luta surge, em vários textos regianos, uma figura recorrente, a que o autor dá o nome de «Perseguidor-Revelador,» cuja caracterização e função na temática da ironia procuraremos também descrever. Na terceira parte, “Deus, Diabo e Ironia,” veremos como as considerações anteriores poderão conduzir-nos a um novo ponto de vista para a interpretação do papel do Diabo na literatura regiana, tomando como ponto central o conceito de Desprezo, o que, por sua vez, irá influenciar a compreensão da personagem recorrente Jaime Franco (o “Diabo em pessoa”) e as suas interações com os heróis Pedro Serra e Lelito nos romances Jogo da Cabra Cega e A Velha Casa, respetivamente.

Engraved schist plaques are one of the most original artistic manifestations in Southwestern Iberia during the Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic local chrono-zones (3200–2600 cal BCE), being assumed to be the distinguishing feature of the megalithic group that develops in this region since the mid-4th millennium BCE onwards. Although their «symbolic production» (in terms of their possible meanings) is extensively debated, the stages of their «physical production» are yet to be precisely defined, especially regarding the techniques and tools used. Based on some Experimental Archaeology exercises, the authors rehearse a practical approach to the manufacture of engraved schist plaques by defining the possible tools used in their production and how they influence the final outcome of the artefact. Replicas were analysed both macroscopically and microscopically, combining SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), in order to identify potential micro evidence from the use of different tools, thus setting up some working basis for further analysis on archaeological samples.

Over the last decade, Airbnb has emerged as the most important actor in the short-term rental business worldwide. The spatial distribution of Airbnb accommodations in a city is highly sensitive to the location of different spatial, socioeconomic, demographic, and cultural factors, and therefore has the potential to increase existing and create spatial inequalities in host cities. Drawing from the data from the Inside Airbnb website, the 2011 census of population and housing, the municipal registers, and Open Street Maps, this article first measures and analyses the degree of penetration and spatial clustering (with LISA statistics) of Airbnb listings in Barcelona and Lisbon. Then, it explores the spatial, socioeconomic, demographic, and cultural determinants of the spatial clustering of accommodations offered on Airbnb in both cities. Finally, it examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the spread of Airbnb in both cities. Results show that Airbnb has penetrated deeply into the central residential areas and around major tourist attractions, and it is deepening spatial inequalities by benefitting mainly the upper income group of homeowners in these neighbourhoods. Lastly, the recent COVID-19 pandemics has curtailed the spread and changed the typology of accommodation offered on Airbnb.

In Southern Europe, the exceptionally high rates of young adults living with their parents might indicate that co-residence is more frequent even among those more likely to live independently. In this study we analyse living in the parental home as a decision of young working adults in four southern European countries in comparison with France, Germany and the United Kingdom. We use the 2012 European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions microdata to estimate the probability of living in the parental home for young working adults aged 18-34. Our core finding is that living with parents is a common decision in southern European countries, whereas in France, Germany and the United Kingdom young working adults opt essentially between ownership and tenancy. The results challenge us to rethink young adults’ paths to independent living and the role of public policies in their endeavours.

This dissertation evaluates the effects of selected gels and emulsions, namely agar, gellan gum, xanthan and Pemulen® TR-2, in the cleaning of acrylic emulsion paints. The selected materials represent alternatives to methodologies traditionally used in the cleaning of paintings and seek to overcome current specific problems in the cleaning of acrylic paintings. Cleaning is one of the most common activities within conservation and restoration treatments, and still, one of the processes that offers great risk to the integrity of the artwork because it is intrinsically irreversible. The search for cleaning systems that reduce the amount of solvent/water used in treatments, and at the same time the sensitivity of acrylic emulsion paints to certain cleaning systems encourages the research for alternative methodologies, which are effective in their purpose and offer less risk to the health of professionals and to pictorial surfaces, with a lower environmental impact. Gellified systems offer greater control over the cleaning action and may represent good alternatives for the cleaning of acrylic paintings. The aim of this work is to comparatively analyse the effectiveness of action of the selected materials and their influence on the original pictorial layer. Tests were performed on mock-ups and results were analysed to perceive cleaning efficiency, presence of residues, paint sensitivity and colour alterations of the pictorial layer. These parameters were evaluated with the aid of digital microscopy, photography, FORS, spectrophotometry, and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Tests showed that xanthan gum and Pemulen® gels had better dirt removal efficiency and better adaptability to surface irregularities. Resulting colours after cleaning were more similar to the ones in the control samples. However, these gels resulted in greater pigment removal. Agar and gellan gum rigid gels presented greater control in water diffusion and appear to be more suitable for water-sensitive surfaces. Application time and rinsing variables also influenced results obtained with each material.

This dissertation aims to map the historical dynamics that involve at once the genesis of museums, the structuring of the educational sectors within them and the development of the different aspects of the social function of these institutions. Our intention is to examine those that have been the preferences in museum environment regarding educational actions, in trying to understand their characteristics, the reasons and modes of their constitution and the socio-economic and political-cultural contexts in which they emerged. Besides, we also discuss the different practices associated with social work carried out with and from museums, questioning some of the current challenges in this area. We are concerned with understanding which concepts and techniques have been developed by museums over the long term to meet societal demands, a key factor in situating the role of these institutions as social agents. Following these lines of thinking, we try to associate the two vectors – educational and social –, as well as to understand the modes of action that both mobilize to achieve their goals, without losing sight of the fact that this mobilization does not occur without impasses and contradictions. To reinforce this connection, we analyse two illustrative cases: one from the Tropenmuseum and the other from the Gulbenkian Museum. Finally, one of the main goals of the developed research is to theoretically frame an educational project: the Museokupa, conceived for the first time in 2019 and held at the Museum of Art, Architecture and Technology (MAAT). Museokupa consisted in an experience of materialization, in its most practical form, of theoretical debates, namely to perspective and reflect about the limits and the future of the symbiosis between education in museums and the social work practiced by them.

This project discusses the conceptual derivations that occur from the investigative path of painting, as a means of establishing a theoretical bias that takes into account the procedural nuances included in the space between the artist's intention and the conception of the work. During the master's degree in painting, the atelier of the Faculty of Fine Arts of the University of Lisbon served as a laboratory for immersion in an experimental process; resulted in a group of works produced under the light of interests that will be developed based on the opposition of concepts, which permeate areas of knowledge that are decisive for the identification of problems related to the subject of painting, in the contemporary art scene. Based on reflections on the location of an object in an ontological context, what are the conditions that favor the recognition of the symbolic force projected by the subject on the object of desire? How can the artist take advantage of the displacement of the object from its conventional function in order to induce the manifestation of a feeling of sinister character in the viewer? How can the interpretation of signs favor the understanding of a logical behavior, allowing the assimilation of similar aspects in different areas of production? What are the practical resources that account for suggestive effects, which attest to the maintenance of a state of uncertainty along a proposed narrative path? The circumstances surrounding the art scene undergo transformations that imply the need for a constant renewal of the perspectives of exploration of the object in the pictorial space. How do the relations between the artist and the place he occupies in space-time take place, with regard to the recognition of motives that drive experimentation? What were the means found to circumvent expectations and what is the importance of sustaining a posture of surveillance? How can the unpredictable consequences of the process become a determining part of the content in the decoding of a plastic message?

Este estudo teve como principal objectivo compreender a variação das dimensões do estilo de vinculação (Evitação e Preocupação), tendo em conta a globalidade dos modelos internos de trabalho do indivíduo e a especificidade das suas relações. Foi, ainda, analisada a relação entre os estilos de vinculação, global e específico, e o mal-estar emocional. Estas variáveis foram avaliadas através de questionários aplicados em dois momentos: o questionário Attachment Network Questionnaire (ANQ), o Questionário de Experiências em Relações Próximas (QERP), global e específico para as relações, e o Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM). A amostra era composta por 125 participantes, com uma média de idades de 31 anos. Os resultados obtidos, através de modelos hierárquicos lineares (programa HLM), indicaram do que a dimensão Evitação varia mais entre as relações que entre os indivíduos, o que é coerente com a asserção teórica de que esta dimensão está mais relacionada com as representações que fazemos dos parceiros relacionais. O contrário acontece para a dimensão Preocupação, que varia mais entre os indivíduos do que entre as diversas relações. Verificámos ainda que o estilo de vinculação, quando avaliado no global, prediz moderadamente o estilo de vinculação em cada relação. Essa predição é mais forte na dimensão da Preocupação do que na Evitação. Por fim, as dimensões Evitação e Preocupação, ao nível global, são melhores preditores para o mal-estar emocional, que as mesmas dimensões, ao nível específico. Estas conclusões sugerem que, embora os estilos de vinculação específicos sejam importantes para a compreensão do funcionamento das relações, a obtenção de ganhos psicoterapêuticos relevantes deve implicar mudanças nas representações globais da vinculação. As relações que não são de vinculação também parecem ter influência em alguns domínios do mal-estar emocional.

The present investigation – “Visual journalism and artistic journalism: relational approaches between design and journalism” – is based on the role of design and its contribution to a qualified journalism into the communication and dissemination of facts. In the contemporary context, and in times marked by post-truth, journalism faces challenging times. We start by identifying the main factors that contribute to the journalism crisis, and propose, based on the bibliographic review, two current approaches to design, considering the differences of their contribution in the relationship they establish with the communication of facts: visual journalism and artistic journalism. Both start from the need to translate facts through artefacts with visual attributes, in a wide variety of formats, such as video, photography, maps or infographics. They are distinguished by the way in which design is positioned on the “production line” of news or information, and how it draws limits to its practice, in a direct relationship with the ethics of journalistic practice. The practical component of this investigation - the Facts Archive project - starts with theoretical research and aims to compile and categorize projects and bibliographic references around the two identified approaches. As an archive, Facts Archive aims to contribute to the debate around the definition and characterization of these approaches, which we consider to be sufficiently demonstrative of the possibility of telling a version of the facts using visual expression. The evolution of communication design practices in the journalistic context or due to the necessity of translating the facts (demonstrated in initiatives or events, postgraduate training courses and commissioned or self-proposed projects, as well as a growing specialized bibliography, which attest to the relevance of the problem) became evident throughout this investigation. These practices open the field of study of design to journalism, and place design at the centre of discussion of the status quo, social problems, and the reproduction of facts in the world of new media.

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No contexto do Mediterrâneo Atlântico, os arqui- pélagos da Madeira e dos Açores desenvolveram estreitas relações com o Magrebe no âmbito da pre- sença portuguesa em Marrocos. Para além das gentes da Madeira e dos Açores que participaram de forma activa, desde finais do século XV e ao longo de toda a primeira metade da centúria seguinte, com um epílogo no final do reinado de D. Sebastião, nas acções de conquista e ocupação e, depois, de defesa dos territórios norte-africanos, as ilhas desempe- nharam igualmente um importante papel no aprovi- sionamento das praças, com destaque para o arqui- pélago açoriano. Nesta exposição apresentaremos alguns dados relativos às relações sociais e econó- micas que se teceram entre os Açores e Marrocos no período que se estende de finais do século XV a meados do século XVIII.

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