Repositório RCAAP

The present work had the objective of producing the cartographic production of 4 thematic maps that compose the physical physical inventory of the watershed of the stream of Veado, located in Presidente Prudente - SP. The choice for referring maps was due to their individual particularities. The maps related to the topography of the study area (hypsometry and slope) are justified because there is a high number of floods in the region. As for the maps of land use and anthropogenic investments (land use and land cover and possible sources of contamination), it is justified by the current silting state of the basin. The choice of the study area represents the concern regarding the recovery of environmental aspects and conservation of the Veado stream basin area, mainly due to its local importance. Therefore, through geoprocessing and remote sensing techniques, the main physical characteristics and the main factors of possible contamination of the basin under study were collected and mapped. The results of the thematic maps discussed confirm the need for the preservation and recovery of degraded areas in the basin, which are almost completely degraded and urbanized, and it is necessary to establish adequate environmental planning techniques for their efficient restoration.

Beans are one of the most produced foods in the whole national territory, being intense the search for productive cultivars, with good culinary characteristics and different nutritional properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of cooking on the centesimal composition of eight cultivars of cowpea: Costela de Vaca, BRS Marataoã, BRS Itaim, BR 17-Gurguéia, BRS Novaera, Paulistinha, Setentão and Patativa. The grains were submitted to two different procedures to perform the analyzes: in natura (flour) and cooked (with maceration) under pressure. The determinations of moisture, ashes, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, energy, pH, acidity, and sugars were carried out. All analyzes were performed in quadruplicate in the in natura and cooked cultivars, and the results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The results showed that the moisture content varied from 7-11% in the raw cultivars, with increase after cooking (60-70%). Whereas, the content of proteins, ashes, carbohydrates, energetic value and sugars, decreased in all the cooked cultivars. It can be concluded that, among the cultivars analyzed, the Setentão showed the highest protein content, before and after cooking. Even with a reduction in the other parameters, the cultivars of cowpea maintained relevant nutritional and functional characteristics, presenting a cooking time between 8 and 10 minutes, being considered fast cooking and therefore adequate to meet the current demand of consumers.

The forestation of cities presents countless advantages among the ones which improvement of the microclimate and well to be population. However, the planning lack and knowledge of the responsible public power for that process can provoke effects contrary to those wanted. With that, the objective of this work consisted of evaluating the perception of the local population as the qualification of the forestation in the city of Pombal, Paraíba, in the intention of like this to collect necessary information to the future and correct arboreal planning of this urban center. For that, they were applied semi-structured questionnaires containing 11 objective questions, where four questions were to characterize the interviewees' profile in relation to the sex, age, education level and main activity, and the seven remaining questions included the subjects regarding the forestation of the municipal district, reaching this way a public of 200 people. The city of Pombal-PB is reasonably wooded and they still present problems with electric and phone nets due to lack of correct planning of the responsible public organs. The population notices the benefits of the forestation affirming that the arboreal ones existent they especially favor the shadow and temperature reduction.

The watershed is considered the territorial unit for the implementation of the National Policy of Water Resources and where the activities of land cover are concentrate. These activities altering the vegetation cover of the watershed, which directly influences the surface temperature, since the vegetation functions as a temperature regulator. In this context, the preservation of vegetation along the watersheds is considered of fundamental importance because it allows the protection of the soil to the occurrence of erosion processes, contributes to the infiltration of water in the soil and the maintenance of the microclimate. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in the vegetation cover of the Marapanim river watershed, comparing values of NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and surface temperature for the years 1995, 2004 and 2016. It was used the Satellite images (Land Sat 5 and 8) and processed to obtain the NDVI and the surface temperature of the years of analysis. The results showed that there was a loss of vegetative in this period, as well as a decrease of 2.06 °C in the average temperature from 1995 to 2004 and an increase of 3.43 ° C from 2004 to 2016. The areas with the lowest values of NDVI presented the highest temperatures, mainly urban areas, showing the influence of vegetation in the microclimate. In this context, this study can support the formulation of public policies to promote the sustainable use of natural resources in the area of the basin.

Corn is a crop of great economic importance, however, it is greatly impaired by the attack of the carcass caterpillar, where chemical control is used, which is toxic to biodiversity, necessitating the development of natural control alternatives. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different extracts derived from neem in the control of carpiaceous caterpillar (Spodoptera frugiperda) in irrigated corn cultivation. The experiment was conducted under field conditions at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Campus Iguatu. For the experiment, a randomized complete block design was used, with 6 treatments and 4 replications totaling 24 plots. The neem-based treatments used were: without insecticide; fruits; sheets; leaves + seeds; commercial oil and chemical insecticide. The population level of the caterpillars (S. frugiperda) as well as their length at 18, 36, 54, 72 and 90 days after planting were evaluated. In parallel, a visual evaluation of the damage to the cartridge and expanded leaves of maize plants was carried out, based on a visual scale (Dives scale). The treatment with the neem fruits presented the best results in all analyzed variables, and could be used in substitution of chemical products in the control of the carcass caterpillar. For the number and length of caterpillars, treatments with fruits and chemical insecticide stood out from the others. Regarding the damages, the treatments with fruits, leaves, fruits plus leaves and chemical insecticide did not have statistical difference between them. The treatment with neem commercial oil did not present satisfactory results.

The cactus forage cultivated in the Brazilian semiarid region is a crop of extreme importance for the local population, being used as alternative sources for feeding the animals in critical periods of drought. However, for this species to reach maximum growth potential are required soils with high fertility levels, wich are not found in this region. The aim of this study was to evaluate the development of three varieties of cactus forage, resistant to carmine cochineal, with different sources of organic fertilization. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications in the factorial scheme (3x4): three varieties of cactus forage cv. (Orelha de Elefante Mexicana, Baiana and Miúda/Doce) and four fertilization treatments (Manure, Fulvic acid, Humic acid and Control). At 90 and 240 days after planting, plant development evaluations were performed, such as the survival index; plant height; number of shoots per plant; as well as the variables for cladodes (area, area index, mean weight, length, width and thickness) and, finally, the average productivity mean of phytomass. Manure fertilization presented significant results for the cladode area and the cladode area index, mainly in the cv. Orelha de Elefante Mexicana variety in relation to the control and fulvic acid. The increase of cladode area in this variety of forage cactus as a function of the manure application represented 63, 34 and 40% on Fulvic acid, Humic acid and the Control, respectively. The cv. Orelha de Elefante Mexicana variety responded positively to Manure fertilization, obtaining the highest productivity mean phytomass among the others varieties, with 81 t ha-1 at the end of the experiment. Among the sources of organic fertilizers used, only Manure had a significant effect on the forage cactus variety of cv. Orelha de Elefante Mexicana.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of aqueous extract of purple nutsedge bulbs (Cyperus rotundus L.) compared to indole-3-butyric acid (AIB) on the germination and early growth of radish seedlings. Two experiments were conducted in both were used completely randomized design with four replications of 50 seeds for germination and 20 seeds for the length of the primary root. In the first experiment, radish seeds were treated with concentrations of zero, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mg L-1 of AIB. In the second experiment, the radish seeds were subjected to concentrations of zero 15, 25, 50 and 100% of the aqueous extract of purple nutsedge bulbs, confronted with the best concentration obtained from synthetic auxin. In both experiments, the seeds were soaked in each solution for five minutes. Evaluations consisted of the germination test, first counting of germination, germination speed index and length of primary root. The data were subjected to analysis of variance; means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability and polynomial regression. The AIB allow better physiological performance of radish seeds, being that 1.5 mg L-1 was the better concentration employed. The aqueous extract of purple nutsedge stimulates germination and early development of radish seedlings when their seeds are soaked in concentrations around 25%, similarly to the results obtained when employing the AIB.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the postharvest quality of sugar aplle submitted to the delay in the withdrawal of the PVC film. The fruits were harvested at the stage of physiological maturity, then selected and sanitized. Some of them were individually wrapped with PVC film trademark and accommodated in styrofoam tray and the other fruits were kept without film, representing the control. The treatments applied in the fruits were: (Control) without PVC film (T1) individually wrapped with PVC film being removed with 2 days of storage (T2) of PVC film being removed with 4 days of storage and (T3) of PVC film being removed with 6 days of storage. The analyzes physical and physico-chemical properties were performed every 2 days of storage. The characteristics analyzed were: fresh weight loss (%), of pulp firmness (N), external appearance, index of cracking, acidity (mg.100L-1), pH, soluble solids (Brix) and ratios (SS/TA). The use of PVC films delayed the loss of mass in the sugar aplle and decreased the titratable acidity contents, besides having seams for better external appearance. The treatments T2 and T3 maintained a higher firmness up to the 6th day, when compared to the other treatments. The appearance of cracks was lower in the control. The PVC film is delaying the ripening of the sugar aplle, but has not diminished the quality of the sugar aplle proceedings at the end of the storage. The 6 day PVC film yielded a post-harvest life of 6 days, because despite all the cracks, it was fit for consumption.

Tamarindus indica L. is a tree species very appreciated for ornamentation, being considered a multifunctional tree, since it can be used pulp, seeds, flowers, leaves, wood, bark, whether for nutritional or medicinal use. In addition, this species presents in its chemical composition amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, being outstanding for presenting excellent nutritional qualities. Thus, the present work aimed to characterize the biometry of fruits and seeds of Tamarindus indica L. For this, the biometry was performed using a random sample of 100 fruits and 100 seeds. Mass, length, width and thickness of fruits and seeds and number of seeds per fruit were evaluated. The fruits of Tamarindus indica presented average values of length, width, thickness and mass of: 59.72; 22.80; 15, 29 mm and 7.78 g respectively, with an average of three seeds per fruit. In the biometric analysis of the seeds we observed averages of length, width, thickness, and mass of 14.7; 10.15, 3.85mm and 1.12g respectively. The fruits and seeds of Tamarindus indica showed variability in their biometric characteristics, for the trees evaluated in this study. The fruits presented greater variation in length, while in the seeds it was observed greater variability in thickness and width.

Grain production plays an important role in Brazilian agriculture. The main crops produced are soybeans and corn, followed by rice, beans and wheat. The State of Santa Catarina is responsible for much of the grain production in the southern region of the country. In this context, the use of quality seed ensures a better establishment of the crop and, consequently, greater productivity. Seed production and commercialization are determined by Law, guaranteeing the quality and identity of the seeds, dividing them into categories (Certified C1 and C2), and outside the certification system (S1 and S2). In addition to the categories, there are minimum criteria for the marketing of seeds such as: physical purity, germination, number of seeds of other cultivated species, number of wild seeds, number of noxious seeds tolerated and prohibited. In order to guarantee the established minimum standards, there is the external quality control system (CEQ), carried out by government agencies, in the seed lots of commercial establishments. Santa Catarina exercises the CEQ of the seeds commercialized through the Integrated Company of Agricultural Development of Santa Catarina (CIDASC). The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and physiological quality of soybean, corn, rice, wheat and bean seeds collected from commercial establishments in the state of Santa Catarina during the period from 2013 to 2015. A total of 62 soybean seeds, 13 rice samples, 23 maize samples, 18 wheat samples and 20 bean seed samples were collected and submitted to the Official Laboratory (LANAGRO) for analysis, the physical purity, germination and determination of other seeds by number. The seed lots collected during the period are within the limits established in the legal standards, specific for each species, for the quality criteria evaluated.

Several anthropic activities provide wastes and rejects in ecosystems mainly aquatic, and usually inadequately. As a result there can be increases in the amount of nutrients mainly of phosphorus and nitrogen making a medium conducive to Cyanobacteria blooms. The objective of study was identify and quantify the phytoplankton community and water nutrients from June to November 2015 at three points in one branch of Rio Grande, Frutal-MG, to verify the possibility of using water for irrigation of agroecological crops of olerícolas. At the three sampling points the variables temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen and pH were in accordance with CONAMA 357/2005. The nutrients (total phosphorus, orthophosphate, nitrate, nitrite and total ammoniacal nitrogen) presented low concentrations and remained in compliance with the resolution in all sites and periods analyzed. The abundance of phytoplankton was divided into 3 large groups: Bacillariophyceae, Chlophyceae and Cyanobacteria. Large amounts of cyanobacteria were observed in the samples, posing a risk due to the potential of these algae to produce toxins. To be used in irrigation of agroecological crops, it is necessary that the water in question goes through treatment.

In semi-arid regions, irrigation is a constant and necessary practice for the cultivation of some plant species, but poor management favors the degradation of physical and chemical properties of soil due to the salinization process, causing low productivity and land abandonment. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the application of gypsum and alternative coproducts in the recovery of saline soils and the possible cultivation of Sorghum bicolor (L. Moench). We performed an experiment in a factorial design 2x2x5, consisting of two levels of gypsum (absence and presence), two levels of co-product (vermiculite + bovine manure and kaolin + bovine manure) and five doses of each compound (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60%) volume per pot (v:v). Each treatment was replicated three times, totaling 60 vessels with a capacity of 9 L. After corrective and compounds application we sown ten seeds of Sorghum bicolor per vase. Fifteen days after the germination we perform the thinning maintaining three plants per pot. We evaluated the chemical characteristics of the soil and plant growth parameters, such as height, number of leaves, collar diameter, shoot fresh mass, shoot dry mass and root dry mass. We verified that the corrective application improved the chemical attributes of the soil allowing degraded and abandoned areas to be productive again. We recommended the application of the co-product kaolin with cattle manure, what favor the initial growth of the species Sorghum bicolor constituting an efficient alternative to minimize the harmful effects of salinity caused to the soil, environment, and productivity.

Area with acerola plantations for commercial purposes have been increasing with the use of acerola by food industries and pharmaceutical companies. The objective of the present work was to characterize physically and chemically acerola varieties at two maturation stages. Acerola fruits of five varieties (BV1, BV2, BV4, BV6, and C6P3) grown in an experimental orchard of the Teaching, Research and Extension Unit of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará (IFCE) were harvested at the green and ripe stages for evaluation. These fruits were taken to the Food Chemistry Laboratory of the IFCE and subjected to selection (green and ripe) for physical and chemical analyses. The fruits were placed in polystyrene trays. A complete randomized experimental design was used, with five treatments (five acerola varieties), five replications, and 10 fruits per plot. The fresh weight, length, diameter, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), pH, SS/TA ratio, and ascorbic acid content of the fruits were evaluated. The fruits presented adequate physical characteristics for industrialization. The acerola fruits of the BV2 variety at green stage, and BV1 and BV4 varieties at ripe stage had higher ascorbic acid contents. The varieties BV4 (green stage) and BV2 (ripe stage) had higher SS content and SS/TA ratio.

The use of organic wastes such as manure, crop residues and green manuring to improve soil fertility and agricultural productivity is one of the strategies used by family farmers in the Brazilian semi-arid. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of N, P and K after the incorporation of manure or biomass of gliricídia (Gliricídia sepium). The work was conducted within an area with gliricídia rows spaced 6 m between each other and 1 m between trees in a Neossolo Regolítico, in Esperança, PB. The experimental design was a randomized split-plot with two main treatments (with or without gliricídia) and three secondary treatments (fertilization with manure, gliricídia prunnings and control) with four replications. In the experimental plots was measured mineralization of N, P and K in situ in the field for 120 days at 0-20 cm. No significant loss of mass and N, P, K of the decomposition bags of organic fertilizers among the SA and CA systems. The greatest losses of N, P and K occurred during the first two weeks, being higher in the treatment compared to treatment G E, except that the release of K had a similar pattern in both organic fertilizers. Both the SA system, such as CA, throughout the incubation period there was net N mineralization, however there were significant effects of additions of Gliricídia or manure and the control.

In the Semi-Arid region of Brazil, livestock farming is one of the main economic activities. However, the production of biomass by fodder is unstable over time due to irregular rainfall, causing an imbalance between the supply and demand of fodder to feed the herds. One of the strategies to circumvent this problem concerns the cultivation of forage palm in a consortium with leguminous tree species. The present work was carried out at the Experimental Station of the National Semiarid Institute and had the objective of evaluating the effect of spacing and organic fertilization on the growth and productivity of the forage palm in a system of alleys cropping with Gliicidia sepium. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement, with four replications, three spacing (2 × 1m; 1 × 1m and 1 × 0.5m) and four fertilizations (humic substances, seaweed, bocashi and Control), for 48 experimental units. The highest yields, annual increment and average annual palm increment were obtained in the 1 × 0.5m spacing. Organic fertilization did not significantly influence palm productivity. In addition to the forage produced by the gliricidia to that of the palm, the system of cultivation in alleys produced an average of 7.3 t ha-1 biomass and 14.2 meters of wood, making this system an excellent bank of protein. As a strategy to promote greater stabilization in the production of biomass for animal feed.

The objective of this study was to elaborate cake formulations with green banana flour (Musa sp) and fructooligosaccharide, and to evaluate the effect of the substitution of wheat flour for green banana flour, with respect to the sensorial and chemical characteristics of the proposed product. Three cake formulations were prepared, which were microbiologically (molds and yeasts, total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms and Salmonella sp.), Sensory (preference, acceptance and purchase intention) and chemically (moisture, lipids, proteins, ashes, total phenolics, diphenyl-picryl-hydrazine radical and iron reduction). In addition, the total carbohydrates and the caloric percentage of the cakes were determined. The three cake formulations were microbiologically safe, differed sensory in appearance and color, these parameters being statistically the same formulations 1 and 3, and formulations 2 and 3. The chemical composition ranged from humidity (22.82 to 28.67), total phenolics (124 to 267.08) and reduction of iron (4.45 to 10.18). The substitution of wheat flour for banana flour did not influence the microbiological quality of the cakes, the sensorial preference and the consumption potential, but had little effect on the sensory acceptance and on the chemical composition, thus, due to the characteristics observed in the cake formulations with banana flour and fructooligosaccharide indicate that these are potentially commercially and nutritionally attractive.

Fruit biometry provides information needed to trigger several studies of economic interest allowing continuous increase rational search and efficient use fruits. Objective of this study was to characterize fruits and seeds individuals native of Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr & Perry in municipality of Capitão Poço-Pa by means biometric evaluation their physical characteristics. The ripe fruits were harvested last week of August 2016, the end fruiting season in the region, collected 4 different progenies. 200 healthy fruits were selected for established biometric analyzes, being biometric characteristics were evaluated: fruit weight, pulp weight, seed weight, fruit length, fruit width, seed length, seed width, fruit volume in ml. Biometric characteristics of fruits and seeds were analyzed by frequency distribution. Fruits showed variability for all analyzed biometric characteristics. Total yield pulp was directly influenced by weight fruit, as well as size and weight seed. The highest fruits presented values of weight around 68 to 78 g, length and width of 59 to 62 mm and 49 to 54 mm being these results great influence for yield pulp.

Aquatic organisms’ production has grown due to an increased demand for fish and limited natural stocks with a tendency to deplete. Commercialization, however, is one of the obstacles for the activity to consolidate and bring income to the producer especially in the municipality of Laranjeiras do Sul (Paraná State, Brazil) that this aspect is aggravated due to the lack of production and marketing information. For this reason, the aim of this research was to generate and analyze data regarding fish sale and production in Laranjeiras do Sul to subsidize policies of expansion of local fish farming. Mapping marketing channels through monthly interviews with the different fish traders/retailers and surveys with involved institutions (Emater, Seab, Ibge) showed that, except for fish traded at the fish fair and sport fishing, fish marketed in supermarkets or markets, restaurants or bars, shops, or through intermediaries comes from other municipalities, states and even countries. It was also observed that in all the center-south region of Paraná there are no fish slaughterhouses, making this also an obstacle to increase the production, commercialization and consumption of the fish. We identified 32 species with 30 sold in the markets, 16 in the restaurants and only 10 in the sport fishing. The most traded species in all types of establishments is tilapia (34 tons), representing more than 75% of all fish traded in the municipality during the analyzed period, and with average fillet price of R$ 33.97 kg-1. The information obtained demonstrates the need for greater dissemination, expansion of marketing channels and public policies to promote activity in the municipality and region.

The capsicum annuum L., is a vegetable of extreme economic importance in Brazil. Information on the nutritional composition of foods is a parameter that assists consumers during the choice of products. The objective of this work was to evaluate the centesimal composition and the sugar content of fresh and dry green peppers at 60 oC in order to identify if these components remained after drying. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 2 treatments and 5 replicates. Green peppers from CEASA of the city of Patos-PB were used. The peppers were packed in plastic boxes and transported to the laboratory where they were selected, washed, sanitized, processed and dried in a greenhouse with circulation and air renewal at 60 ºC. At the end of the drying the crushing and sieving were carried out to carry out the analyzes of moisture, ashes, lipids, proteins and total and reducing sugars. The carbohydrate contents were calculated by the difference between 100 and the sum of the percentages of humidity, protein, lipids and ashes. The energy value was calculated by multiplying these values by the atwater factors. The components showed a significant difference in the treatments studied, it was observed that there was an increase of macronutrients after drying. The centesimal composition of pepper flour was concentrated after drying, indicating that the applied method is an alternative to take advantage of the large productions in the harvest period.

In the Brazilian Northeast, lettuce cultivation is restricted to small areas, with the use of cultivars not adapted to the climatic conditions of the region, promoting early flowering and low productivity. Therefore, the objective of the research was to evaluate the agronomic responses of lettuce cultivars according to the age of harvest when cultivated in semi-arid conditions. The experiment was conducted in field between October 2013 and January 2014, in Mossoró-RN, Brazil. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, arranged in subdivided plots, with four replications. The plots consisted of five harvest ages (20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 days after transplanting - DAT), while the subplots corresponded to six lettuce cultivars of the groups: Leaf Smooth (Babá de Verão, Lívia and Aurélia) and Leaf Curly (Jullie, Elba and Maravilha 4 Estações). The following characteristics were evaluated: height and diameter of plants, number of leaves per plant, total and commercial yields, and shoot dry mass. The cultivar Babá de Verão is the most productive among the lettuce cultivars of the group Leaf Smooth and Jullie among the Leaf Curly. The lettuce cultivar Aurélia, from the group Leaf Smooth, is the less productive in relation to the others studied. The ideal harvest age at maximum commercial yield is 30 DAT for all lettuce cultivars.