Repositório RCAAP

The commercialization of milk without heat treatment or sanitary inspection control is prohibited by law in all over the country, but it happens in some small cities. It is important to evaluate the milk in these localities, as it will be consumed by the population. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological diagnosis and the index of water addition in samples of raw milk commercialized in the city of Pombal (PB). Three samples were collected from each of the five commercial sites (A, B, C, D and E) between May and June 2017. They were obtained in sterile containers and evaluated for Coliform parameters at 45ºC (NMP/mL), presence / absence of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp. (UFC/mL) and total count of Mesophyll Aerobic bacteria (CTM) (UFC/mL). The addition rate of water was determined using the Master Classic Milk Analyzer. All samples presented Coliforms at 45ºC (> 110 NMP / mL), presence of Salmonella sp. And Escherichia coli, In addition to high counts of Staphylococcus spp. (3.13 x 10 2 at 2.65 x 10 5 UFC / mL) and CTM (2.30 x 10 4 at 3.91 x 10 5 CFU / mL). Samples from locality B had a water addition index of approximately 5%. We concluded that the raw milk marketed in the city of Pombal (PB) during the period of the research was out of the microbiological standards for all analyzed parameters, besides the existence of fraud by addition of water in the samples of the locality B, being improper for consummation.

The state of Ceará is one of the main producers and exporters of tropical fruits in Brazil. However, the farmers have some problems related with the fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), because these tefritids cause damages to the fruits and the simple presence of some species makes difficult the export of fruits in natura. In the state of Ceará, information about fruit flies and their hosts in fruit producing regions are scarce, such as in the region of Baixo Jaguaribe. This region is located in the Brazilian semiarid and is composed of ten municipalities, among them the municipality of Quixeré. Therefore, the objective of this study was to know the species of fruit flies, their hosts and respective infestation index, in different places of the municipality of Quixeré. For this, fruits were randomly collected in different fruit trees (native and exotic), in the rural and urban area of Quixeré. The collected fruits were transported to the laboratory, where they were counted, weighed and stored in plastic trays on a layer of vermiculite. After seven days, the vermiculite was sieved and the pupae obtained were stored in plastic containers until the emergence of adults. Fruits of 21 species were sampled and only five were infested by fruit flies. The species obtained were Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), Anastrepha zenildae Zucchi, Anastrepha sororcula Zucchi and Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart). Guava Psidium guajava L. was the fruit that presented the highest rates of infestation.

The Bodocongó weir located in the city of Campina Grande - Paraíba, has suffered anthropic actions over the years that contribute to the degradation of its waters, but also degrade the environment to which the weir is inserted. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the environmental degradation in the surroundings of the Bodocongó weir, diagnosing the water quality through parameters such as pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. The study was conducted in July 2016, so measurements were performed "in loco" of these parameters three times a week with the aid of digital electronic devices. The analysis of the environmental degradation around the weir was carried out by observing the phenomena that contribute to the deterioration of this aquatic ecosystem. The results obtained for the evaluated parameters show that the dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids are outside the recommended standards, reflecting the contamination of these waters. Therefore, anthropogenic actions such as effluent and solid waste disposal, as well as vehicle washing at the banks of the dam, intensify environmental degradation in this area. Environmental education followed by public policies aimed at the recovery of this area are necessary and urgent instruments for the Bodocongó weir to recover natural physical, chemical and biological conditions.

The current society's dependence on new manufactures, energy and other consumer goods has the consequence of increasing industrial activities, and when not managed correctly cause impacts to the environment. As a way to mitigate or prevent these impacts, National Environmental Council Resolution 237/97 deals with environmental licensing. However, the work of environmental agencies to put the resolution into practice is still fragile. The purpose of this study was to verify the performance of the competent state agency regarding the issuance of licenses and infraction notices for enterprises located in the municipality of Cajazeiras, Paraíba. In order to do so, a data survey was carried out in the Platform of the Superintendency of Environmental Management to verify emissions of environmental licenses and assessments in the period from 2004 to 2017, seeking to synthesize the available data and identify the main licensed ventures, as well as the types of projects that are the most taxed. By analyzing the data, the tax assessments issued resulted in a total of 90, a number considered relatively low for the 14-year period, and gas resale, gas stations and bakeries were the most taxed. Regarding the environmental licenses issued to Cajazeiras, they were accounted for in platform 625, observing a relatively low number of Preliminary license issued in relation to the others. In general, the data indicate the need to adopt more effective measures by the state environmental agency, in order to contribute to the environmental regularization of activities or enterprises.

In Northeast Brazil, beekeeping has an enormous growth potential, however, in most of this region, the climate is considered semi-arid with high levels of solar radiation, high temperatures and low rainfall intensity. This type of environment has caused many losses in honey production and generated enormous growth difficulties in the sector. Every year beekeepers lose many of their bee colonies because of the abandonment of hives (absconding behaviors), causing discouragement for beekeepers and thus the withdrawal of the practice of beekeeping. This study attempts to show through literature information that despite the negative influence of adverse environmental conditions in the Brazilian semiarid region, the shading of the hives is potentially effective to soften the harsh environmental conditions of the region. Swarms installed in beehives protected from direct sunlight perform the internal thermoregulation of the nest more easily, which would reflect a lower energetic cost of the bees and, therefore, higher yield of the colony. As result, it becomes the more productive and profitable process of rational creation of Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) in arid and semiarid regions. Shading can be considered a simple, efficient, and low cost technique for beekeepers, representing an economically viable alternative and cost-effective.

The study of green manures has shown a great potential in the recovery of soil productivity and among the several legumes used as green manure, stands out crotalaria. The objective of the present work is to describe floral morphology and reproductive phenology, as well as characterize the reproduction process, fruit predation and seed germination of Crotalaria spectabilis Roth (Fabaceae). The study was conducted in an agroecological cultivation area in Araras (SP). Ten individuals were tagged and monitored for phenological observations. Floral visitors were observed throughout the experiment period, noting the frequency, time and duration of their visits. The flowers are grouped in bunch-type racemes, present the typical formation of Papilionaceae family, with corolla of yellow color, being the average portion of the standard with brown lines, which acts like guide of nectar. The anthesis is diurnal, characterized by the distension and reflection of the standard, and the duration of the flowers is approximately five days. Regarding the breeding system, the species is selfcompatible, but has a preference for cross pollination, with Xylocopa sp. effective pollinator. For the germination test, seeds from the predated and non-predated fruits were used, obtaining the percentage of germination for C. spectabilis of 86.57% and 56.67%, respectively.

The objective was to present the estimation of the per capita generation and gravimetric composition of the solid residues of the Center of Sciences and Agri-food technology of the Federal University of Campina Grande. These two characteristics are of fundamental importance in the solid waste management process. The methodological procedure was carried out by field survey to identify the number of sectors in the University Campus, as well as the quantification of the daily population that attends the institution. As a result, the daily per capita generation of the Science Center and Environmental Technology was 49.28 g. In relation to the gravimetric composition, it was verified that the organic matter had the highest percentage, representing a total of 66%, followed by 13% of plastics, 9% of paper / cardboard and 8% of composites. It is concluded that the largest part of the total solid waste generated is putrescible organic matter, which was already expected, since solid waste generated in the university campus presents characteristics of household waste.

Coriander is a important vegetable crop in Brazil, being widely consumed as a condiment and cultivated mainly in North and Northeast brasilian regions. Diseases caused by Meloidogyne species are one main causers damages of crop. In the literature there is no reported about identification nematoid resistant coriander genotypes. In this study was carried the reaction evaluation of a heat-tolerant coriander population regarding resistance to Meloidogyne incognita race 1. Forty-six progenies of half-sibs were evaluated in a randomized block design, with three replications, the plot consisting of six plants. After 15 days of sowing the plants were inoculated using 1500 eggs of pathogen per plant. Evaluation occurred 45 days after inoculation, where evaluated characteristics were galls incidence, number of galls in washed root system and number of eggs per plant. Excepting incidence of galls, all variables presented significant difference by the F test, allowing the selection of 31 progenies according to the scale proposed by Oostenbrink. Phenotypic and genetic correlations between number of galls in root system and number of eggs were significant.

The objective of this work was to identify homozygous F2:3 tomato families resistant to Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum and Ralstonia solanacearum. Two experiments were carried out under greenhouse conditions at the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, one for each pathogen. We evaluated 45 treatments composed of Yoshimatsu (resistant) and IPA-7 (susceptible) and 43 families F2:3 obtained from generation F2. Each treatment consisted of 16 plants. The incidence of bacterial wilt was evaluated by means of a descriptive scale of notes at 20 days after inoculation. The families were compared with the parents according to the frequency of plants obtained for each note. The chi-square test (χ_c^2) was obtained, obtaining the significance of each of the parents. For the species R. pseudosolanacearum three homozygous resistant families were identified: Family F2:3 # 04, Family F2:3 # 29 and Family F2:3 # 31. Regarding R. solanacearum species, two homozygous resistant families were identified: Family F2:3 # 41 and Family F2:3 # 42. These families indicate the possibility of new resistant strains that can be used in breeding programs.

The objective of this research is to perform an integrated simulation in the Engenheiro Ávidos and São Gonçalo reservoirs, located in the Upper Piranhas Sub-basin in the State of Paraíba, using the Acquanet flow network model. Use of the SMAP rain-flow transformation model to complement the series of natural discharges in the period from 2010 to 2016. Thus, a simulation carried out considered a historical series from 1962 to 2016, with a future scenario Where values of the projected demands for the year 2032 were adopted. Analyzing an operational part of the reservoirs was observed, no simulated period, in which they are their maximum volume in many months; In most periods of the target volume was respected; The minimum volume is empty at times due to low rainfall levels, a fact that has intensified in recent years. Regarding the demands, the human supply and the water supply had reliability above 90%, for irrigation and industry, the number of failures was higher. In the future scenario, the results provide a different representation, in a few moments for the maximum volume, for many months operated in the minimum volume, not able to meet the operational requirement of the target volume, and consequently the attendance to the demands was also not satisfactory. As failures occurred in human and animal supplies in the two reservoirs, where reliability was above 70%, and as irrigation and industry requirements presented a large service deficit.

The objective was to assess the water main in the Sub-basin of Alto Piranhas, Paraíba State, using the model proposed by Leontief. The methodology outlined in the deductive method was used, is classified as descriptive and exploratory, with a quantitative approach. Were considered the main sub sectors studied, quantifying the consumption by the Total Water Footprint concept. The types of uses, from the Leontief model, as intermediate demands were used, too for the construction of input-output matrix, being the sectors to be considered to employ and combine inputs from for each sector. The analysis of the data showed that the Total Water Footprint resulted in a 254,938,290.78 consumption (m³/year). Therefore, it was possible to value water in different sectors, through the matrix-input, but it was observed that the absence of primary information associated with multiple water use was characterized as a limiting factor for the purpose of this study. Despite this limitation it was noted that the more intermediate demands placed on array of absolute values, lower the final prices to be paid by per capita water consumption, this occurred because there are contributions from one sector to the other.

The objective of this work was to propose a method to calculate and equate the tariffs for the environmental sanitation services of the Department of Water, Sewage and Environmental Sanitation (DAESA) of the city of Sousa-PB, using an accounting-financial approach. It adopted the deductive method, is classified as exploratory, descriptive and documentary type, presents a case study and used a quantitative approach. Based on the data presented by DAESA: monthly consumption, operating costs, number of supply links by type of user and sewage connections, among others, an analysis was adopted considering cost-volume-profit, referring to cost accounting, so that this methodology could provide a basis for updating existing tariffs, by means of percentage corrections thereto. In order to meet the calculated Economic Break-Even Point (PEE $), the amounts should be adjusted by 74.9%, generating revenue of R $ 555,397.81, to cover R $ 82,335.40 of fixed costs and expenses and amortization of R $ 261,258.16, which was the average monthly value of the debt, considering the last five years of the invoices issued by Companhia de Água e egativos da Paraíba (CAGEPA) against DAESA. Finally, it was found to take approximately twelve years, transferring this amortized amount, in equal installments, to the payment of water treated by CAGEPA. It is important to state that, although the limitations on the collection of information, it is possible to import the proposal into the DESA, correcting the current flaws in economic-financial sustainability.

In poorer regions and even in large Brazilian cities, medicinal plants are marketed in open markets and popular markets and can also be found in residential backyards and in the nearby woods the houses Ethnobotanical studies in open markets and markets are important, since many times the plants marketed are not studied or have not had their active principles identified to validate them as a medicine or to take advantage of them properly and economically. In view of the above, the purpose of this work was to conduct an ethnobotanical survey in the free market and municipal market of Patos, Paraiba, Brazil. The research took place during the month of July 2017, through visits to the free fairs and interviews using questionnaires of the semi-structured type applied to the traders of medicinal plants. A total of 9 raizers were interviewed. A total of 36 medicinal plants were marketed. The most cited plants were cashew and aroeira both with (13.89%) and barbatimão (11.77%). The raizeiros and herbs have great social and economic importance in the cities, because the use of medicinal species minimizes costs with pharmaceutical drugs, but also is a source of income for these merchants. There is a wealth of knowledge about the rootstocks and grasses that operate in the Central Market of Patos, as well as a diversity of species traded.

The vegetative cycle of the vine (Vitis vinifera) in temperate regions extends from budding to leaf fall, while the same cycle in tropical regions differs by the non-existence of falling leaves and vegetative dormancy. In this case, the water deficit induces the dormancy after fruits harvest. We aimed to describe the phenological behavior of five grapevine cultivars. We carried out an experiment between May and September 2015, in the municipality of Martins, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, with the following five cultivars of European vines: Malbec, Merlot Noir, Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Syrah. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications, each plot with five plants. Phenological observations were carried out during the entire cycle, from pruning to harvesting. The cultivar Syrah showed a lower pruning cycle with 98 days, followed by cultivars Malbec, Merlot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Chardonnay which showed cycles of 101, 103, 105 and 110 days respectively.

Sustainable food production is a current paradigm of modern agriculture. Faced with the reduction of virtual stocks of traditionally agricultural fertilizer, alternative sources of fertilization can be used of systems. The present work had a significant influence on the sources of nutrients, the cultivation of butter kale, the butter prepared in organic transition. In this work four soil fertilization sources were used, forming four treatments: NPK mineral fertilizer, organic fertilizer chicken manure, limestone and rock dust. The experiment was conducted in a property in the municipality of Três Passos, Rio Grande do Sul. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replicates. The following were evaluated: plant height, number of plant leaves, leaf weight, plant weight and yield. The chicken manure fertilizer obtained value close to NPK mineral fertilizer regarding height, weight, number of leaves and productivity. It was verified that the treatments with limestone, rock dust, organic fertilizer chicken manure and NPK had average values, respectively, of 7, 11, 15 and 23 Mg ha-1 of productivity. The treatment with rock dust had a similar result in relation to the organic fertilizer chicken manure in all evaluated parameters. With the use of rock dust as a source of fertilization it is possible to obtain statistically similar results when the organic fertilizer chicken manure is used in feeding, evidencing the use of rock dust as an alternative source for fertilization.

The cowpea stands out among the annual crops in the Northeast region for its productive potential and nutritional value. However, it has been showing productivity below its true productive potential, due to the severe interference of the weed community, which can lead to a reduction in grain yield of up to 90%. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different weed management on cowpea and to identify the most efficient crop production components. The work was carried out in the Center of Sciences and Technology Agroalimentar of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Campus Pombal. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, with two cultivars (BRS Marataoã and BRS Rouxinol) and four weeds (mechanical, chemical, physical and uncontrolled) with four replications. The production components were: Mass (kg) of the pods, number of grains per pod, size (cm) and diameter (mm) of the pods, Mass (kg) of one thousand seeds and total grain yield (kg). There was a drastic reduction in the productivity of the plants cultivated in the treatment without control, independent of the cultivar.

Water is a natural resource indispensable to life, has enormous economic, environmental and social value, and it is fundamental to the survival of humans and ecosystems on our planet. Surface water must meet standards of quality and drinkability, and its physical, chemical and biological characteristics should meet the standards recommended by the World Health Organization. The present study aimed to evaluate the physical-chemical and biological properties of surface water of three water bodies in the Municipality of Teixeira de Freitas, Bahia. The following parameters were evaluated: BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), Total Phosphorus, Total Nitrogen, Dissolved Oxygen, pH, Total Solids, Turbidity and Thermotolerant Coliforms. The evaluation showed that all of the three water bodies are contaminated and in disagreement with the limits established in CONAMA Resolution No. 357/05 for Class 2 freshwater. In addition, one of the three water bodies showed signs of eutrophication.

The São Gonçalo reservoir, located in the municipality of Sousa, Paraíba, collapsed in August 2015, so that the populations of the cities supplied by the reservoir suffered from a rationing of water and the agricultural activity in São Gonçalo Irrigated Perimeter and in the areas around the reservoir were suspended. Therefore, the aim of this article is evaluate the best mode of operating the reservoir water resources so that this fact not occurs again. Thus, it was proposed five (5) alternatives of operating considering the main uses and water levels of reservoir. The multicriteria analysis method Prometheee II was used to find the best alternative. The were established evaluate criteria in two dimensions (criteria for the use of water in the reservoir and criteria for the use of water by irrigated agriculture). The subjectivity human decision was analyzed through 11 (eleven) possible weight scenarios for each dimension. The results indicated that alternative 3 (suspension of irrigation when the reservoir level is below 20% of the storage capacity) and alternative 4 (decrease of water intended for irrigation when the reservoir level reaches 40% of the storage capacity and suspension of the irrigation activity when the reservoir level is below 20% of the storage capacity) are the best alternatives for reservoir operation depending on the weight intended for each dimension, but this alternatives may also be the worst.

The water uses rights concession is important for the controlled and correctly uses of water resources. The objective of the work was to perform a research of the water uses rights concession as well as to prepare a diagnosis of such concession region of the High Piranhas River, Paraiba State. For the accomplishment of this study, initially, it was realized out a survey of the water concessions issued in the region on the website of the Executive Agency for Water Management of the Paraiba State followed by an interview with the Agency's manager. The results allowed identifying the real situation of water users in the region, to the point that the majority of users do not have a water concession or they are overdue, being the main use for irrigation and rural supply; the users with water concession consume on average 23 m³/hour and about 38% of registered users consume more than 2 m³ / hour, that is, they can have water concession.

The biological collections are evidence of the biodiversity and requisit instrument for several studies and, in this context, the Herbarium of Embrapa Amazônia Oriental was indexed by the Index Herbariorum under the acronym IAN, because at the time of its creation Embrapa was called Instituto Agronômico do Norte, contains a wide diversity of gender Mimosa L., which shows notable economical potential by having a lot of applications in folk medicine, recovery of degraded areas, environmental services, animal food, timber and other utilities. This present study aims to realize the database collection, informatization and availability of Mimosa L. genus, in the herbarium IAN collection of Embrapa Oriental Amazon, highlighting the relevance of the collection and the diversity of existent samples. The data which contains the genus were extracted from the Herbarium IAN database with the software BRAHMS and compared with the data contained in the exsiccates. In this way, it is possible to repair, add data and images that are not found in the database. After verification of the data and the quality of the images, the information become available on internet. So, there were obtained 683 gender Mimosa samples, with presence of 176 species collected in several places, and the estate of Pará being the most representative among the others states. Thus, were verified that near 93% of Mimosa data collection from Herbarium IAN is computerized and with its respective scanned images;86% of all Mimosa material owned to the IAN is available on the software Herbário Virtual IAN. The present study also points out the importance of the collection digital processing and availability, which provide agility and accessibility for scientific institutions and the communities in general.