RCAAP Repository

Overweight and obesity are growing health problems in children. The increase in fast-food consumption has greatly contributed to this phenomenon. Children are a frequent target for fast-food advertising, and the television is one of the most used marketing channels. We assessed the frequency of fast-food ingestion, television viewing time and body mass index (BMI) in children from 8 to 12 years of age. A quantitative approach was followed, using a self-report questionnaire. The sample was composed of 60 children with an age average of 9.88 years (SD=1.37). It was found that longer television viewing times were associated with higher frequency of fast-food ingestion for both school days (rS = 0.54, p < .001) and weekends/holidays (rS = 0.50, p < .001). A positive and moderate correlation between television viewing times and BMI (rS = 0.51, p < .001; rS = 0.55, p < .001) was also observed. The results indicate that television advertising makes children wanting to try the fast-food advertised (67%; n = 40), and ask parents to buy it (60%; n = 36). The good taste (72%; n = 43) and the gifts (38%; n = 23) are what the children in our study most appreciate in fast-food restaurants. Despite legal regulatory mechanisms, marketing continues to have a strong impact on the promotion of fast-food consumption in children.

This paper explores how Northern Denmark is becoming an international flight destination through the strategic route development in Aalborg Airport and the integrated collaboration with regional tourism actors. Aalborg Airport is primarily a regional airport serving primarily the people living in the northern part of Denmark, but in the past decade the airport has experienced growth in the number of international arrivals. This paper explores who these international travellers are and why they fly to Northern Denmark. Both Aalborg Airport and Northern Denmark in general has an interest in increasing the number of international arrivals, and in the effort to attract more visitors, a better understanding of this group of travellers is necessary. This paper explains that a significant number of the foreign arrivals come to Northern Denmark to visit friends and relatives, and that the geographical reach of the airport is larger than expected. This finding challenges the current approach to regional development associated with the airport and this paper suggests two new focus points for the further strategic route development in Aalborg Airport: awareness of the geographical reach of the airport and incorporation of the knowledge that the international travellers are arriving in order to visit friends and relatives or to do business.

Over the last decade, the Brazilian air market has tripled in size, a result of economic expansion and the spread of the air travel culture, among others. As far as airport infrastructures are concerned, during the mega-events era (2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics), the airport management sector started to receive greater investments from private and foreign companies. After 2012, a large array of improvements took place, in order to meet the demands associated with the mega-events, but also to tackle the increase of domestic air traffic. In this context, this paper aims to identify, describe and analyze the influences of the airport concession in Brazil on the quality of services perceived by the users (passengers). For that, an analysis of the reports of the aviation authorities is carried out. The airports of Guarulhos (São Paulo) and Brasília (Federal District), among the first to be privatized, were selected as case studies. From this study, the mobility of global capital associated with airport management deserves to be highlighted, while the expertise of these large companies is expected to contribute to the increase in the quality of services in Brazilian airports - historically managed by public sector.

The Brazilian government stepped up investments in works related to improving access to cities, when it was announced as the venue for the 2014 Football World Cup. The difficulties observed to guide these investments were to select regional airports of greater relevance for the tourism sector. Given the unavailability of data that could serve this purpose, the present study sought to define, from secondary and qualitative information extracted from government documents, five indicators to allow a priority hierarchical. The methodology applied the hierarchical analysis method (AHP) and standardization procedures, resulting in the selection of five airports in the North region, four airports in the Southeast, South and Northeast regions, and one in the Center-West region of Brazil. The main advantage of the methodology was the significant reduction of cost and time in the decision-making process. An important conclusion was the understanding of tourism as an option for regional economic diversification.

The New Bilateral Air Services Agreement between Mexico and the United States specifies that all cargo and passenger aircraft of both countries will allow any airline to flight from one point in the neighboring country and make a stop at another airport to pick up and unload passengers or cargo in the airports of both countries. This paper analyzes the 2016 “open skies agreement” between United States of America and Mexico and its expected effects on the Mexican airlines industry. After reviewing the evidence and analyzing the performance of Mexican and US airlines, it is inferred that the bilateral agreement will increase foreign investment in Mexico due to the entry into the market of a greater number of North American passenger and cargo airlines, but above all, will increase international trade in goods and services, being the United States airline industry the one that will benefit the most due to the superiority of the air fleet over the Mexican. The theoretical Cournot model adapted from Alves and Forte (2015) indicates that airlines that do not have the ability to compete for new routes will be adversely affected, their profits will decrease, an assertion that contradicts the expected effects in the literature.

This paper investigates the choice of airline itineraries in dynamic settings using a tailored stated preference survey. The paper hypothesizes that airline itinerary choice is not a one-time event, but a continuous process during a certain time frame. Consumers can choose either to purchase an itinerary, deferring choice up to the end of the sales period, or completely declining the purchase. Understanding such consumers’ behavior is specifically relevant to the tourism industry, where firms are extensively utilizing internet websites to offer their products (e.g., airline tickets, hotel rooms) to consumers.The paper describes the stated preference survey with real itineraries of various airlines on medium and long-haul routes. Choice sets are composed with dynamic and static variables and socio-economic variables. Questionnaires were distributed electronically among various groups of respondents, yielding a sample of 914 persons.Results show that (i) itinerary choice deferring takes place, with differences between tourists and business-travelers, (ii) the decision whether to defer choice is affected by dynamically changing variables and by the length of each respondent’s allocated choice period, and (iii) the proposed methodology is adequate for investigating choice in dynamic settings and thus indicating its potential for further research in transportation planning and in tourism.

This paper explores how Danish tourists represent distance in relation to their holiday mobility and how these representations of distance are a result of being aero-mobile as opposed to being land-mobile. Based on interviews with Danish tourists, whose holiday mobility ranges from the European continent to global destinations, the first part of this qualitative study identifies three categories of representations of distance that show how distance is being ‘translated’ by the tourists into non-geometric forms: distance as resources, distance as accessibility, and distance as knowledge. The representations of distance articulated by the Danish tourists show that distance is often not viewed in ‘just’ kilometres. Rather, it is understood in forms that express how transcending the physical distance through holiday mobility is dependent on individual social and economic contexts, and on whether the journey was undertaken by air or land. The analysis also shows that being aeromobile is the holiday transportation mode that removes the tourists the furthest away from physical distance, resulting in the distance travelled by air being represented in ways that have the least correlation, in the tourists’ minds, with physical distance measured in kilometres.

The reputation of companies within the transport industry is influenced by competitive dynamics within the sector: low-cost flights, the attractiveness of destinations, online user-generated content about users’ experiences, and more. At the same time, social media provides a means for companies to manage issues of tourism intangibles. Thus, it is relevant to analyse transport reputation in the digital environment, taking into consideration the resources for managing these intangibles. This paper presents a method for measuring transport reputation based on an analysis of tourism consumers’ digital opinions and passengers’ comments about their experiences with these firms. The use of social media, such as TripAdvisor and Facebook, conjugated with business intelligence tools and complemented by data mining techniques, can contribute to the development of metrics that consider intangibles like emotions and experiences, with the aim of measuring, analysing, and visualizing the complex relationships between these intangibles and transport companies’ reputations. The results present the impacts of these intangibles through clusters and positioning maps focusing on these issues. This investigation contributes to our knowledge about airlines and terrestrial transport companies that seek to differentiate their positioning in tourism markets through their reputations.

An increase in information readiness and intense competition between service organizations leads to more challenges in the business environment. On top of these service characteristics and need for a human touch are additional challenges for airline companies, not only to be successful but also to survive. Thus, knowing what airline customers think about an airline and gauging their satisfaction levels are of utmost importance. The aim of this study is to analyse the perceptions of service quality and levels of satisfaction among customers of the national airline of Saudi Arabia. To do so, it adopts the Airline Quality (AIRQUAL) scale. This scale comprises 44 items on seven distinct dimensions, namely; airline tangibles, terminal tangibles, personnel, empathy, image, perceived service quality, and customer satisfaction. Results of extensive data analysis support significant relationships with these study dimensions. Most notably, ‘Airline Tangibles’ are found to be the most influential factor creating a pool of satisfied airline customers. The text discusses the findings and implications of the survey.

The rapid growth in the air transport required satisfying the increased demand for tourism become a factor of unsustainability due to the substantial environmental impact that supports such a development. There is the need to establish an alternative to the traditional air transport pricing structure that reflects the true cost that air market operators impose on others. This paper analyses one application of a Carbon tax by considering the CO2 emission costs as a valuable input. A tentative tax on CO2 emissions from air transport is calculated considering its applications in leisure air transport market. Finally, one of the main conclusions of the analysis performed is that the available evidence suggests that international aviation emissions should be restricted. In this case, a Ramsey pricing structure, which involved aviation users bearing the environmental costs, would work reasonably well at restricting inefficient demand and produce a reasonable welfare gain respect to the do-nothing scenerywill be pointed out.

Changes in families and in the structure of the workforce have contributed to a change in traditional roles, leading to an increase of the number of men and women who simultaneouslyhave family and work responsibilities. Because the workforce has different sources of support in the labor environment – organizational, supervisor, and coworker support – it becomesimportant to study the impacts that each of these sources of support has on workers’ general well-being and to understand whether the existent work-family conflict explainsthis relationship. Indeed, the present research aims to examine the relationship between perceived support and general well-being as well as the mediating effect of work-life conflicton this relationship. The data were collected from a company from the textile industry, composing a sample of 821 store operators. The results show that work-life conflict helpsexplain the relationship between support from the organization and coworkers and workers’ general well-being. However, supervisor support did not relate to work-family conflict. Basedon the specific managerial characteristics of this company, some plausible explanations for these results are provided. Practical implications related to the results obtained are presented,in addition to the research limitations and suggestions for future research.

Psychosocial risks, its diagnosis and better understanding, have, in recent years, occupied a central place in the societal debates, setting new demanding to the ones involved in thefield of occupational safety and health. In line with this, the concerns of evaluation and diagnosis of psychosocial risk factors boosted the development of several questionnaires,their widespread dissemination, and even their “exportation”, not always sensitive to the specificities of local realities. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the methods of“diagnosis” and the type of prevention practices, taking into account the comparison of two surveys in this area and the theoretical and epistemological approaches that underlie them:(i) the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) and (ii) the Health and Work Survey (INSAT). The results reinforce the importance of a contextualized approach in worksituations, as well as in the perspective of the workers themselves about the risks to which they are exposed to - beyond what is, or not, significant from the statistical point of view, orwhat can be normatively defined as an “acceptable risk”.

Environmental and personal characteristics influence the behavior of individuals through the limitation of effort levels by a more or less rapid induction of fatigue. In particular, mentalfatigue is recognized as a major cause of errors leading to accidents. As a consequence, thermal environment study has gained increasing importance in recent years. In orderto contribute to enlarge the knowledge in this field, this work aims to present an essay protocol to evaluate the influence of the thermal environment on mental fatigue, based onelectroencephalographic (EEG) analysis. With this purpose an exploratory study was held with 36 volunteers to validate the protocol. Volunteers simulated an administrative task forone hour. Fatigue assessment was carried out by analyzing Alpha and Beta waves amplitude over time. Assays were performed in a climatic chamber with controlled temperature andhumidity: 22°C (40 and 80% RH) and 32°C (40 and 80% RH). Results suggest that both temperature and humidity influence the amplitude of the EEG signal (Alpha and Betawaves) in both hemispheres. The greatest amplitudes were found whenever environmental temperature and/or relative humidity values were higher. At the end of the article theadvantages and limitations of mental fatigue assessment are discussed.

Workaholism, defined as an addiction or dependence on work, is a subject that has become prominent in the literature, although its investigation is still at an early stage. The presentstudy aims to adapt the Spence and Robbins’ Workaholism Battery - WorkBat (1992) to the Portuguese reality. The sample of the present study consists of 407 participants (313women, 92 men, 2 don’t answered), aged between 18 and 68 years (M = 39; SD =10.449). The results from confirmatory analysis corroborate the original three factors structure: workinvolvement; work drive; work enjoyment. At the level of internal consistency, global and by dimension, the obtained values are acceptable; allowing reiterating what was observedin the original scale study. Although none of the models tested guarantees ideal adjustment values, either for the reasonableness of the values or for a better theoretical adequacy, themodel considered more suitable meets the threefold solution initially proposed by Spence and Robbins (1992).

Workplace incivility is defined as rude behaviour that violates social norms at work. It has been linked to psychological distress (burnout), mainly in healthcare and educationalsettings. Burnout is a serious public health concern. Studies addressing the impact of workplace incivility on employee well-being in the hospitality industry are scarce. Theprimary aim of this study was to examine the relationship between workplace incivility and burnout among hotel employees. Cross-sectional data for 385 Portuguese hotel employees(54% male; Mage = 33.9, SD = 11.3) were analysed using bootstrap regression models. Results revealed that (1) supervisor incivility was significantly more frequent than coworkerincivility; (2) supervisor and co-worker incivility were significant positive predictors of emotional exhaustion and cynicism, the core components of burnout; (3) supervisorincivility was the stronger predictor of emotional exhaustion, and co-worker incivility the stronger predictor of cynicism; and (4) severe burnout was highly prevalent in our sample.This study provides insight into the phenomena of workplace incivility and burnout among Portuguese hotel employees. Our results have practical value for management strategiesaiming to prevent or reduce burnout, which in turn has the potential to enhance individual, group, customer and organizational outcomes within the hospitality industry.

In the Europe of the XV century, the administrative rules do not concern only in the cities. There are many lands, which can practice these functions. They are usually called “the other cities”, and they can either obtain or lose this identity-condition. Therefore, whichever instrument is necessary to construct and conserve them. The history of Cava, a middle town in the Kingdom of Naples (XV century), can show this by one of its most important privilege: the “White Paper”, which Ferdinando I of Aragon gave to the citizen who returned it without changes. What were the reasons? Analysing what happened in Cava’s society during the medieval (XV) and modern (XVII) age, this paper should both rebuild the historical motivations about this document and show how the role of white paper changes in relation to the construction of citizens’ identity depending on the timeline.

The Route of the Holy Grail was presented FITUR 2017 (Madrid, January 2017) by the Agència Valenciana del Turisme. It involves structuring a routethat connects the communities of Aragon and Valencia by use of touristic description that encompasses history, art, rituals and oral traditions and which is based on the knowledge of what was known in the Middle Ages as the “search for the Grail”. In this article we wish to show the importance of the oral tradition that has been received and perpetuated through an object of fundamental importance: the Holy Chalice, safeguarded in the Cathedral of Valencia. In addition to presenting its history and verifying it as a tangible patrimonial asset, the Holy Chalice is  underpinned by intangible oral traditions that allow us to establish a route, a new path of knowledge from San Juan de la Peña to Valencia.The methodology of our work is centered on reviewing the available documented sources about the Route of the Holy Grail and contrasting them with those agents who have intervened in them - their contributions and promotion of this heritage - with the aim of clearly identifying the principal force behind the generation of this historic, artistic and religious route. At the same time, we are contributing to cultural tourism from the perspective of art history by constructing a touristic description based on the knowledge and study of the local heritage. We also present the work carried out by the Association of the Camino del Santo Grial to structure this overland route from San Juan de la Pena to the Cathedral of Valencia.In the Conclusion section, we close our research article with an explanation of how Valencia, Territorio Grial can offer a new type of tourism full of intangible richness for the intrepid visitor who wishes to learn about and experience the search for the Grail.

In this paper we use data collected from historical documentation to contribute to a better understanding of the quality of nourishment in southern Europe, in particular, in the Portuguese Algarve. We analyse the typology of the food provided to the prisoners, considering that strong budget constrains in prisons. Also, a trial to understand whether this typology corresponds to an appropriate example of the Mediterranean Diet framework or not.In general terms, the way how people living in the ancient town of Loulé were nourished, during the last years of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th century, is known due to the studies developed by hygienist Geraldino Brites in 1911 and published in 1914.But we did not know what prisoners in jail used to eat daily, or who was responsible for their nourishment, until we read the documentary collection concerning the prison of Loulé which is deposited in the Municipal Archive of Loulé.Because studies providing information on the system prevailing in prisons are rare, our study offers precious information related to dietary priorities and food awareness related nourishment of the prisoners, or situations of strong budgetary restrictions.

The premise of this investigation conceives of Western colonization as the central factor shaping modern history and contemporary geopolitics. In a local context, it perceives of the Zionist project from its inception as colonial, created by European Jews, supported by western powers and based upon perceived civilizational supremacy of western modernity.The Zionist movement affected not only the fate of Palestinian Arabs, but also the native Jewish population and Jewish migrants from Muslim countries to Eretz Israel/Palestine. This research follows political organizations consisting of non-European Jews, autochthonous in the Middle Eastern region, named here Oriental and Sephardic Jews. This research examines Sephardic and Oriental political debates that resisted the colonial postulates of the Zionist state. First, the genealogy of these debates since the beginning of Zionist settlement at the end of the 19th century is presented. This is followed by a description of the fragmentation that the establishment of the state of Israel, as a European enclave in its region, caused these autochthonous Jews. Together these elements form the historical layout of sociological inquiry into a particular discourse of autochthonous Zionism in the 1960s, as it developed on the pages of “In the Battle”, a cultural-political journal.

Mountain tourism represents 15–20% of the tourist industry, corresponding to receipts of around 70–90 billion US$ per year. Mountains are attractive tourism destinations because people view them as natural and sacred places with plenty of social, cultural and symbolic meanings. The present study is a conceptual work that debates the link between mountain destination image with place-attachment by summarizing, systematizing and discussing the distinct, yet connected, image and place-attachment constructs.Based on an extensive literature review focusing on the concepts of place-attachment, destination image and social and cultural meanings of mountains, the study provides a framework which allows the assessment of the emotional and functional bonds that tourists can establish with mountain places. Systematization of the literature review should permit a deeper understanding of the diverse meanings and values associated with mountains, increasing our awareness of their social and cultural value. The model sheds light on the diverse dimensions of mountain destination image and their potential link to tourists’ place-attachment, which is most interesting for sustainable mountain tourism development.Although the model’s validation would further improve our understanding of the relationships between the constructs, the relations already identified in the literature review justify a consideration of the presented dimensions. This more detailed comprehension may enhance tourist mountain destination planning, as well as marketing and management, thus helping mountain DMOs promote distinct and unique mountain features that attract tourists and involve them emotionally with the mountain areas visited and dreamt of.