RCAAP Repository

Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (paricá) is a native tree species, widely used in reforestation. However, the damages caused by insects to the species reduce the photosynthetically active area, interfering with final growth. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the recoverability of paricá in early ages after a simulated defoliation. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks divided in four experiments with four replications, separated into two distinct periods (30 and 60 days after emergence) and the percentage of leaves and folioles. After 30 and 60 days of plants emergence, defoliation was carried out. After 30 days in both phases plants height, stem diameter and leaf recovery were evaluated. Data of all defoliation percentages were submitted to variance and regression analyses. Under artificial defoliation, paricá had low reduction in growth and good capacity for damage recovery and it was therefore considered tolerant to different damage percentages tested.

The production of forest seedlings in quantity and quality is one of the most important stages for more uniform and productive forest stands establishment. A higher survival and development of seedlings after planting are dependent, among other factors, of their good nutritional status. This study aimed to evaluate the potential use of two bio-fertilizers based on amino acids as initial growth promoters of Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden seedlings, known respectively as “BIO 1” and “BIO 2” .The experiment was conducted in a commercial nursery in Imbituva, Parana State, Brazil. It was used a completely randomized design, with three treatments and four replications, with 50 seedlings per replication. The variables evaluated were: plant height, stem diameter, fresh matter weight of shoot and of roots, dry matter weight of shoot and roots, roots length and Dickson quality index (DQI). There were positive responses to bio-fertilizers application for all studied variables, especially when applied BIO 2.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth response of Mimosa bimucronata (DC) O. Kuntze seedlings in nursery conditions to inoculation with rhizobium strains previously selected using different substrates. An experimental design of randomized blocks with split plots was used, testing three substrates (pure organic-containing clay, sand and manure in 1: 1: 1 v: v: v ratio; organomineral mixed with 30% straw and sand with vermiculite in 1: 1 v: v) and four N sources (inoculation with strains BR 3461 and BR 3470, control with N fertilization and control without fertilization), totalizing 12 treatments. Height and stem diameter were evaluate after 90 days and shoot, root and nodules dry mass were evaluate after 120 days. Organomineral substrates provided better seedling growth. However, only organic-substrate with straw and sand with vermiculite showed positive responses of plants inoculated with BR3470 strain. The performance of the inoculated seedlings was not higher than that of seedlings fertilized with N. The rate of N applied stimulated nodulation rather than inhibit it.

After Landsat 5 activities were discontinued, sensors on board ResourceSat-1 satellite have been pointed as an option for Landsat series. The aim of this study is to estimate timber volume from a slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) stand using images from both LISS-III/ResourceSat-1 and TM/Landsat 5 sensors, cross comparing their performances. Reflectance values from the four spectral bands considered equivalent for both sensors were compared regarding sensitivity to changes in timber volume. Trends were similar, with direct relationship in the near-infrared bands and inverse relationships in the visible and mid-infrared bands. Significant differences were only found in the equivalent band of green. Multiple linear regressions were used to select spectral bands that would better explain variations in timber volume. The best fit equations for each sensor were inverted to generate maps of timber volume, estimates which were compared at pixel and stand level. None of the scales showed significant differences between estimates generated from the two sensors. We concluded that LISS-III and TM have generally very similar performance for monitoring timber volume, and LISS-III could therefore be potentially used as a complement or substitute to Landsat series.

Given the strong generation of solid organic waste and wastewater, the use of these materials as a primary source of nutrients is an important practice in environmental management, especially in the production of seedlings with emphasis on degraded areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate growth and nutrient balance of “tamboril” (Enterolobium contortsiliquum (Vell.) Morong) seedlings grown on substrates with different formulations proportions of organic matter irrigated with wastewater. It was tested five ratios of organic composts and soil: 0:100; 20:80; 40:60; 60:40 and 80:20 v/v. Two procedences of irrigation water was tested: water supply and wastewater from swine farming, arranged in a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme 5 x 2, with four replications. At 90 days, we evaluate seedlings morphological variables, the integrate diagnosis recommendation index and the nutrient balance index. The organic residue contributes to seedlings growth and nutritional balance. The proportion 80:20 proved to be the most suitable for “tamboril” seedlings production. Seedlings presented lower growth and nutritional balance when irrigate with swine farm wastewater.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two cryoprotectants followed by thawing on the physiological potential of Genipa americana L. seeds. Two experiments testing 12 treatments were conducted, one for each cryoprotectant, both in a factorial scheme of 6 × 2 (cryoprotectant concentrations × thawing methods). We tested 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% for dimethyl sulfoxide, and 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25 M for sucrose. The thawing methods were fast (38 °C for 30 min) and slow (25 °C for 4 h). The seeds were immersed in the cryoprotectant solution for 3 h, stored for 120 h, and then thawed. The seeds were then sown in substrate (sand and vermiculite, 1:1). Emergence percentage along with speed index, length, fresh and dry matter mass of seedlings were evaluated. Dimethyl sulfoxide and sucrose can be used as cryoprotectants in G. americana seeds. Thawing should be slow when treating seeds with dimethyl sulfoxide.

Vegetative propagation success of commercial genotypes via cutting techniques is related to several factors, including nutritional status of mother trees and of propagation material. The nutritional status determines the carbohydrate quantities, auxins and other compounds of plant essential metabolism for root initiation and development. Each nutrient has specific functions in plant, acting on plant structure or on plant physiology. Although the importance of mineral nutrition for success of woody plants vegetative propagation and its relation with adventitious rooting is recognized, the role of some mineral nutrients is still unknown. Due to biochemical and physiological complexity of adventitious rooting process, there are few researches to determine de role of nutrients on development of adventitious roots. This review intends to explore de state of the art about the effect of mineral nutrition on adventitious rooting of woody plants.

This study aimed to compare the economic viability of the forestry component from an agri-silvi-pastoral system to tree plantation in a small property in Esperança do Sul municipality, Rio Grande do Sul, State, Brazil. The agri-silvi-pastoral system used only eucalyptus, and the tree plantation was formed using eucalytpus and black wattle. The analysis was carried out using tree component and data were obtained by forest inventory. The indicators selected for economic and financial analysis were: net present value (NPV), equivalent annual value (EAV), internal return rate (IRR), benefit/cost reason (B/C) and average cost of production (ACP). The discount rate used was 7.5% year-1. Both systems were considered economically and financially viable, in 10 or 15 years rotation. However, 15 years rotation presented the biggest financial return. Agri-silvi-pastoral system was considered feasible, maintaining positive results even with higher interest rates. Even though the tree plantation presented greater economic returns, the agrisilvipastoral system showed more environmental benefits.

This study aimed to determine and evaluate the diameter influence on lumber yielding of Qualea sp. The study was carried out in a sawmill in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. We selected randomly sixty logs that were grouped in four classes of fifteen logs each. The evaluated classes were: diameters smaller than 55 cm (class I); between 55 and 65 cm (class II); between 65 and 75 cm (class III) and diameters greater than 75 cm (class IV). Average yield of Qualea sp. was approximately 52%. It was also observed that the diameter class influenced significantly the performance of cambará, with class IV presenting the highest yield. However, there was no significant linear trend relationship between variables. It was observed a parabolic behavior, with higher yield percentages observed for the highest and lowest diameter classes.

The objective of this study was to analyze the ability of an artificial neural network (ANN) to estimate the total height of two tree species in different growing conditions. For comparison purposes, it was also adjusted Campos hypsometric model, applied by stratum as genus, species, rotation, spacing and age classes. The evaluation of artificial neural networks and Campos model was based on the correlation coefficient between the observed and estimated heights, the square root of the mean square percentage error (RMSE) and graphical analysis. The results of this study showed that trees height of different species, in different growing conditions and locations can be estimated using a single neural network with the same efficiency and accuracy usually obtained with regression equations.

Calophyllum brasiliense is a tree species with limited natural reproduction. In vitro germination may be an alternative for obtaining high-quality seedlings. Seeds were maintained in water before surface disinfestation and compared with control seeds (i.e. not immersed), without differences between treatments. HgCl2 used during surface-disinfestation reduced contamination rates of cultures. Fungal contamination was reduced with fungicide added to culture medium (23 to 6.4%), although bacterial contamination increased (24 to 36%). In another experiment, seeds were immersed in plant preservative mixture (PPM™) prior to surface disinfestation. By combining immersion for 48 h and 2 mL L-1 in culture medium, contamination was only 6%. Seeds immersion in GA3 prior to surface disinfestation reduced root formation as concentration increased. Germination rate and GSI were reduced, respectively, from 72% and 0.129 (24 h) to 60% and 0.092 (48 h) according to exposure time to GA3. After 90 days in multiplication medium containing benzylaminopurine, average number of shoots per nodal segment was 3.4. In conclusion, in vitro germination of C. brasiliense seeds is feasible in sucrose-free WPM medium and reaches a high contamination-free rate (up to 93.3%).

This study aimed to evaluate the natural regeneration and the abundance of exotic palms in the understory of a planted forest of Araucaria angustifolia in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The sample corresponded to 40 plots of 2 m x 2 m. Diameter at ground level of all shrubs and trees with diameter ≤ 5 cm and height ≥ 0.5 m was measured. Phytosociological parameters and diversity indices were calculated. All species were classified regarding its life form, successional class and dispersion syndrome. We sampled 980 individuals that presented higher proportion of shrub species, typical of understory and zoochoric. The exotic species Archontophoenix cunninghamiana, known as Australian palm, presented the third largest importance value, highest dominance and 19.25% of the total basal area, considerably larger than the other species. A. cunninghamiana was characterized as an invasive species that dominate the natural regeneration stratum. Inibition of natural succession by exotic species, such as A. cunninghamiana, should be monitored, aiming at the withdrawal of the problem species what will ensure the succession process.

The objective of this study was to analyze the ability of an artificial neural network (ANN) to describe the stem profile of trees of different genera and species in different growing conditions. For comparative purposes, equations were fit, using regression analysis to describe the stem profile. For neural network as well as for the regression equations, evaluation of accuracy was based on correlation coefficient between observed and estimated diameters along the stem, square root of the mean square percentage error (RMSE) and graphical analysis. Artificial intelligence methods, especially ANN, can be effective in describing trees bole profile of different species in different growth conditions using only one ANN with similar efficiency as regression models traditionally employed by forestry companies.

This study aimed to evaluate heat treatment of wood under glycerin atmosphere, that is residue of biodiesel industry, and indicate uses of the product in different wood markets. Six Eucalyptus grandis and E. cloeziana trees were selected from homogeneous plantation with 21 years old. Wood samples taken from trees were laid in a laboratorial-scale oil bath with glycerin at 50 °C and they were heat-treated in glycerin atmosphere at 125 °C and 165 °C for 30 min. Control treatment was not heat-treated. Mass loss, changes in equilibrium moisture content and maximum water absorption were measured. Colorimetric parameters were determined by CIEL*a*b* system. A completely randomized design was applied, considering two temperatures and control treatment. Heat treatment in glycerin atmosphere decreased the equilibrium of moisture content and resulted in darker wood surface. Although heat-treated wood with glycerin shows restrictions related to water contact, it can be used indoors.

The aim of this study was to assess the technical feasibility of using biodegradable containers made of fiber waste of Attalea funifera Martius to produce seedling of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. The work was carried out in three stages: manufacture of piassava fiber containers, seedling production and field simulation. The experiment of seedling production was in completely randomized design, with two treatments (polyethylene tube and biodegradable container) and 10 repetitions, with 64 seedlings per repetition. After 93 days, seedlings were evaluated based on quality variables. The simuation of initial growth of seedlings in the field consisted in planting seedlings in containers of 11L, in completely randomized design, with three treatments: seedlings produced in polyethylene tubes; seedlings produced in biodegradable containers, without removal of the container during planting; and seedlings produced in biodegradable containers, with removal of the container at planting, with ten repetitions, with one seedling by repetition. The biodegradable container withstood the production cycle and resulted in seedlings within acceptable standards quality. The use of biodegradable container, made of palm fibers, waived the removal of this vessel in the final planting.

The aim of this study was to evaluate emergence and early growth of copaiba seedlings (Copaifera langsdorffi Desf.) under different substrates. Seeds were sown in substrates: soil, Bioplant®, soil + sand, soil + Bioplant® and soil + sand + chicken manure. Emergency, emergency speed and seedlings growth were evaluated. For copaiba seedlings emergency all evaluated substrates were indicated, except the mix soil + sand + chicken manure. For initial growth, indicated by Dickson quality index, the most suitable substrate was soil.

The study was conducted in an area of caatinga in Pernambuco State. and sought to test whether the dynamics of Croton blanchetianus could be correlated with the variation in precipitation between seasons and between years. All individuals of C. blanchetianus present in the sampled plots were monitored monthly for two consecutive new seedlings of C. blanchetianus between seasons and between years. Considering the variation in rainfall between consecutive years, population seem to have being little influenced, as the generalized linear model (GLM) showed that only 14.8% of new seedlings in this population can be explained by the variation of precipitation between seasons and between years. In the case of deaths, the explanatory power is 1.4%, considering the interaction between seasonal and interannual variation in rainfall. So, a broader approach from an ecological point of view is necessary to evaluate environmental factors that are decisive, and that could influence the renovation rhythm of this population in time.

We evaluated physical and mechanical wood properties of Hovenia dulcis Thumberg, from six trees. Samples were taken from three different positions in the stem. The mean apparent specific gravity was 0.64 g cm-3 and the moisture content after conditioning at 20 °C and 65% relative humidity was 15.5%. Physical wood properties were different among trees and stem position. The average mechanical properties values indicate a C20 timber class when applying NBR 7190/97 hardwood classification, except for the modulus of elasticity in parallel compression.

Tetra magnolivora (Keifer, 1939) (Acari, Eriophyidae) new combination was observed infesting Magnolia grandiflora L., in urban areas of Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil. This mite was observed in high populations on magnolia trees, causing wrinkles, distortion and decreased growth in infested leaves. This is the first record from Brazil for T. magnolivora and we provide new combination.

The objective was to study the growth of three eucalypts clones in different soil types and precipitation (PP) history in Northeastern of Bahia. We used data from permanent plots measured in eucalypts clonal stands in Paleudult, Haplorthox and Quartzipsamment. The average annual PP ranged from 700 mm to 1700 mm. Growth models were adjusted for age at dominant height, quadratic diameter, basal area and volume per ha for each combination of clone and soil. To analyze the effect of precipitation PP in volume prediction we included a modifier associated with PP in Gompertz model. The highest growth in the Paleudult was obtained by clone 1. The adjusted model, which included PP, reduced errors around 62.9% compared with traditional biological model. We concluded that considering soil and PP variability in growth models in areas with wide variability of PP affected the accuracy of the estimates. Moreover, the analysis of growth curves in different soils and PP helps define the appropriate clone for sites where there is no inventory information.