RCAAP Repository

The aim of this work was to evaluate organic-mineral substrates in the production of Erythrina velutina seedlings. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot completely randomized design, subdivided in time, with 10 replications. Five substrates (S) were used: S1 = soil; S2 = soil + tanned bovine manure (20%); S3 = soil + simple superphosphate (300 g m-3); S4 = soil + simple superphosphate + micronutrients (300 g m-3, 50 g m-3); S5 = soil + simple superphosphate + micronutrients (300 g m-3, 50 g m-3) + tanned bovine manure. The substrate was composed of soil, and bovine manure tanned in the ratio 4:1, according to each treatment. Five seedlings were collected at intervals of 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 days after sowing. The analyzed variables were: shoot length, number of leaves, collar diameter, leaf area, stem, leaves, shoots, roots and total dry mass, and shoot and roots dry mass ratio. The analyzed variables showed significant effect with the organic-mineral substrates. The substrate composed of soil with simple superphosphate (300 g m-3), micronutrients (50 g m-3) and 20% of tanned bovine manure is indicate to produce Erythrina velutina seedlings.

This study aimed to analyze the formation of ecological groups of woody species in caatinga through cluster analysis. Data are from two studying areas located in Foresta, Pernambuco State, both with disturbance history. All individuals with circumference at 1.30 above ground level (CAP) greater or equal 6.0 cm were georeferenced, identified, and had CAP and total height measured. Cluster analysis was performed using Twinspan program in PC-ORD software. The results show the formation of ecological groups in both areas with the presence of indicator species.

This study aimed to evaluate different proportions of carbonized rice husk on commercial substrate, in the growth of Prunus sellowii seedlings in nursery. The treatments were composed of: T1-100% commercial substrate (SC); T2 - 90% SC and 10% carbonized rice husk (CRH); T3 - 80% SC and 20% CRH; T4 - 70% SC and 30% CRH; T5 - 60% SC and 40% CRH; T6 -50% SC and 50% CRH, in a completely randomized design, with four replications. The addition of up to 30%, CRH is recommended, without harm to P. sellowii growth in nursery.

The objective of this study was to evaluate physical and mechanical properties of particleboard produced with different amounts of sorghum crop residues. The panels were made with 0, 15, 30 and 45% of sorghum bagasse and 12% of urea-formaldehyde adhesive. The press cycle used was: 4,0MPa of pressure, 180 °C of temperature for 20 min. To evaluate panels’ quality physical and mechanical tests were carried out. Physical evaluations showed that all properties met the standard CS 236-66, and for every 1% of sorghum added on the panels there was an increase of 1.4 and 1.6% in water absorption at 2 and 24 h of immersion, respectively. For thickness swelling after 2 and 24 h of immersion there was no significant effect with increase in the percentage of sorghum, however it was observed an average value of IE24h only 1.13% higher than required by the standard CS 236-66 which is 30%. Mechanical properties evaluation showed that 13% was maximum sorghum to be added in the panels to meet the standard CS 236-66.

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the quality of seedlings of Moringa oleifera Lam. according to seeds position in the fruit and the concentration of nutrients in the fertigation solution. An experiment was carried out following entirely randomized design, with treatments arranged in a factorial scheme 3 x 4, in which the factors were three positions of seeds in the fruit (basal, medium and apical) and four doses of nutrients (0, 50, 100 and 150% of the standard dose), with four replications. The following parameters were evaluated: height (H), collar diameter (CD), leaf number, aerial dry mass (ADM), dry mass of the root system (DMRS), total dry mass, H/CD ratio, ADM/DMRS ratio and Dickson quality index. Data of the effect of seeds position in the fruit were submitted to analysis of variance with test F and comparison of means by Tukey´s test at 5% of probability, while data of nutrients levels was submitted to regression analysis. Seeds position in the fruit did not influence seedlings vigor. Fertigation solution with nutrients concentration varying between 80 and 100% of considered standard solution is recommended for similar conditions of this experiment.

The objective of this study was to analyze changes in price and amounts of wood pulp, wood panels, sawn wood and paper exported by Brazil. Additionally, it was also aimed to analyze the relationship between supply and demand in the period of 1995-2013. Data from FAO of price variation and exported amounts over the years were organized graphically, and their annual average change rates were calculated through trend models. Influenced by the competitive advantage in the production of raw materials and investments in the sector, the export annual rates of wood pulp and paper were 10.13% and 2.60%, respectively. Related to the dynamics of USA economy, export rates of wood panels and sawn wood were 5.94% and -0.0087%, respectively. The change rates for prices were -3.73% for wood pulp, -2.35% for sawn wood, -7.35% for wood panels and -5.10% for paper. Price trends followed dollar exchange rate. Brazilian supply of wood pulp, wood panels and paper in the international market increased between 1995 and 2013. However, there was a decrease in lumber demand in the same period.

The aim of this work was to assess the occurrence of Sclerocarya birrea in Chigubo district to provide information about its productive potential to promote the production of canhu oil by local communities. Diameter at breast height (DBH), total height and commercial height and species names were collected in 10 clusters of four plots with 0.2 ha each. The plots were randomly established in the area to determine horizontal forest structure, diameter distribution and timber volumes per unit area. Later on it was estimate de canhu nuts production in Chigubo district. We found diameter distribution in reverse J-shaped, 106 trees ha-1, with 50.59% from S. birrea, and total basal area of adult species of 34.26 m² ha-1, with 24.36 m² ha-1 (71.01%) represented by S. birrea. Sclerocarya birrea nuts production was estimate as 13,345 kg ha-1year-1.

This study aimed to quantify nutrient content in shoot biomass components and litter in two areas of savanna vegetation with different ecological characteristics, one in regeneration and the other as a preserved area, in Floresta, Pernambuco State, Brazil. It was carried out an initial inventory launching 40 plots of 400 m2 in each area, with inclusion level of circumference at 1.3 m above ground level ≥ 6.0 cm. The five species with highest importance value were used for biomass analysis. Chemical analysis were carried out in samples of 100 g taken from the different component of each of those species. To estimate the stock of litter assortments were made in dry and rainy seasons, using a hollow square mold with 0.5 m randomly released in plots. It was observed that the nutrient content found in total biomass in both areas followed the same sequence: N > Ca > K > Mg > P > S. Litter stock from the preserved area were higher in all fractions, however differences were observed between seasons. In the dry season the sequence was: N > Ca > S > K > Mg > P, and in the rainy season N > Ca > K > S > P > Mg in both areas. When the nutrient content was available, the litter presented the highest nutrient contents compared to those present in the biomass above the soil.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of three cycles of drought/irrigation on the quantum yields of chlorophyll a fluorescence, proline accumulation and osmotic adjustment. Ten plants were submitted to three consecutive cycles of drought/irrigation (D/I) and the other ten were maintained at field capacity.Cycles D/I did not promote osmotic adjustment in plants with suspension of irrigation (WSI), despite the proline accumulation. The minimum fluorescence adapted to dark increased and the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII was reduced in WSI plants. Quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion of photosystem II (PSII) and the apparent rate of electron transport decreased, while quantum yield dissipation regulated non-photochemical energy in PSII showed an increase in WSI plants over those without suspension of irrigation (WOSI). Quantum yield of no regulated dissipation of PSII non-photochemical energy and chlorophyll and carotenoid content showed no change between WSI and WOSI plants over D/I cycles. Thus it was observed that macaubeira presents an efficient mechanism of non-photochemical energy dissipation.

Currently to adquire substrates in quantity and quality for forest seedlings production is a great challenge for the forest sector. The search for sustainable substrates is an ecological, economic and social trend. The objective of this work was to compare seedlings of Schinus terebinthifolia (aroeira pepper) produced with biosolids (BIO) and with commercial substrate (CS), under monoammonium phosphate (MAP) fertilization, in the nursery and in the first year after planting. The MAP was applied as cover fertilization in increasing doses in the treatments, every 21 days. Even without supplement of mineral fertilization, BIO favored seedlings growth in nursery, resulting in seedlings of superior morphological quality when compared to those produced in CS under cover fertilization. BIO and cover fertilization at higher levels can be used to increase the establishment and growth of aroeira pepper seedlings in the field

The goal of this study was to evaluate the performance and select probability density functions to describe the diametric distributions of the forest community and the main three species in a tropical rain forest in southern of Rio de Janeiro State. We tested the functions: Normal, Normal Log, Beta, Gamma, Sb Johnson and Weibull. Adjustments were carried out using Solver tool (MSExcel®) which uses the reduced linear gradient algorithm, optimizing the functions parameters. Value D Kolmogorov–Smirnov and estimation of standard error (Syx%) were evaluate to select the best model. In general, Sb Johnson and Weibull functions presented better statistics adjustment and greater precision in the estimates. Even representing the reality of the distribution, the smaller class intervals did not provide better adjustments, more precise estimates being provided by the larger ranges and smaller classes.

The objective of this study was to verify the efficiency of nondestructive evaluation of wood panels mechanical properties by stress wave timer method in medium density particle board (MDP) from pine. Were evaluated industrial MDP panels from eucalypts (5) and pine (5), both from two national companies, and five panels from sugarcane bagasse imported from China. Stress wave timer method was used for nondestructive evaluation. The modulus of elasticity (MOEd) obtained by stress wave timer method was confronted with MOE and flexural strength (MOR) to bending tests from conventional assays. Measures in length and width directions were performed in each panel. Nondestructive method was effective only for sugar cane bagasse panels, so it can be used to predict MOE and MOR for this type of panel.

Mechanical properties of charcoal are indicators of quality and they influence in steelmaking process. In general, assessment tests (falling and tumbling) present variable results compromising their reliability. So, it is important to develop methodologies that produce comparable results. This study aimed to analyze the influence of sample length to determine stiffness and strength of wood and charcoal. Samples were produced from Eucalyptus urophylla clones, presenting cross section 25 mm x 25 mm and lengths of 50 mm, 75 mm, 100 mm and 125 mm. Ten samples of each length were selected for testing wood, and another ten for testing charcoal. The modulus of elasticity and compressive strength were determined in compression test parallel to the fibers. There was a significant effect of sample length on stiffness and strength of wood and charcoal. The best results were found for samples of 25 mm x 25 mm x 75 mm. Only the dimension 25 mm x 25 mm x 50 mm proved inadequate, presenting lower results than those reported in literature.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate wood thermal degradation and the release of condensable and non-condensable gases during charcoal production from Eucalyptus spp. with approximately seven years old. The wood samples were from a clonal test of a forest company from Divinésia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA) and carbonizations in muffle were carried out to determine the wood thermal performance and emission factor of non-condensable and condensable gases. Wood thermal degradation presented opposite performance of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2) and condensable gases, presenting a minimum of degradation point and maximum emission at temperatures of 300 °C and 350 °C, respectively. During carbonization process it was observed three distinct behaviors: drying the wood in temperatures near 200 °C; maximum peak emission of CO2, CO and pyrolignous in temperature range corresponding to 300 °C and 450 °C; and CH4 and H2 gases increases according to temperature increases from 300 °C.

Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) is a plant growth regulator widely used to induce rooting of cuttings. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of IBA and of two cuttings types in vegetative propagation of Senna alata (Linnaeus) Roxburgh. The experiment was established in a completely randomized design with four repetitions, in factorial 4 x 2, using four concentrations of AIB: T1 – 0 mg L-1 (control); T2 – 250 mg L-1; T3 – 500 mg L-1 and T4 – 1,000 mg L-1 and two cuttings types (E1 – herbaceous and E2 – semi-hardwood). Each experimental unit consisted of 12 cuttings. The studied growth regulator concentrations did not influence seedlings root and aerial systems development and, therefore, the survival in shade house. In greenhouse, herbaceous cuttings lost less remaining leaves after leaf area reduction (27.88%) and, consequently, had higher survival (99.44%) when were kept in shade house. Herbaceous cuttings can be recommended for vegetative propagation of S. alata.

Reliable biomass data are very important in the evaluation of ecosystems, and help in understanding the contribution of forests in climate change. Variables that describe the size of the tree, like diameter and height are directly associated with biomass, which allows the use of regression models to estimate this element. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate by regression models, the biomass of different compartments of natural regeneration of trees of a Pinus taeda L. stand. The data were obtained through direct destructive method, using 100 randomly selected trees in the understory of a stand of Pinus taeda. We analyzed three arithmetical models, three logarithmic and two models developed by Stepwise process. Logarithmic equations developed by Stepwise procedure showed the best estimates of total and stems biomass. However, for needles and twigs compartments the best adjust was observed with Husch model and for root biomass Berkhout model proved to be the most suitable.

Torrefaction also known as pre-carbonization is heat treatment at low temperatures (200 ºC to 300 °C), applied to lignocellulosic materials with the aim of improving their energetic properties. We developed this study to evaluate the effect of torrefaction temperature on properties of eucalyptus chips. Using a furnace, the eucalyptus chips underwent four heat treatments at temperatures of 150 ºC, 200 ºC, 250 ºC and 300 °C, for ten min. Physical and chemical analyzes of torrefied and in natura chips were carried out. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and when established significant differences, applied Tukey test at 95% significance. Increasing roasting temperature showed higher lignin content and fixed carbon, less equilibrium moisture content, higher calorific upper, lower content of volatiles and lower mass yield. It is recommended roasting at 250 °C temperature, since chips torrefied under this condition presented better results, with energy density of 4,004 MJ m-3.

The giant conifer aphid, Cinara atlantica, originated from North America, was introduced in Brazil in the 1990’s and became widely distributed on commercial areas of Pinus. This study was conducted in order to correlate morphometric parameters of mono and multiclonal C. atlantica lineage with its reproductive performance on plant progenies and commercial seedlings. The number of nymphs produced by female by day were registered. After death, measurements of morphological characters were carried out using the program Axion Vision 4.5. Antenna, hind femur and tibia lengths showed the highest correlation with aphids body length, representing 98% of total variation. Based on these variables a new variable was defined as ‘insect size’, which was used to compare treatments. Multiclonal insects had the highest values for most morphometric parameters and largest progeny production. The biggest insects and highest nymph production were observed on commercial seedlings of both nurseries, suggesting that these pine progenies may show some resistance against C. atlantica attack what make them good candidates for integrated pest management programs.

Geographic information system (GIS) applied to forest analysis permit the recognition and analysis of spatial patterns of species in two and three dimensional. The aim of this study to demonstrate the efficiency of cartesian and spatial coordinates method (MCCE), method of correcting UTM coordinates of trees location in accordance with the location of field or Cartesian (X ,Y), combined with natural neighbor index (ANND) in recognition and analysis of spatial distribution patterns of four commercial timber species in forest management in Caracaraí, Roraima State, Brazil. Simulations were performed on 9 ha, divided into 100 plots of 100 m2 each. Collected data were DBH > 10 cm, commercial and total heights, cartesian coordinates (X,Y) and spatial coordinates (UTM). Random spatial patterns were observed in Eschweilera bracteosa and Manilkara huberi. The dispersed and rare spatial patterns were observed in Dinizia excelsa and Cedrelinga cateniformis. MCCE proved to be an efficient method in the recognition and analysis of spatial patterns of native species from Amazon rain forest, as forest planning becomes easier by 2D and 3D simulations.

The object of this work was to characterize sawn wood of Eucalyptus clones with 7 to 13 years old planted on Entre Rios and Esplanada regions, Bahia State. For comparison and reference Eucalyptus cloeziana samples with 22 years old were used, as this species present great saw timber potential. Samples were taken along trees trunks on two vertical and three radial positions. Differences were observed among clones and radial position for end splitting of dry lumber, bowing and bending indexes, and number of knots although there was no evidence of difference due to log position along the trunk. All materials presented high incidence of knots. End splitting of the dry lumber and bending indexes and number of knots decreased from pith to bark, while bowing tended to increase.