RCAAP Repository

A quali-quantitative vegetation survey of a secondary forest area in União da Vitória, State of Paraná, Brasil was carried out according to its successional stages. The structural chacterization of the forest was made through values of abundance, frequency, dominance and importance. The herbaceous vegetation was qualitatively described. Plants of apicultural interest received special attention once they are the reason for this study and their apicultural value was determined. In the intermedite stage of natural sucession, species with apiarian value summed up to a total score of 179,24 and in the advanced stage 174,45. Syagrus romanzoffiana was the species with the highest apiarian value.

On commercial plantation of Eucalyptus saligna, belonging to Suzano Paper and Cellulose Co., two Oxisol (coarse and clayey textured) were selected. Both soils were submitted to mechanized harvesting, and coppice was 1 year old (clayey soil) and 2 years old (coarse soil), when soil tillage systems were performed: harrowing and subsoiling. Undisturbed soil samples were collected at 50 cm from tree lines and at three depths: 0 to 10, 10 to 20 and 20 to 30 cm to determine bulk density, and soil resistance to penetrometer were measured until 60 cm deep on the tree line and between lines. Plants had its DBH and total height measured before and after soil was tilled. Both soil tillage systems increased eucalyptus coppice growth, and a good correlation was obtained between soil resistance to penetrometer measured at the distance of 125 cm from the tree line and at 25 cm of soil depth ( r2 = 0,615 ) and plant height. On the coarse soil, harrowing decreased plant development, mostly due to increasing macroporosity.

This experiment was conducted with the objective to study the effects of different phosphorus doses in the growth of Canafístula seedlings (Peltophorum dubium). As substratum was used yellow-reddish argisoil, collected on the superficial layer (0-20 cm), which was discloded, homogenized, draught in the air, passed in a sieve of 2 mm and after a analyzed chemically. As complementary fertilization were added 10 mg kg-1 of N and 12,5 kg-1 of K, the sources were (NH4)2SO4 and KCl. The experimental design used was completely randomized with 8 treatments and 8 repetitions, totalizing 64 plots. The treatments were constituted by: control (soil without phosphorus addition), 90, 180, 270, 360, 450, 540, 630 mg kg-1 of P (utilizing CaHPO4 as salt). As vessels were used polypropylene vases with the capacity of 2,0 dm3. The humidity used in the vases was 80% of the field capacity. After 130days, the following parameters were evaluated: height of the aerial part, stem diameter, biomass above ground, root biomass and total biomass. The dose of 360 mg kg-1 of P, resulted in a higher growth of Peltophorum dubium plants.

DNA extraction is a very important step for DNA genetic analysis in peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth.). The aim of this work was to develop a methodology of DNA extraction. Fresh, frozen and dried leaves were utilized. DNA from fresh leaves were purified one time while frozen and dried leaves was purified two times. DNA bands were coloured intensively showing a high amount of purified DNA and with an excellent resolution in agarosis gel 2%, such for fresh leaves as much as for frozen and dried leaves.

The aim of this research was to identify fungi associated with “pau-cigarra” seeds (Senna multijuga). Evaluation was carried out in nine lots composed of seeds collected from mother trees at Atlantic Rain Forest located in Antonina, Morretes and Guaraqueçaba municipalities, Paraná state, Brazil. Sanitary analysis was carried out by adopting blotter test and agar plate test. Morphological characteristics were used for fungi identification. It was observed higher fungi frequency contaminating seeds over filter paper (blotter test) compared with agar plate test. Helminthosporium sp., Alternaria sp., Ulocladium sp., Pestalotia sp., Penicillium sp., Trichoderma sp., Chaetomium sp. and Monilia sp. were the most important genus found associated with S. multijuga seeds.

Twenty one provenances of Grevillea robusta Cunn were tested at Nova Esperança and Quedas do Iguaçu, Paraná state and Anhembi, São Paulo state, Brazil. With the aim of comparing the performance of the original provenances with the comercial provenance collected in Maringa, Paraná state included as a control. Provenance trials were installed in a randomized block design with rectangular plots, each one with six plants spaced 3 m x 3 m, with 15 replications. Five among the ten best provenances at Anhembi presented better growth at Quedas do Iguaçu and Nova Esperança (Duck Creek, Fine Flower, Rappville, Bottle Creek and Mc Pherson’s Creek). Different environments did not interfere significantly in the average growth among different provenances indicating that the seeds of one region can be interchanged with the seeds of another region, where the provenances were tested, with no loss in productivity of wood. It was also concluded that the best provenances at Quedas do Iguaçu, Nova Esperança and Anhembi were originally collected in New South Wales state, Austrália.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the mini cutting technique as a method of vegetative propagation of Eucalyptus dunnii, as related to the production and survival of the mini stumps in the successive collections, and to the survival, rooting, height growth and collar diameter of the mini cuttings. After four successive collections the mini stumps was observed an average survival of 100% and average production between 1.7 to 2.6 mini cuttings per mini stump. The survival of the mini cuttings when they left the greenhouse was 100% and the average rooting at the end of acclimatization period in shade house with 50% solar light was 93%, and the survival to 90 days of age from 90%, without positive influence of the different treatments of AIB (0, 1500, 3000 e 6000 mg L-1.) At specific conditions on wich the experiment was realized with mini cuttings of Eucalyptus dunnii, from material of seminal origin, is technically viable, and this technique can be an alternative for production seedlings of this species in wide scale and mainly in situations where seed is a limiting factor.

The objective of this work was to study the efficiency of the early selection of parents and progeny for simultaneous increment of the growth and wood quality. For this, 48 open-pollinated families of Pinus taeda were grown at close spacing (0,5m x 0,5m). At the age of 16 months they were assessed for stem diameter at 30 cm above the ground and for wood basic density. The data were compared to diameter at breast height and basic density of commercial stem of the same progenies at 84 months under field conditions. Phenotypic and genetic parameters were estimated using an individual tree model. The narrow sense heritabilities in the 16º and 84º month for diameter (h2 = 0,24 e 0,22) and density (h2 = 0,27 e 0,19) suggest that they are inherited. The aditive genetic age-age correlations were highly for diameter (r2 = 0,90) and for basic density (r2 = 0,86) indicating that growth and basic density at maturity could be improved by early selection of the same growth and quality trait. Trait-trait correlations indicated that genetic correlations between diameter and wood basic density were negative and high indicating difficulties for simultaneous genetic gain by selection. Efficiencies of early selection indicated similar efficiency for the same trait at 84 months. To improve volume and quality of wood nine parents were selected by aditive genetic breeding values at the two ages. This allows to conclude that early evaluation of progeny grown in close-spacing in a nursery field is a useful methodology to increase genetic gains in an generation by increasing the probability of selecting genotypes that favor simultaneously wood quality and growth traits.

Effects of pruning on growth ring thickness and density were studied in young trees of Pinus taeda L. A reduction in growth ring thickness and an increase in density were found only in the first year after the most severe pruning, in which branches were removed up to 3,0 m height. Pruning had no effect on wood density in the following years. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in ring thickness after the initial reduction in the first year, suggesting the existence of a negative trophic balance in the lower branches. If properly applied, pruning can improve both growth process and wood quality of the main stem.

To develop this study it was used Eucalyptus grandis seedlings planted in three-liter pots, filled with soil collected on areas where dieback occurred (Arapoti, PR). The experiment consisted of six soil water level treatments, with and without insects. The experimental design was randomized blocks with 6 replications, arranged in six cages inside a green house. Three cages received insects and other three, not. The experiment consisted of the following treatments: 1. Sat. - soil water content maintained on the saturated conditions; 2. CC – soil water content maintained on field capacity; 3. 60 - humidity of the soil to 60% of the field capacity; 4. 30 - humidity of the soil to 30% of the field capacity; 5. A7 – soil water content maintained 7 days on the saturated condition and 7 days on 60% of the field capacity; 6. A15 - being 15 days in the saturation point and 15 days 30%da field capacity. The biomass accumulation (leaf, stem, branches and total), increased with the increase of the water supply on the soil. Same behavior was observed for the insect population. Plants infested with Ctenarytaina spatulata Taylor, 1997 presented a smaller biomass accumulation on average, except for the treatment with water stress alternation. The largest seedling growth and leaf production induced the dilution effect of some nutrients. The water stress, decreasing water supply did not enhance the C. spatulata Taylor, 1997 population growth. Even on presence of large N contents, due to the nutrient concentration effect for the smallest growth, possibly there was a decrease of the amount of appropriate insect food.

An experiment was established in Paranaguá, located in the costal region of the State of Paraná, in southern Brasil, in order to evaluate commercial yield of hearth-of-palm produced by Peach-Palm (Bactris gasipaes) established under the following four different initial spacings: T1 2x1m (5000 seedlings/ha); T2 3x1m (3333 seedlings/ha); T3 1,5x1x1m (8000 seedlings/ha); and T4 2x1x1m (6666 seedlings/ha). Mineral fertilizers (NPK) were applied at planting as well as subsequently. Results obtained by the time of the first cutting, 24 months after planting, allowed the following conclusions: a) the quantities of the NPK fertilizer used promoted changes in the chemical soil characteristics; b) commercial yield of hearth-of-palm improved as a function of stand density; and c) each kg of hearth-of-palm yielded 3.3 pots of the final commercial product.

This work aimed to analyze the performance of peach palm progenies seeds and to estimate genotypic values (additive and dominant effects) and heritability in the broad sense for seed weight collected in 40 trees. Heritability in the broad sense and not in the narrow sense was considered because a major amount of the variability for seed weight arises from the mother trees. The analysis of variance showed highly significant differences between progenies for seed weight. Heritability in the broad-sense was 0.95. The genetic values accumulated in the ten better trees ranged from 1.73 to 0.25, while genetic percentage gains ranged from 68% to 23%, showing a high amount of genetic variability for seed weight. This characteristic is potentially related to early development that can be considered in a selection program.

Black-spot is the main disease in maté (Ilex paraguariensis), causing serious damages and losses in nurseries and in the field. Frequently the chemical control is used, even so these products are not registered nor tested about its efficiency. The purpose of this study was to investigate and select some fungicides to control black-spot in maté. After In vitro and in vivo tests were performed in seedlings, “benomyl” and “captan” have presented the best efficiency when compared with others commercial products.

The objective of this work is to generate information about the distribution of the levels of genetic variability in two provenances of Euterpe oleracea. A sample of seeds of each individual from distinct regions had been collected at Curralinho and Limoeiro of Ajuru, localities of Pará State placed on the Estuary of Amazon river. The experiment was installed in randomized blocks with two replications and five plants per plot. Seedlings were evaluated, at 10 months of age for: height, diameter and number of leaves. Significant genetic variations between provenances for number of leaves were detected. Curralinho provenance presented greater genetic variability than Limoeiro do Ajuru. Small levels of coefficients of genetic variation among provenances shows that the strategy for collecting germplasm must be concentrated in few provenances,each one represented by a great number of individuals.

Germination of half-sib progenies of Euterpe oleracea Mart., promising for palm heart production were studied. A cluster with seeds of each progenie was selected at Embrapa Experimental Sation placed in Eastern Amazonia. Fruits were immersed in warm water and the chosen seeds were sown immediately. Randomized blocks design with 25 treatments (progenies), three repetitions and parcels of 100 seeds were utilized. Evaluation of the following characters were made: days for beginning (IG) and end (FG), average time (TM) and percentage (PG) of germination. Progenies presented genetic differences for germination characters. Beginning of germination (IG) and the average time (TM) showed the biggest estimates of heritability related to b index.

This study aimed to register the occurrence of phyllophagous insects attacking seedlings of Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J. F. Macbr. (grapia), a native species to Brazil, which is on the red list of endangered native flora in Rio Grande do Sul State. In February 2012, adults of the pest Caliothrips phaseoli were identified causing damage to the leaves of 168 two-year-old grápia seedlings (mean stem diameter = 2.3 cm; mean height = 22.5 cm) in Santa Maria, RS. This is the first record of the occurrence of Caliothrips phaseoli in Apuleia leiocarpa seedlings in Brazil.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of Eucalyptus grandis, E. dunnii, E. benthamii, E. badjensis and E. urograndis hybrid, in relation to survival and forest productivity in an experimental area located in Alegrete county, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The forest-livestock integration systems were composed of triple lines of trees, planted in 3 m x 2 m spacing, apart 30 m of each line, resulting in an initial density of 417 trees ha-1. This corresponds to 22.2% of the area occupied by the tree lines, with the rest of the area allocated to livestock (77.8%). Diameter at 1.3 m (DBH) and tree height were measured annually, up to seven years of age. A completely randomized experimental design with six replicates per treatment and the Assistat software were used for the statistical analysis. It was possible to highlight survival, growth and productivity of Eucalyptus grandis and E. urograndis hybrids, although the performance of. E. dunnii and E. benthamii was not good. E. badjensis should not be recommended for planting under environment conditions analogous to this research.

The objective of this study was to identify the response mechanisms to water stress Schizolobium parahyba Vell. Blake seedlings. At 90 days after emergency the plants were subjected to 10 days of water deficit, then they were irrigated with different percentages of evapotranspiration (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) for ten more days. In the initial stage of development, seedlings of Schizolobium parahyba were partially tolerant to the caused water deficit. They presented dehydration delay as a strategy, reducing growth in height, diameter and number of leaves and directing the production of photoassimilates for maintenance, with low transpiration rate.

With the increasing demand for agricultural, livestock and forestry production in Brazil and in the World, it has become necessary to maximize production in the same area, in a sustainable way, where the silvopastoral system becomes a form of integration of increasing performance. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical attributes of two land use systems: pure pasture with Panicum maximum cv. Aruana and a silvipastoril system with Peltophorum dubium in the lines and Aruana grass between the lines. Four mini trenches (repetitions) were opened in each area (line, between lines and pure pasture of Aruana grass), subdivided into 4 depths (00-10, 10-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm), composing 48 soil samples, collected with volumetric ring. The samples were analyzed for density, macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity. Macroporosity and microporosity varied with depth, inversely and directly, respectively. The highest soil density occurred in pure pasture, however, without reaching values that limit root growth. Although the total porosity of the soil did not present statistically significant differences, this one undergoes interference of the applied management over the area. The effect of the use of leguminous wood species in silvopastoral system may already be noticed, although still incipient.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the Criterion RD 1000® optical dendrometer in a crop-livestock-forest integration system for measuring total volume and sections with bark of eucalyptus trees. Selected trees were felled, having their actual strict volumes obtained. The Smalian method was used for destructive Non-destructive scaling was using carried out using criterion. Bartlett’s test for total volume (p-value 0.5125) and diameter along the stem (p-value 0.1891) was found to be homogeneous. There were no statistical differences between the total volumes obtained by the destructive method compared to the non-destructive and the average form factor. The diameters along the bole obtained by the destructive scaling were the same as those obtained by the non-destructive scaling. For the volume by sections of the bole, it was verified that only in the sections closest to the top and considering the volume up to the top, there was difference with the actual volume. However it corresponded to a small proportion of the total volume (9%). Measurements obtained with the Criterion RD 1000® showed no trend, providing efficient measurements for both diameter and volume along the bole.