RCAAP Repository

The objective of this work was to test the effect of essential oils in pathogens control and physiology quality of Bauhinia variegata seeds.  We used essential oils from Carapa guianensis Aubl., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn. and Ocimum basilicum L. in the concentrations 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 µL and fungicide Captan (240 g 100-1 kg-1 seeds). We used sterile distilled water as control. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 50 seeds. Satisfactory effect was observed in physiological quality and health of B. variegate seeds treated with C. zealanicum and O. basilicum essential oils.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the Brazilian law parameters for tropical forest management regarding forest recovery and to propose alternative criteria to achieve sustainability, using Mezilaurus itauba (Meisn.) Taub. ex Mez as case study. The diameter structure was obtained from a 100% forest inventory of a 500 ha forest compartment. The assessment of M. itauba growth, ingrowth and mortality were carried out in a two sample plot of 50 ha located on the compartment, where all commercial species were measured both before and 7 years after logging. First it was evaluated the species structure and its most productive diameter class. The species recovery of timber volume has been simulated for the minimum logging diameter (MLD) of 50, 60, 70 and 80 cm. The largest volume recover was reached for the 60 cm MLD class. We showed that there is a diametric limit to achieve net timber volume production and that different remnant structures produce different increments.

Global demand for food and energy has grown intensely in recent decades, facing an estimated 10 billion people in the world by 2050. Along with this phenomenon, there are also growing areas for planting grains and commercial forests. In this context, the main objective of this work is to map the areas of forestry in the state of Goiás by remote sensing techniques, between the years of 2002 and 2015, verifying the location and quantification of the main planting areas. Therefore, images from the Operational Land Imager (OLI) of the Landsat-8 satellite were processed in the Arcgis® and ENVI® softwares. Thus through a  supervised digital classification by the maximum likelihood method, we estimated the area with planted forests in the state. After the classification, it was verified that there were considerable advances in terms of areas planted in Goiás, noting that in 2002 there were approximately 50,425 ha of planted forest, reaching 162,516 ha in 2015. The Goiás mesoregions with the largest forest plantations were the South, East and North, while South and East are the largest producers of firewood and timber. The spatial distribution of the plantations is characterized by small areas and non-vertical production of the producers. This unprecedented and strategic information can better guide the expansion and increase the productivity of the sector, reconciling this process with the environmental conservation of the Cerrado biome.

Pinus plantations cover approximately 1.6 million ha in Brazil. Since pines are considered to be alien invaders with the potential to modify natural environments, the aim of this study was to evaluate seed dispersal, establishment and control of Pinus taeda L., in order to characterize its biological invasion potential under different situations. We studied the dispersal/viability of pine seeds at 25 m, 50 m, 75 m, 100 m, 125 m and 150 m for from the border of a commercial stand, in North, South, East and West directions. Besides, 800 seeds of this species were sown in 11 different sites, ranging from a preserved natural forest to open habitats, in order to evaluate the regeneration potential. Regrowth was also monitored in stumps cut at 10 cm above ground, in well drained or moist sites. Seed dispersal and germination were higher in the South direction and up to 25 m. In the preserved forest no seed germinated, probably due to low light incidence, while in more open habitats they not only germinated but also established. Regrowth was not observed under any studied condition.

The objective of the present study was to analyze the effect of addition of vermicompost to the substrate of Schinus terebinthifolius seedlings. We tested five treatments composed by the addition of vermicompost on Carolina Soil® substrate (T1: 100% Carolina Soil® (CS); T2: 75% CS and 25% vermicompost (VC); T3: 50% CS and 50% CV; T4: 25% CS and 75% CV and T5: 100% CV). The morphophysiological characteristics evaluated at 150 days after seedling emergence were: stem diameter (d), shoot height (h), photosynthetic pigment content, shoot dry mass (SDM), roots dry mass (RDM), total dry mass (DMtotal), Dickson quality index, h/d ratio and SDM/RDM ratio. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, regression analysis and Pearson correlation. The correlation and the growth response curve for the seedlings, due to the different proportions of vermicompost and commercial substrate showed that the additions of 50 or 75% of vermicompost were the ones that favored the growth of S. terebinthifolius seedlings.

The seeds of Araucaria angustifolia are also known as Brazilian pine nut seeds or Brazilian pine seeds. They are a typical food from Southern Brazil having cultural and historical roots and they provide income for small producers. Brazilian pine seeds present high nutritional value with high energy, containing resistant starch and bioactive compounds. The use of Brazilian pine seeds as food may contribute to the conservation of Araucaria angustifolia, thereby reducing deforestation. In order to reach this objective, it is important to know the consumer profile of the Brazilian pine seeds along with their habits and preferences. Surveys were conducted among 183 consumers of Brazilian pine seeds in Curitiba in supermarkets, small stores, fairs and with street vendors, during the growing/ harvest season. A questionnaire utilizing demographic questions, consumption frequency, attributes of importance and nutritional value perception were applied. The seeds are bought by women in supermarkets and fairs. Usually, they prefer seeds with bigger size, volume, brighter and brownish-yellow color. Consumption is weekly, during the afternoon and at night and it is served hot. Brazilian pine seeds are considered a natural food. They are not expensive having health benefits as they are not fatty, and can be consumed by the entire Family.

The basic density of wood is an important property because it is related to the final product in the various uses that wood has. However, its determination demands time and costs, which justifies the use of more refined techniques for its estimation, such as artificial neural networks (ANN). The objective was to evaluate the use of artificial neural networks to estimate the basic density of species of cerrado stricto sensu with the use of Pilodyn and dendrometric variables. To compare the results obtained by ANN, regression models were adjusted. The best performing neural network was the one that used as input variables the depth of penetration (Pilodyn), species and DAP, presenting R² values of 0.72 and with root mean square error in percentage (RMSE%) of 5.69. The regression model presented R² value of 0.72 and RMSE% of 9.19. The artificial neural networks can estimate the basic wood density of species of cerrado stricto sensu studied in this study with satisfactory results.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the natural durability of the wood of Apuleia leiocarpa (grápia), Astronium lecointei (muiracatiara) and Enterolobium schomburgkii (fava-orelha-de-negro) under the attack of fungi causing white rot Trametes versicolor (Linnaeus ex Fries) Pilat, under controlled laboratory conditions, by the accelerated rotting test. We used 15 samples of heartwood of each species, with 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.9 cm (radial, tangential and axial, respectively). The samples remained for 16 weeks in an incubator under attack of the fungus. After the period of the attack the mass loss and class of natural durability were determined. E. schomburgkii presented the highest average loss of mass (17.5%), followed by A. lecointei (15.5%), both classified as resistant to T. versicolor. A. leiocarpa wood presented higher durability (10.6% loss of mass), being classified as highly resistant. The wood of A. leiocarpa differed statistically from the others, indicating potential of greater durability when placed under condition that favor the development of this xylophagus.

Activated carbon (AC) was produced from Bambusa vulgaris to evaluate its potential of methylene blue dye (MB) adsorption. AC was prepared by direct physical activation, using the water vapor as activating agent. It was characterized considering the gravimetric yield of AC, the pH point of zero charge, Boehm titration method, surface area, volume and pore diameter analysis and superficial morphology. The application of AC was performed with kinetic studies and adsorption isotherms by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The material produced presented surface area of 684.69 m2 g-1, pH point of zero chargeof 7.32 and predominance of acidic groups on their surface. By the micrographs analysis it was possible to verify the development of the material porosity due to activation. The maximum adsorption capacity for the MB dye was 301.07 mg g-1 the Langmuir model presented the best adjustment. The AC obtained from Bambusa vulgaris presented excellent texture and adsorption properties are it was very efficient in MB dye adsorption.

The present study aimed to determine the static bending and the apparent specific gravity of Inga marginata wood in different humidity conditions. Three individuals were cut at an approximate age of six years. For determination of the studied properties, we followed the recommendations of ASTM D143-94 norm. We observed reduction of more than 1.2 times the modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, tension at the proportional limit and maximum force in the static bending as a function of fiber saturation. In general, the samples presented smaller apparent specific gravity values and higher mechanical resistance according to the desorption until the equilibrium moisture of 12%. The wood, in this condition, was classified as moderately heavy.

This study aimed to evaluate the growth of species Senna multijuga, Myrsine coriaceae, Schizolobium parahyba var. parahyba, Inga edulis, I. marginata and Citharexylum myrianthum, in the recovery of an area degraded by livestock. The experiment was conducted in the Natural Reserve of Guaricica in Antonina, PR. Four treatments were tested with different densities of individuals of each species, each with three replications in 3.000 m² blocks. The evaluation was based on the variables: total height (h), diameter at 1.30 m above ground level, crown cover area, basal area and mortality. Except for the mortality that was compared by the Kruskal-Wallis test, the other variables were compared by the Tukey test at 5% significance level. I. edulis presented the best growth and I. marginata the worse, while M. coriacea presented the lowest mortality and S. multijuga the highest. Treatments expressed similar results, since higher density of I. edulis generated higher average h and higher density of S. multijuga generated higher mortality. Higher density of I. edulis tend to increase the efficiency of restoration projects, while C. myrianthum and M. coriacea also presented potential for plantings in the study region.

The studies of landscape ecology from metrics using geoprocessing and remote sensing are important technologies to evaluate the conditions of native forest remnants, especially in biomes fragmented and with a high rate of deforestation as the Caatinga. This study aimed to describe the structure of the forest landscape in the municipality of Ribeira do Pombal, Bahia State, Brazil, using a landscape metric index. The use of soil and forest fragments was characterized using an image of the Landsat-8 OLI satellite. We used the software Fragstats 4.2® to calculate the landscape metrics. Even in a matrix with high percentage of pastures, fragments of the open and dense caatinga of medium and large size predominate in the landscape, with great proximity and connectivity. Reforestation and enrichment of the small fragments of open Caatinga may contribute to form ecological corridors. The great percentage of fragments larger than 100 ha ensures floristic diversity and resilience of the dense caatinga in the municipality of Ribeira do Pombal, BA.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of pre-germination treatments on germination and initial seedling growth of Libidibia ferrea. We tested 5 treatments: control; sulfuric acid; water for 24 h; hot water and scarification. We evaluated the percentage of initial growth (%E), speed index (IVE) and mean emergence time (TME). For germination we evaluated the height and stem diameter of the seedlings, number of leaves, leaves, stem and roots dry matter and root/shoot ratio. Sulfuric acid treatment presented higher %E and IVE and lower TME, and it was the treatment that showed the better growth of the plants.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the floristic and phytosociological composition of a Cerrado lato sensu fragment. A census was carried out in the study area, of 6.7 ha, with inclusion limit of 15 cm of circumference at 1.30 m above ground level. We registered 15,434 individuals, from 78 species, 72 genera and 33 families. Density, dominance and cover value were analyzed, with a total density of 2,303.58 ind ha-1 and a basal area of 94.303 m² ha-1. The species with the highest cover values, in descending order, were Myrcia splendens, Astronium fraxinifolium, Magonia pubescens, Qualea parviflora, Protium heptaphyllum, Curatella americana, Vatairea macrocarpa, Tachigali aurea, Byrsonima stipulacea and Machaerium brasiliense, which represented 53% of all individuals of the area. Species of the genus Qualea presented dominance, representing 11% of the total of individuals. The distribution pattern of the individuals was inverted “J” format, but Astronium fraxinifolium, Magonia pubescens and Tachigali aurea presented lower number of individuals in the initial classes. The Shannon diversity index and the Pielou equability indicated the existence of high species richness and diversity when comparing the studied area with Cerrado fragments nearby.

Technological evolution of wood harvesting machines has allowed the expansion of selective thinning areas in forest stands, with gains in productivity, but with risks to affect the work quality. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of harvesting operation in Pinus taeda stands under two thinning models: (1) systematic cutting of the fifth line and selective in adjacent lines, and (2) systematic cutting of the seventh line and selective in adjacent lines. Quality was evaluated by measuring stump height and logs length in assortments saw log, veneer log, and pulpwood. The values were analyzed by means of histograms and the averages were compared by pre-established dimensions through Wilcoxon’s test (α ≤ 0.05). It was verified that 90% of stump heights were above pre-established value, with means of 12.5 and 12.9 cm, resulting in wasted wood volume of 0.50 and 0.62 m3 ha-1 in thinning models 1 and 2, respectively. Length of saw log and veneer log in both thinning models were higher than expected, while values for pulpwood showed significant lower values when compared to the pre-established.

In the paper " New country, Brazilian states and host records of the eucalypt shoot psyllid Blastopsylla occidentalis", DOI: 10.4336/2018.pfb.38e201701533, published in Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira, v. 38, 2018, on the page footer, where it reads:“DOI: 10.4336/2018.pfb.e201701533”,it should read:“DOI: 10.4336/2018.pfb.38e201701533”.

This study aimed to evaluated physical and mechanical properties of particleboard manufactured with Ligustrum lucidum wood, pure or with Pinus taeda, and to compare these panels properties with the normative requirements and those panels produced only with Pinus taeda. Panels were produced with urea-formaldehyde and tannin-formaldehyde resins, in 10% of proportion based on solid mass of dried particles. For the panels preparation, it was established nominal specific mass of 0.75 g.cm-3, specific pressure of 3.92 MPa, temperature of 160 °C and pressing time of 8 min for urea-formaldehyde resin and 10 min for tannin-formaldehyde. After the air conditioning period, samples for physical and mechanical tests were prepared. The use of only Ligustrum lucidum wood and tannin-formaldehyde, as well as the use of mixture woods and urea-formaldehyde provided panels better performance in relation to physical and mechanical properties. These panels reached mechanical properties requirements of normative codes and demonstrated the potential of L. lucidum for particleboard production.

Research on natural regeneration and its relationship with adult vegetation are important to subsidize the understanding of succession of secondary forests. The aims of this study was to characterize the ecological and floristic structure of the regenerative community (DHB < 5 cm) and its similarity to adult strata (DHB ≥ 5 cm), in a forest secondary Araucaria Forest fragment. Regeneration was sampled in 24 plots in three height classes and total natural regeneration (TNR) was calculated. We sampled 433 plants, belonging to 66 species and 29 botanical families, with emphasis on Myrtaceae. The floristic similarity between regeneration and the adult strata was high (68.3%). Regeneration and adult strata presented high diversity and equitability and low dominance. Allophylus edulis (9.5%), Mollinedia clavigera (8.5%) and Myrciaria tenella (8.3%) were the species which showed the highest TNR. They are typical of understory and they are not important in the adult strata. However, other important species in the regeneration, among them key species such as Ocotea porosa (Brazilian-walnut) should continue in the future structure of the forest. Most regeneration species are zoocoric and heliophilous, but the proportion of late stage species is higher in the larger size class, indicating that the forest is in full succession and evolving to its climax.

The present study had as objective to analyze the spatial pattern of the anemocoric and zoocoric species in environments with different individuals densities. The study was conducted in two fragments of Highland Araucaria Forest: one under silvipastoril system and another in a forest under secondary succession, in the municipality of Turvo, Paraná State, Brazil. The coordinates (x, y) of each point was registered. The spatial pattern was analyzed through the function K of Ripley, in the univariate form, using the package Splancs. In the area under silvipastoril system, anemochory syndrome is aggregated, while individuals with zoochory dispersion syndrome showed aggregated pattern up to 15 m and random pattern in the upper classes. Anemocoric species showed aggregated pattern in the area under secondary succession regardless the distance. Probably, more complex factors, such as dispersers’ ecology, interspecific relationships and environmental features may define the spatial distribution of some species.

The aim of this work was to analyze the level of workers exposure to noise and vibration of semi-mechanized logging operations. The research was carried out in harvesting operations in the southern region of Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Data were collected in a Pinus elliottii stand with 40 years old. Noise and vibration were analyzed in different logging activities and timber extraction. The noise exposure levels were measured using a dosimeter and the vibration with an accelerometer, according to NHO-01 and ISO 5349-1 standards. Logging and timber extraction exceeded the level of noise exposure limit, presenting 100.8 dB (A) and 91.3 dB (A), respectively. The vibration analysis showed fatigue levels in both axes, highlighting the delimitation with greater exposure (0.265 m s-2). Fatigue levels were observed in the axes XY of the upper limbs of the workers during logs transportation, with emphasis to load and unload activities (0.174 m s-²). We observed the necessity to adopt measures to reduce worker’s exposition to unhealthy conditions, as they are essential to the performance of those activities.