RCAAP Repository

It is with great satisfaction that Brazil is hosting the 25th edition of the IUFRO World Congress. This year’s theme, "Forest Research and Cooperation for Sustainable Development," is very fitting now that the issues of production, preservation, environmental services, and their influences on a global scale have moved beyond purely technical debates in closed academic or business circles to become part of everyday life for urban as well as rural dwellers. In this sense, holding an event like the IUFRO World Congress in a country like Brazil, which has its forest DNA rooted in its large-scale diversity and the productive capacity of its planted forests, is very timely. We are even prouder knowing that this is only the second time this event is taking place in the Southern Hemisphere, and the first time in Latin America. Participants will have an opportunity to exchange knowledge with researchers and professionals from over 120 countries on a wide range of forest-related topics. It will also be a chance for us to show off our Country, which so many people have heard about. However, only a few have had the chance to experience Brazil’s unique characteristics and striking regional diversity. This Special Edition of the Brazilian Journal of Forestry Research is a collection of approximately 2.700 abstracts. Each is one piece of a puzzle of questions and challenges faced by scientists in different social or regional conditions combined with a myriad of solutions. Coincident findings should support policymaking. Conflicting results or approaches should arise curiosity and trigger the search for consensus. We hope all together they pave the way to new products, new approaches, and new ways of looking at our future.

The use of agricultural residues as an alternative in the formulation of substrates is a relevant possibility in the production of forest species seedlings, reducing simultaneously the costs and the accumulation of these products in the environment. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of substrates composed of coffee production residues for Joannesia princeps Vell. seedlings development. We used experimental design entirely randomized with three treatments in eight replications with 14 seedlings per plot (formulate 1: 10% vermiculite and 90% coconut fiber; formulate 2: 10% vermiculite, 30% carbonized rice peel and 60% coconut fiber; formulate 3: 10% vermiculite, 30% carbonized coffee husk and 60% coconut fiber). The substrates were fertilized using 4000 g m-3 of Osmocote®. Evaluations of the seedlings height and diameter were carried out at 150 days and 210 days after the transplanting of the seedlings into tubes. There was no statistically significant difference in the treatment level for the two evaluations. Carbonized coffee husk is presented as an alternative component to carbonized rice husk for substrate formulation in the production of J. princeps seedlings.

The objective of this research was to quantify deforestation, considering the spatial and temporal changes of forest loss for the period from 1985 to 2018.  We used Landsat sensor images for the same period, according to orbits/points 223/62 and 223/61. Color compositions, linear contrast enhancement and segmentation were performed. The interpretation and the classification of the images were performed through class discrimination. The polygons were classified in 6 size ranges of deforested areas. Additionally, the mapping results were edited and thematic letters were elaborated. The expansion of deforestation led to a loss of forest of approximately 298 thousand ha between 1985 and 2018 (57% of the municipality area). In all years, high values of polygons were observed in the range ≤ 6.25 ha and reduced value in the range > 50 ha. Small fragments (≤ 6.25 ha) accounted for 15% of all deforestation, while large fragments (> 50 ha) accounted for 45%. The analyzed period showed substantial differences in both temporal analysis and deforestation distribution patterns, indicating a strong potential for future forest loss.

We aimed to quantify frost tolerance and damage on Eucalyptus pilularis provenances and progenies in Curitibanos, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Mortality and severity of damage were assessed before frost at 7 months old and at 14 and 19 months old after frost events. Frost resulted in plant mortalityof 55.7%, with no difference among progenies and provenances. The tolerance of 5.3% may have occurred due to specific local conditions (escape). We concluded that the species does not have tolerance to frost in subtropical environment, with daily thermal range from - 5 °C to 28 °C.

In the tropical forest management, occurrence of hollow in trees and its impact on the volume yield are subjects little addressed in the national scientific literature. This issue is addressed in this paper by means of a study case in an annual management area (AMA) located at Saraca Taquera National Forest, state of Pará, Brazil. We selected 3,190 trees of 25 commercial species to be harvested, representing a wood volume of 24,020 m³. Of that amount, 3,079 trees were logged, of which 1,227 (39.8%) were trees that replaced hollow trees found during the harvest. During logging operation 1,175 (36.4%) standing trees were found hollow. In general, there were 53.5% of hollow trees in the AMA, representing approximately two hollow trees per hectare managed. The results revealed that despite the expressive number of hollow trees this defect did not significantly affect the volume yield (80.7%) mostly due to the possibility of replacing hollow trees by the time of logging. As more than half the selected trees were hollow, the replacement assures economic viability of the current forest management.

Slow-release fertilizers (SRF) are under development worldwide, and are characterized as intelligent fertilizers, with a high degree of technology employed, capable of releasing nutrients over time to the plant. It reduces the loss of fertilizer by leaching and volatization, increasing the absorption efficiency of the plant. Its use in agriculture has shown satisfactory gains in productivity, with the possibility of containing input and labor costs. Due to the advantages of its use, this review aims to clarify the classification of these fertilizers and to understand the dynamics of their use in the forest sector. The use of SRF for seedling production in the forestry sector is already consolidated, enabling greater growth of plants in nursery. The use of SRF in forest plantations is still incipient, due to the lack and low supply of fertilizers with compatible formulations for forest species. However, there are already some studies in the literature with preliminary results, with an increase in initial growth and economy of inputs. Thus, we believe that the use of this fertilizer technology can lead to improved crop quality and increased productivity, as well as minimizing environmental impacts.

This study aimed to evaluate survival and development of epiphytic cactus Rhipsalis lindbergiana K. Schum. and R. pachyptera Pfeiff. Fragments were monitored in a greenhouse, for four months on different substrates and after relocation to regenerating Ombrophilous Dense forest, in Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The relocation was monitored for up to three years and carried out in two climatic periods: lower (drought plot) and higher precipitation (rainfall plot). Higher growth of both species was registered in substrate with organic matter. Drought plots were significantly different in both species, probably due to the rains that followed the dry season and allowed greater survival and development. The survival and development of R. lindbergiana were significantly related to tree height where the fragments were installed, referring to the association between high epiphyte diversity and large phorophytes. It is recommended to relocate epiphytes to larger trees, at the beginning of the rainy season and keeping the fragments in contact with the substrate. This will enable the better use of plants, as well as the promotion of the recovery of forests diversity and ecological functionality processes.

Morphometric indices can be used to support the understanding of natural forest dynamics. The aim of this study was to describe and evaluate the morphometric and dendrometric characteristics of Araucaria angustifolia, to understanding of the structure of natural Araucaria Forest. The data were obtained in three counties of Santa Catarina State, considering different altitudes of occurrence of the species. We sampled 247 trees, using the Bitterlich method, and we measured the circumferences at 1.30 m from the ground, total height and crown insertion height and crown radius. The trees interdimensional relationships were described through morphometric indices. Site 2 showed larger trees considering crown area diameter. Site 3 had the highest tree density (403 trees ha-1), while sites 1 and 2 showed 362 and 232 trees ha-1, respectively. At site 3, most trees presented crown ratio greater than 50% and crown fullness ratio lower than 1, indicating trees with narrower and larger crowns. The tree diameter showed a negative correlation, higher than 70% with the degree of slenderness. The diameter presented a positive correlation with the crown diameter in the three sites.

The bark in some forest species may represent a significant volume of the trunk, demanding the use of efficient methods to estimate bark volume indirectly through equations. The aim of this study was to evaluate bark volume and thickness in teak (Tectona grandis) trees planted at different densities. Volume data were used to evaluate the percentage of bark in different portions of the trunk. Averages were compared by the Tukey test (p < 0.05%) and regression analysis (polynomial model) was used to predict bark thickness along the trunk. The effect of spacing on bark thickness was compared by the model identity test. The percentage of bark in more densely planted teak trees was higher. The percentage of bark decreases from the base to the top of the tree trunk, with an average volume of green bark reaching 24% to 30% of the total volume. Increasing spacing promotes higher absolute average bark thickness.

The increase in atmospheric nitrogen deposition over the years can affect biogeochemical cycling through the action of soil microbiota. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of N deposition beyond the tree canopy areas on soil C-CO2 efflux. Four tree species were selected in the open field. For each species, three individuals were selected and the efflux of C-CO2 from the soil under their canopies was evaluated with and without the presence of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). They were compared with grass areas (Paspalum notatum Flüggé). The addition of NH4NO3 induced changes in the slope of the straight lines describing the soil C-CO2 efflux to areas under (105%) and outside the trees canopies (70%). The area under Inga laurina canopy was the only one with lower C-CO2 efflux. We concluded that Inorganic N deposition in the state of Rio de Janeiro (9.6 kg N ha-1), intensifies the C-CO2 efflux in the soil and that tree species with bigger canopy areas such as I. laurina provide a reduction of this efflux.

This paper presents an overview of the observed impacts of changes in land use and land cover on catchments hydrology with emphasis on tropical regions. Initially, the first assertions about the impacts of changes in land use and land cover we present. The first debates and the scientific pioneers on the subject in this context. Then we mention the direct and indirect impacts of changes in land use and land cover and the role of forests we present. A brief survey of studies from around the world explores the tropical regions, with studies in South America, Asia and Africa. The scale effect of general studies and regarding habitat fragmentation is discussed, and finally, in the final considerations, some trends and proposals for the future of these studies are presented.

Techniques for leaf-cutting ant control have been investigated in literature due to the importance of the damage they cause to agriculture. Plantations with large territorial extensions, which can be contiguous or not, are usually subdivided into local administration to collect data to determine the frequencies and area occupied by ant nests. The objective of this work was to build a relationship of similarities among different geographical regions using the frequency data and size of nests by applying Information Bottleneck method and principal component analysis. The approach was applied to data of leaf-cutting ants of the genus Atta in cultivated Eucalyptus spp. forests in São Paulo State, Brazil. The results showed similar regions that are not geographically close, regarding the occurrence of nests. With this information, administrators will be able to coordinate more precisely the allocation of bait, material and workers in regions with vast territories, avoiding resources waste.

This work aimed to analyze the decomposition and nutrient content of the litterfall in a crop-livestock-forestry integrated system (CLFI) located in Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, Distrito Federal, Brazil. Litter traps were distributed and litterbags were used to investigate the decomposition. The litter traps and litterbags were allocated between the tress and ranks. Each litterbag was filled with 20 g of eucalyptus litterfall. The samples of both collections were sent to a laboratory to determine the macronutrient content. The total litterfall was 9,394.2 kg ha-1 between the tress and 3,726.4 kg ha-1 between ranks. The precipitation showed a high influence on the litterfall decomposition. The decomposition rates were similar to both positions and the half-life time in the short and long period (recalcitrant) were respectively 10 and 1,386 days between tress and 10 and 1,155 between ranks. The litterfall nutrient content (N, P, K, S, Ca and Mg) was high between trees. Ca and N showed greater content during the deposition and decomposition process independent of the position in the CLFI.

Determining the economic life of wood harvesting machines, time when the machine performed its functions at the lowest operating cost is associated with the lowest production cost. Thus, the objective was to determine the economic life of self-propelled machines that make up a mechanized lumber harvesting modulus with uncertainty conditions. Incurred operating costs over five years were considered, constructing mathematical models that associated the uncertainty intervals and allowed for assigning probability distributions. Subsequently, pseudorandom numbers were generated by Monte Carlo simulation to determine the probabilities of stochastic economic values. The results showed that, the optimal time to replace the set of machines composing the mechanized lumber-harvesting modulus occurred in the 4th year of its useful life. Thus, the equivalent uniform cost of the harvesting base module increases 18.3% in the year subsequent the optimum replacement time, adding the costs of harvesting and processing the wood. Finally, the cost elements that most influence the determination of the economic life of the machines are the costs of replacing parts and of repairs and maintenance.

This study aimed to develop models for estimating wood volume of individual trees for nine Cerrado species of Formosa, State of Goias, Brazil. Data were collected from 12 to 15 trees of nine species, representing the diametric classes amplitude of each species in the studying area. Trees were logged and measured and the volume was calculated by Smalian method. Seven mathematical models were tested to estimate the wood volume by species and total. The best model was selected through statistical parameters adjusted coefficient of determination, standard error of the estimate and graphical. distribution of residues. Hohenadl-Krenn (simple input) and Naslund modified (double input) presented the best results to estimate individual tree wood volume for nine studied species and also for all nine species together.

Bracantiga (Mimosa scabrella Benth) is a native leguminous specie from the south of Brazil, with great potential for commercial use. It can be used to recover degraded areas due to their fast growth, high adaptability and root nodule formation capacity. One alternative to reduce fertilization costs of seedlings production, are the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. The fluorescent group of Pseudomonas is common at several plant rhizosphere. The objective of this work was to assess the growth stimulus of fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates at bracatinga seedlings. The seeds were inoculated with three bacterial isolates (CBSAL14, CBSAL18 and CBSAL05), genetically identified as Pseudomonas sp. They were previously grown in 50 mL of Luria Bertani medium for 48 h and then the seeds were submerged for 30 min in the suspensions. Subsequently, they were sown in tubes containing sterilized commercial substrate and kept in greenhouse for five months. From 61 days after sowing, seedling height and stem diameter were measured monthly. The CBSAL14 and CBSAL18 isolates promoted promoted increase in growth of seedlings height of inoculated individuals compared to control, suggesting their potential use as plant growth promoters.

Eugenia involucrata é uma espécie florestal nativa do Brasil, com grande potencial para uso madeireiro, frutícola e medicinal. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de ácido naftalenoacético (ANA) e cinetina (CIN) na sua multiplicação in vitro. Foram testadas diferentes combinações de ANA e CIN. Após 90 dias de cultivo in vitro foi observada uma média geral de 1,19 gemas por explante, sendo que o maior número de brotos (1,33) e folhas (3,38) foram obtidos a 2 μM de ANA. Essa concentração de ANA é importante na multiplicação in vitro de E. involucrata, sendo dispensável sua associação com cinetina.

This study aimed to evaluate the edge effect based on the differences in tree functional traits (wood density, diameter, and height) on the edges of the Grumari restinga, Atlantic Forest, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. In the field, two edges were delimited: Banco Halles and Lagoa Feia. On each edge we selected trees with diameter ≥ 10 cm. Diameter and height were recorded for each tree and wood samples were collected. Wood density was obtained through the immersion method. To verify differences between edges through functional traits, t Student and Wilcoxon tests were applied. Pearson’s correlation was applied to verify relations between attributes. Additionally, tree aboveground biomass was estimated and the average between edges was compared. Only tree height showed local differences between edges (t 2.55; p 0.02). It was observed that the functional traits did not show a significant relation among each other. The Banco Halles presented bigger average stock of biomass (126.48 ± 71.14 kg) than Lagoa Feia (71.5 ± 40.67 kg). This study suggests that the variation of the functional traits can be affected by edge effects, even in edges of the same remnant with different disturbance and occupation histories.

Cydianerus latruncularius Perty (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were observed associated with trumpet trees (Handroanthus spp.) in Brasília, Brazil, in 2019. To contribute with information about their habits and damage, 15 trees (Handroanthus impetiginosus = 7, H. roseoalbus = 4, and Tabebuia rosea = 4) were evaluated and 31 individuals of C. latruncularius were captured, often found within or close to leaf rolls caused by the psyllid Trioza tabebuiae Burckhardt & Santana (Hemiptera: Triozidae). The damage caused by C. latruncularius consists of irregular injuries at the leaves’ edges. This is the first report of this beetle occurring on trumpet trees.

The present work aimed to characterize the horizontal structure of an area of primary Amazonian Forest and the spatial distribution of the species Goupia glabra (Aubl.), Qualea spp. and Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. through the analysis of the Kernel density, aiming to support the planning of forest management. The study area is located in Santa Carmem, microregion of Sinop, state of Mato Grosso (1,024 ha), where all individuals with a diameter of 1,30 m from the ground ≥ 30 cm were measured. The absolute and relative densities, frequencies and dominances were calculated, in addition to the importance and coverage value indices. Kernel density and species level dispersion analysis were obtained using the ArcGIS program. The area was classified by the Shannon index as low diversity and more than 50% of the species were classified with a tendency to cluster. Qualea spp. presented the highest values ​​for all analyzed parameters. It was observed that the highest concentration of individuals occurs in the diametric classes that can be exploited. The application of Kernel density appears as a promising tool for planning sustainable forest management, allowing the definition of preferential zones for sustainable exploitation.