RCAAP Repository

It is known that access to the written language mode is extremely important for the inclusion of individuals in grafocentics societies such as ours, however, we realized that mechanisms used in language teaching today still excludes the student in the teaching and learning process. To contribute with reflections in that field, this work presents the results of a survey that aims to reflect on the use of cohesive elements in the practice of textual production of a group of students belonging to a classroom of Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA). The study was conducted with students from ninth grade, fourth cycle of elementary school, belonging to a school municipal of Bayeux, Paraíba. Through this investigative process of qualitative, descriptive and interventionist nature, we promote the progress of these students, with regard to the acquisition of skills related to writing as a reflection on the use of cohesive elements, reviewing and rewriting texts. It was observed that the oral influence is a major reason that leads the student to confuse the use of the service system of written language. In the specific case of this study, the adversative conjunction “but” was misspelled as intensity adverb “more”. In this context, we understand that EJA students communicates and makes use of writing in their daily lives. They are, therefore, literate, however discredited because they don’t dominate the cultured language writing system, especially in relation to use of cohesive elements in the textual output. Considering such problems, we have developed writing activities, reflection and rewritten, emphasizing the importance of the written text area, working the inadequacies in order to provide learning to these students. The intervention proposal developed in the classroom was based on studies and proposals produced by Dolz, Noverraz and Schneuwly on didactic sequences and studies Gasparotto; Menegassi (2012) on the text rewritten. The work was built, taking also as reference studies by theorists such as Antunes (2003), Bagno (2010, 2013), Christiano and Silva (2005), Kleiman (2012), Kleiman and Sepulveda (2012), Koch and Elias (2014 ). Koch (2013) Marcuschi (2010), Neves (1990, 2004, 2010), Perini (2010), Possenti (1996), in addition to the PCNs and the textbook adopted by the school. Students advanced in understanding the idea of being more aware in the production of texts, not only when they are experiencing other levels of education, as well as the daily needs that emanate from the social use of writing practices.

This paper is a research, interventionist and applied, involving formal oral genres, which culminated in an opinion debate with students from 9th grade of a public school in Joao Pessoa (PB) on "Marijuana: Keep prohibition or decriminalize?". We assume that orality, particularly in formal situations, it is forgotten by the school, which compromises the integral formation of Portuguese-speaking students and therefore should be encouraged in the classroom. The main purpose of the procedure was equip students for responsible and critic production of oral texts, especially in the formal mode, teaching them to use the language in an appropriate manner, in all contexts. As an intervention parameter, we rely (with adjustments) in the model of didactic sequence by Dolz, Noverraz and Schneuwly (2004), taking into account strategies that enable students to understand and produce texts appropriate to the genre in question, considering its style, subject content and compositional structure (Bakhtin, 1997) and also had developed his argumentative skills. As theoretical support, we resort to Antunes (2003), Reyzábal (1999), Koch (2011) and Marcuschi (1997, 2007, 2010), that supported us in the understanding of oral language, reading, writing, oral genres and debate. Besides Preti (2004) and Ramos (1997), which contributed to the study of linguistic register and formal oral genres and Ribeiro (2009); Fiorin (2015) and Piglet (2011), dealing with concepts of argument, counter-argument and argumentative resources. Our analysis was based on comparing the first production (the theme homophobia) and the latter considered the work developed during the modules. It was possible to detect advances as the characterization by students of the genre of opinion debate, from the articulation of its three constituent elements and the formulation of points of linguistic view, semantics and articulated arguably, with the use of resources as the exemplification, the exposure facts and transitivity. At the end, we present a suggested teaching sequence on the gender opinion debate, based on our practice of the classroom.

This dissertation deals with the fundamentals of cosmopolitan right in Immanuel Kant’s philosophical thought. As, for Kant, without cosmopolitan law to guarantee peace among nations, it is not possible to guarantee rights even among individuals, and without a guarantee of the rights among individuals, there is no exercise of freedom, Kant’s interest in cosmopolitanism reveals itself linked to the project of the Enlightenment, a project he exposes in his booklet Answer the Question: What is Enlightenment? Grounding on concepts as freedom, legality, right, justice – which, according to Kant, have their foundations a priori on human reason, being therefore recognized as such by all human race – we will approach Kant’s analyses on a concept of right able to ensure endurable peace, founded in the cosmopolitan law. This research will follow Kant’s analyses of the connections between his concept of morals – to which Enlightenment’s project of freedom is bounded – and the problem of history and cosmopolitanism in his works on political philosophy and philosophy of law. In this course, we will be dealing with important concepts of Kant's philosophy of morals, on which are based his concepts relative to law, such as autonomy, heteronomy, freedom of the will, coercion, morality and legality. These concepts will give us elements to understand the bridge from the law among individuals within the state to the establishment of a universal right, or cosmopolitan law, among the nations, a bridge that should reveal what Kant means by his concept of progress of mankind defined as moral progress.

The library as a learning organization the educational role of developing skills in information on their servers, so that they are equipped with knowledge, skills and autonomy to search, access and use information in various learning situations. This consists of a challenge in the libraries belonging to the Federal Institutes of Education, because this display noticeably different complexity and purpose of the types of conventional libraries, such as school and university. Training education of users, much has been done to make the library a place of learning in recent decades, but there is still scientific studies apregoem that educational practices already adopted by other libraries are effective in this new library profile. Lack theoretical statements in the scientific literature to present this new librarian profile, active in the aforementioned organizational context, how important the educational project management combined with a learning organizational philosophy to the development of skills in information. The study is therefore proposed to investigate the relationship between the educational project development skills in information and the transformation of conventional library into a learning organization in the interdisciplinary theoretical and conceptual perspective of Social Sciences and Education. Methodologically the research is outlined as action research, qualitative and descriptive exploratory level. We used the techniques of literature search, document research, participant observation and organization categories to achieve the objectives outlined. The survey results make it possible to understand that the library of the Federal Institutes of Education, can be classified as a new type library for its intended purpose and should be called multilevel library, to cater for users of varying levels of education and training, a fact that differs from the established type library. To this end, it established a conceptual network of organization and articulation of categories, providing opportunities for the production of an educational project built from the descriptive study of a library of the campus of the Federal Institute of Paraíba Education, given the purpose of Professional Master's help the elucidation and improving organizational reality, from a scientific research. After all, an educational project template with the ability to be applied in various libraries of the Federal Professional Education Network, science and technology is unprecedented and promising. It concludes that the establishment of the educational project helps in the transformation of conventional library into a learning process library and the future implementation of the educational project, its monitoring and evaluation will reveal the possibilities and limitations of the process in relation to information regime.

Faced with a scenario in which knowledge has become essential for organizations, and considering the prospect that the organizational culture is strongly related to how an organization creates its knowledge, the present study aimed to analyze the possible associations between the elements the organizational culture of a federal organization of higher education, from the theoretical perspective of knowledge creation process. To accomplish this association, the design models of organizational culture Alves (1997), and the model of knowledge creation of Nonaka and Takeuchi (1997) were used. The participants were 69 technical and administrative staff and 67 serving teachers of the Humanities Center, Social and Agricultural (CCHSA) of the Federal University of Paraíba. A questionnaire on line was applied containing 16 questions related to the sets of cultural elements of Alves model. The collected data were analyzed quantitatively using the chi-square test and factor analysis. Qualitative analysis was performed by means of consultation documents and observation of the organizational environment. The results of the cultural elements pointed to the existence of a slow decision-making process, however rational and participatory, with emphasis on a hierarchical organizational structure. The leaders were considered tolerant of occurrence of deviance and technical flaws in the institution. Training and capacity building mechanisms were satisfactory only for the group of administrative staff. However, co-operation to obtain the knowledge was only emphasized to the group of teachers. Leaders were seen as reasonable people, and the importance given to the hierarchy was considered reasonable. All identified cultural elements were associated with one or more aspects of the process of knowledge creation, especially at enabling condition 'autonomy'. From the analysis, it was concluded that there is a significant association between organizational culture and the creation of knowledge in the research organization. This suggests that understanding this relationship can promote improvements in the quality of institutional management.

This work deals with the Training of Teachers for a proposal of Integral Education from the evaluation participatory, democratic and reflective able to develop a faculty prepared to holistically students. The Integral Education has been developed in our State as a public policy that ensures the human rights of children and adolescents, by turning the transdisciplinary knowledge, as ethics, Citizenship, Political and Health and not limited only to inform, but also to form citizens to be aware and critical. It is a Case Study of “Escola Internacional Cidade Viva”, private school institution locate in the city of Joao Pessoa that has as pillars education full-time, the bilingual teaching and Christian ethics. In this study we analyzed the assessment instrument developed with teachers, demonstrating knowledge and skills linked to the proposal of Integral education. In the process it was found that the participatory evaluation can be a democratic and an objective tool that allows the entire professional growth of faculty.

The current study investigates the marketing and endomarketing practices applied in the university libraries having the general objective to analyze the best marketing and endomarketing practices adopted by the university libraries in the scientific production of the National Seminar of University Libraries (SNBU) event, between 2008 and 2013. It is a descriptive-exploratory and bibliographical piece of research with quantitative and qualitative approach. It adopts the scientometry, a research tool that enables diagnosing the practices. In order to analyze data, it uses the research field, by means of scientific production existent in the Librarianship and Documentation conference proceedings, in which it was possible to collect the marketing and endomarketing practices. The obtained results allowed identifying the practices adopted in the university libraries; this provided the understanding in regard to the use of practices suggested by the literature as the best way to attract and please clients. In addition to this, the results highlighted that the university libraries are ready to cater to and please their clients, always seeking the technological innovation and the market competitiveness so as to become an active organism in society. The librarian, information manager and mediator, is aware of his or her role in the information society. It can be concluded that the marketing and endomarketing techniques, in which the practices are well defined and structured, by using the benchmarking, may lead the university library to conquer its place in society as well as to attain competitiveness in the present market and in the organizational environment.

The need for constant renewal organizations undertake to remain at the forefront of the dynamic demands of the market and society as well as the indispensable quest for expansion and business development have required practical approaches to foster creativity and to enable change, given that established processes to manage such objectives are not easily identified. By doing so, this organizational model facilitates the re-assessment the scope and proposal of each organization as a pathway to reinvention. Among numerous approaches, the Canvas method has been utilized by organizations with different sizes and backgrounds. It is presented as a model of renowned efficiency as it proposes not only structure but also a means to foment creative thinking, collaborative work, and the organization and its relationships as a whole. This study is aimed at the examination of the use of the Canvas methodology in promoting organizational planning and development within a managerial group focused on the service industry, food and trade. It takes into consideration concepts drawn from the literature regarding the perception of business professionals about the Canvas method and its application in aforementioned organizational context. This qualitative research study relied on observation and descriptive narrative and data derived from the review of documents and from interviews of managers and the consultant involved in the implementation of the methodology. The conclusion reveals that the implementation of the Canvas was successful as it made use of the original proposal developed by Professor Alexander Osterwalder. It also reveals that the successful implementation is the result of the strong entrepreneurship culture of the managers, of the advanced level of organizational maturity, of the favorable conjuncture, and of the approach with which the managers absorbed the methodology as a mental model.

The empirical study of this object are held in requalifications squares of the Historic Center of the city of João Pessoa. Therefore, shall be deemed to limit the geographic scope of tipping IPHAN established in 2007, covering thirteen squares, of which six will be used as sampling the "way of thinking" intervention required here in decades: 1980 to 2010. Thus highlight, in the first moment requalifications driven to Square São Francisco and Square Dom Adauto, between the decades from 1980 to 1990; then the Antenor Navarro Square, between 1990-2000, and finally, in 2000, the Square Rio Branco, Vidal de Negreiros and Venancio Neiva. The impact of each action on these public open spaces emphasizes not only the importance of each, but also highlights cases in which we believe that such systematic "way of thinking" historical heritage and with regard to interventions in Historic Centers.

Currently in Brazil, it can be see that the housing availability is not keeping up with population growth, and at that point, João Pessoa (Paraíba state, Brazil) is no different. As a solution to reduce the cost for housing and increase the number of buildings, their quality was sacrifice, by reducing the interior space, causing a distortion of the concept of minimal home, which gave users a major dissatisfaction factors: the lack of space, especially when it comes to social housing. In the search for solutions to this problem, spatial flexibility and adaptability comes as a way to provide the user a better quality of domestic space, more dynamic, so that housing can evolve and adapt to a diverse number of situations. Several development projects encouraging initiatives following this line of thought emerged around the world, among them the Solar Decathlon Europe, an international university competition that challenges collegiate teams to design, build and operate efficient prototype homes, with minimum dimensions and present strategies that overcome the space limitations. Therefore, this research aims the analysis of the application of flexibility and adaptability in architecture and highlight some guidelines of these aspects that can improve the interior’s quality of social housing, from Solar Decathlon Europe’s examples. For that presented a practical example of application in a housing typology of social interest in Joao Pessoa: the Gervásio Maia housing complex, built through a partnership between the Municipality of João Pessoa and the Federal Government, recognized in 2008 as a of the top ten housing projects in Brazil, but indicated as a bad example of architectural design reference for housing units in 2009. In this applied research, the methodological process adopted sought to conduct a thematic analysis of the collected material, in order to establish a relation between the collected data and what was intend to learn from the analysis. As expected result, it is believe to be leave a collaboration in the search for improvement of existing architectural problems in Social Interest Housing in Paraíba, using projective strategies more flexible and adaptable in particular to buildings already built.

The managers of cities have found it difficult to effectively manage the generation of civil construction waste (CCW) in order to solve the problem of irregular arrangements that compromise the quality of life of the population and cause serious environmental and health problems. For these reasons and due to housing growth driven by incentives from the Federal Government through the social program called Minha Casa Minha Vida (MCMV), the object of this study was to assess the generation of waste arising from civil construction of the popular buildings at two sites located in the neighborhood known as Gramame in the city of João Pessoa – PB, based on resolutions of the National Environment Council – CONAMA No. 307/2002 and No. 431/2011, and the National Policy of Solid Waste – PNRS (Law No. 12,305 of 2010). A qualitative and quantitative methodology was applied and had the following steps: Bibliographical Survey (survey, review and critical analysis of national and international literature); Documentary Research (visits to public administration, to companies that have implemented the land subdivisons Parque Sul II and Novo Milênio, and to companies that process the CCW); Field research (Interviews with questionnaires, Recognition of areas of study, Mapping and Quantification of CCW), Selection and Organization of Data and Analysis and Interpretation of Data. According to Law No. 11.176/07 from the city of João Pessoa, the CCW generated at the construction site should be segregated during execution of works. However, it was found that the waste is not subject to any kind of segregation. Based on the mapping done for three months in the land subdivisions, an average of fourteen points of irregular arrangement of CCW was found. According to the quantification in the foundation phase, the most discarded residue is sand (69%), and in the phase of structures, the most generated residue is the mortar (58%). Since the masonry, ceramic brick (42%) is the most discarded finishing step and the residue which is most generated is plaster (25%). Thus, this study aims to contribute to ensuring greater awareness of the problem presented by the generators and that a more efficient inspection by the appropriate agencies occurs. We propose measures to reduce waste, to reuse the CCW generated and to recycle the material at the building site. It also shows how design can influence the minimization of CCW.

The objective is to evaluate the environmental fragility and guidelines for environmental zoning (EZ) using geospatial analyses techniques in the Monteiro County, Paraíba State. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two different environmental fragility methodologies to use the results to develop environmental zone classes within Brazilian semiarid region. The two methodologies used in this study were: (a) original purpose developed by Crepani et. al. (2008) and adapted to the local reality, in which it was analyzed the vulnerability to soil loss, its use and occupation, and the Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs); (b) adopted purpose of Crepani et. al. (2008), that instead of using the map of soil loss vulnerability, it was used the estimation of soil loss achieved from the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The map of soil loss vulnerability was achieved by algebra of maps related to the following themes: Geology, Geomorphology, Pedology, Land Use Cover, and Climatology. The estimative map of soil losses, using USLE, was achieved from the factors of rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, topographic and management, and conservation practices. As a result, two EZ maps were achieved. In both cases were identified ten types of indicated use, having one of them presented a higher percentage of Environmental Control area, which demands maintenance of both the existent vegetal cover and the quality of hydric sources; while another map has presented a higher percentage of Priority Preservation Area, which presents areas covered by vegetation of dense and preserved forest, but with high erosion degree. This research not only shows the city areas of higher environmental vulnerability, but also proves the importance of EZ to the control of soil use and occupation in an orderly and planned way. It is, then, government duty to elaborate, based on this study, its law to ordainment of territory. From this research it is possible to deepen the studies to create the Ecological-Economic Zoning (EEZ), which is concerned not only with the preservation, rehabilitation and recovery of environmental quality, but also with the social and economic development.

The negative impacts caused by the use of process and land use on the banks of rivers and floodplains have been deteriorating the water health conditions, the environment and effect on landscapes. In urban areas, in particular, it is observed the degradation of rivers and water quality and aquatic biota. The interest in restoring ecosystems of waterways, both in urban and rural areas, is expanding worldwide, especially in developed countries. Similarly, areas of occupation in the coastal zone, those which tend to larger and denser occupation, have been a main concern of many governments. Therefore, models of environmental assessment of rivers have been developed and refined to allow the diagnosis and the selection of river restoration actions. The German method, called Mapping and assessment methods for the structure of Waters, developed in Bavaria, is used to map the quality of watercourses structure as a measure of its ecological integrity and indicates whether it is capable of supporting the dynamic processes of its bed. For the coastal zone, the Orla project’s methodology, developed by the Ministry of Environment of Brazil, uses the landscape units as elements of analysis in terms of urban occupation and provides grants for landscape analysis beyond the river limits and may complement fluvial analysis. Both methodologies contribute to perform a broader diagnosis of the current situation of environmental degradation, and may indicate which stretches and landscape units would need intervention to seek restoration or rehabilitation of these areas. In this work, these models were used to map the quality of the riverbed structure concerning its morphology, including the dynamics of the main river and the dynamics of wetlands, and also the marginal areas of low Jaguaribe River in its bed in the municipalities of João Pessoa and Cabedelo, on the south coast of the state of Paraíba. The results showed stretches of the river ranging from a totally altered state to little changed, concerning the stretch and the side occupation of the river channel. The extended marginal areas were classified into three types A, B, C of the Orla project, showing conformity with the classification obtained from the river system.

The assessment of rainfall-runoff transformation mechanisms with high temporal resolution data has proven crucial to the improving of hydrological studies, by providing detailed knowledge and information about the properties and the characteristics of their main variables. This study aimed at assessing the influence of rainfall event definition criteria in determining the characteristics of hyetographs, as well as in investigating the hydrological relations of rainfall events and antecedent soil moisture with those of the runoff hydrograph, by means of statistical techniques, in experimental basins in Northeast Brazil. To this end, a portion of the data was acquired, in sub-hourly scale, from the databases maintained by the partners of the research since 2003 and the other one was monitored and taken along the hydrological year of 2013-2014 through frequent measurements, performing essays and data processing. Then, descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, exploratory data analysis, multivariate statistical techniques and multiple linear regression were carried out either for visual inspection or for statistical data investigation, in order to establish variation patterns and evaluate the association degree among variables. The first study revealed that the variation in minimum inter-event time criteria has reduced by almost 50% the number of events, and underestimated the average intensity of events by 4 times on average. The second study showed that the tropical coastal basin has approximately 4 times more events than those of semiarid, of which 6% of all events that remain unshaped, contribute to 38% of the total precipitation, and could be reduced by up to 97%, becoming mainly on unimodal events with peak to the left. The third study showed that soil moisture has a similar variation pattern up to 3 days in advance and exerts a significant influence, along with the precipitation and duration of rainfall events on both the runoff coefficient, the peak and the discharge of hydrographs; on the other hand, the principal component responsible for the peak and intensities of hyetographs was significant only on the runoff coefficient, which was, in turn, the best feature set for the multiple linear regression analysis, as it the coefficient of determination was 0.66. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of continuous and systematic hydro-climatological data monitoring for the experimental studies that may provide input to decision-making in water resources management measures.

Green areas of the city are occupied increasingly by buildings and waterproofing floors, and this implies lower quality in urban environments, since the effect of vegetation in these areas goes far beyond the landscape, it is responsible for purification air, moisture maintenance, thermal equilibrium, among other benefits. Given the lack of green space, and knowing that the roofs are in a significant percentage of impermeable areas, it is defended here the use of vegetated roofs, in order to increase the green of the cities and enjoy its benefits. An extensive green roof modular technology developed on a pre-molded cement, which uses the residue of footwear (EVA) was investigated here, from its conception to its evaluation. In the methodological procedures the following milestones have been met: module design (called block TEVA) and from mold to manufacture, experimental moldings with definition of proportions among the cementitious composite materials, green roof systems simulations, the modular system installation in real scale for plant development monitoring, and prototype scale to evaluate the thermal behavior and in four other types of coverage (exposed slab, ceramic roof, fiber cement roof, green roof with concrete blocks). Comparing the same prototypes, was also made an assessment of rainwater drained by different types of roof coverings. Based on the results it can be concluded that the module designed to be sometimes vegetated, sometimes be used as floor, has geometry, mechanical strength, lightness and water permeability suitable for the type of green roof proposed. The modules also allowed a good development of vegetation. A thermal evaluation confirmed that the green roof with TEVA modular blocks provided a better thermal balance and reduced indoor air temperature when compared with other types of coverage. The analysis of rainwater drained by different systems, modular green roof with TEVA block was also the one with the best performance, significantly reducing the volume of runoff.

In the industrial segment the comprehension of the characteristics of solid and liquid materials used as raw materials, whether dangerous or not, is key to their sustainable management in manufacturing products, knowing that the heterogeneity of the wastes generated limit their reuse. This work adressed the characterization of sludges and effluents derived from tests in the quality control department of a beneficiation of clays industry, aiming to present treatment and disposal alternatives in accordance with the National Policy on Solid Waste (PNRS). Analyses of pH, salinity, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), bulk density, moisture content and total solids (TS – fixed and volatile) were conducted. It was observed that the sludges had high load inorganic material (L1, L2, L4 and L5), being only the sludge L3 with high load volatile organic matter, due to the solvents present. From the characterization of wet sludge (“in natura”) and dried (dehydrated and calcinated) by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and IR spectroscopy, it was found that there was preservation of the typical character of clay and the presence of activating agent. According to BET analyses and point of zero charge (PZC), various sludges had low surface areas, indicating that there would be difficulty in applying them as an adsorbent for the removal of pollutants in wastewater, but they can be incorporated into cementitious materials and glasses. Moreover, sludge L3 can be indicated as a source of energy for coprocessing in cement industry. As for the effluents, tests for specific reuse of three effluents (E1, E3 and E5) were conducted, indicating preliminarily that each of them can be reused, either in the laboratory, as a fuel, or in the original process.

This dissertation examines the formation and the physical growth of Bairro dos Estados, a neighborhood located at João Pessoa, the capital city of Paraíba State, in Brazil, which in the 1970s and 1980s was the most preferred residential area for the local middle and upper class families. It aims at two main objectives: (a) to explain how the lands of the neighborhood were subdivided in order to create the streets, blocks and lots which constitute it today; and (b) to show how the blocks and lots were gradually occupied by buildings. The study that generate it was based mainly on the analysis of varied images – aerial photos, other photos, plans of the city and projects of allotments – and the main method used in it was the comparative one. The situations portrayed by images concerning the years 1976, 1989, 1998 and 2008 were compared. These are some essential facts of the history revealed by the research: the neighborhood had its origin in a street layout approved in the 1920s; part of this layout started to be occupied by houses in the end of the following decade; in the late 1960s only some small stretches of the neighborhood were not yet subdivided into blocks and lots; after 1970 numerous middle and upper class families settled down in the neighborhood, giving it a privileged status; in the late 1980s the neighborhood was already a consolidated urban tissue, with good infrastructure and few vacant lots, but it started to be rivaled by some burgeoning coastal neighborhoods; in the two following decades it experienced a loss of prestige and a certain stagnation; latterly, it regained a certain prestige thanks to the replacement of many of its houses by apartment towers, shops and office buildings. Being the first study on the neighborhood with the approach adopted here, this work aims to give a contribution to the understanding of the physical growth of the capital of Paraiba during the last nine decades.

This paper focuses on aspects related to the study of the risk of water bodies’ pollution of the Gramame river basin, ParaíbaState, around the upper and middle river Gramame’s course, upstream of Gramame-Mamuaba reserve. This study applied the Delphi method to assess the degree of pollution’s risk of superficial water in the Gramame river basin,it based on the vulnerability map of the study area prepared by Pedrosa (2008), and about the pollution sources detected from experts’ opinions. The research included georeferenced survey of sources’ pollution from previous studies in the basin, specific conversations with experts and local residents, and the making of the map’s risk contamination. The sequence of activities from application of the Delphi method occurs in three steps: step 1, based on previous studies in the Gramame river basin and through specific conversations with experts and local residents, the pollutant sources relatedwere identified at risk of contamination of water bodies the study area; step 2, the identified pollutant sources underwent assessment of these experts, the pollution potential for polluting source displayed, identified in the area; and, in step 3 we evaluated the contamination’s risk of each potential pollutant associated with the map of the vulnerability from area, where the pollution source is located. The risk contamination map’s risk was made from Delphi method results in the study area. The pollutant sources identified and mapped in the basin that supplies the Gramame-Mamuaba reserve presents pollution potential ranging from moderate to very high. This pollution potential when associated with the vulnerability of the area, indicating the risk of pollution of water bodies, which increases with the degree from this vulnerability. These results can be used in order to provide grant for departments responsible for water resources management and to control actions for problems identified through this study.

Over the years has being forged in Brazil, belief that this is a mixed nation, living with their diversity in perfect harmony in a racial democracy. However, when penetrate into race relations established in daily life and in institutions can be perceived disparities and inequalities, where minority groups are sidelined. Given these assumptions, the aim of this thesis is investigate racism in health care from users perception. To realize it was necessary to carry out two empirical studies. In the first study was done the adaptation and validation of Racial Discrimination Perception Scale Health - Versions Personnel and General. Locus Search: great João Pessoa. Participants: 214 adults. Instruments: Survey Biosociodemographic; Scale Perception of Racial Discrimination in Health - Personal version (EPDRS-VP); Scale Perception of Racial Discrimination in Health - General Version (EPDRS-VG). Analysis: descriptive statistics and measures of central tendency and dispersion and also those bivariate and multivariate like Exploratory Factor Analysis, Cronbach's alpha and MANOVA. Results: Both EPDRS-VP as the EPDRS VG-factor structure and had adequate internal consistency, α = 0.94 and α = 0.93, respectively, presenting appropriate psychometric standards. Seeking to understand racism in health context in many aspects, then proceeded to the second investigation, the validated scales were used as one of variables to investigate the social representations forged by the participants on the theme. Locus Search: João Pessoa. Participants: 30 adults. Criteria for inclusion in sample: (i) be more than 18 years; (ii) accept participate in the study, and (iii) be user of health services. Instruments: Free Association Test (FAT) with stimuli: health, racism, racism in health, health care and SUS; Biosociodemographic questionnaire; EPDRS-VP; EPDRS-VG. Analysis: the biosociodemographic questionnaire was submitted to descriptive and inferential statistics; The scales were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The data from the TALP underwent factorial correspondence analysis. The semi-structured interviews was analyzed using lexical analysis of content. Results: The analysis of social representations highlighted the polarization of speech around the affirmation/denial of racism in health context. Social insertion in activities related to racial issue and racial discrimination were perceived characteristic of speech that affirms the existence of racism in health, while the denial was linked to catholicism, white people and low perception of racial discrimination. The findings highlight the relevance to discuss racism in the health context. It is expected that the results may shed light on the existence of racism in health services and collaborate with actions related to the National Policy for Integral Attention to Health of the Black Population.

This study began in the discussion, based on Bakhtin (2003), Marcuschi (2005) and Bronckart (2003), about the terminology regarding the genres, expanding the question towards the genre newspaper cover, culminating, finally, in the focus of this research, the newspaper headline, in a compositional approach to the structure and discursive stylistic - our main goal - so we could move towards the specific objectives to expand and document the Portuguese research at the printed newspaper in Paraíba (on the raising of a corpus of 15 obituary themed headlines, published in the journal A União in the period related to the twentieth century to the present day), analyze the same corpus in graphic-compositional and stylistic aspects (in this discursive perspective) and watch – and register – changes that have occurred in this genre, as well as stays in order to verify whether the journalistic headline gender is a discursive tradition, pointing to confirm this hypothesis, given the verified stays under a diachronic perspective. The graphic-compositional analysis of the corpus is guided primarily by the theories of Gradim (2000) and Pellim (2009), while the stylistic analysis, as regards the persona management theory is based on Coupland (2001), as the stylization with the use of anaphora and “catáfora” in Kock (1991) and, about the management with the headlines in the case of the death theme, basically, this study is guided by Freud (2009), Cross (2008) Amaral (2007) and Timothy (2010).