RCAAP Repository

A procura incessante de novas ferramentas e técnicas de gestão como forma de solucionar dificuldades financeiras sem a perda do nível de qualidade esperado da população, tem sido uma constante nas instituições que prestam cuidados de saúde em todo o mundo. A empresarialização dos hospitais visa, essencialmente, a implementação e o aperfeiçoamento de instrumentos de gestão já amplamente utilizados no sector privado. Entre os referidos instrumentos de gestão, distinguimos o Balanced Scorecard (BSC), que tem tido um relevante foco de interesse para diversos tipos de organizações, incluindo as prestadoras de cuidados de saúde. Neste sentido, pretendemos com este trabalho analisar o âmbito da aplicação do BSC nas instituições prestadoras de cuidados de saúde, procurando, através da realização de um estudo de caso, desenvolver um esboço de um BSC num hospital EPE.

Abstract. Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) make software easy to use by providing the user with visual controls. Therefore, correctness of GUI’s code is essential to the correct execution of the overall software. Models can help in the evaluation of interactive applications by allowing designers to concentrate on its more important aspects. This paper describes our approach to reverse engineer an abstract model of a user interface directly from the GUI’s legacy code. We also present results from a case study. These results are encouraging and give evidence that the goal of reverse engineering user interfaces can be met with more work on this technique.

Actualmente é cada vez mais evidente a necessidade das empresas gerirem estrategicamente o seu desempenho, nomeadamente os seus custos. Assim, para além de conhecimentos e de uma visão estratégica, tornam-se necessários métodos que apoiem a tomada de decisão. Como tal, sugerimos a Gestão Estratégica de Custos (GEC) e o Balanced Scorecard (BSC) como o ponto de partida para o aumento das hipóteses de sucesso e de sobrevivência. Neste sentido, desenvolvemos um estudo empírico, consubstanciado num questionário, aplicado às 250 maiores empresas portuguesas, com o objectivo de averiguar qual o nível de conhecimento e utilização do BSC em Portugal, bem como a associação entre as perspectivas do BSC e a forma como as empresas gerem os seus custos. Os resultados sugerem que, apesar da maioria dos inquiridos conhecer o BSC, a sua utilização em Portugal é reduzida e que a relação entre as perspectivas do BSC e a GEC apresentou-se inconclusiva.

Os indicadores de gestão tradicionais têm apresentado várias limitações ao nível da avaliação do desempenho das empresas, sobretudo porque se centram essencialmente em indicadores financeiros orientados para o curto prazo, reflectindo-se, por isso, na facilidade da sua manipulação. Assim, torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de modelos de indicadores de gestão que traduzam todos os factores críticos de sucesso. Ora, o Balanced Scorecard (BSC) é precisamente um desses modelos, que procura favorecer a implementação da estratégia através da definição e seguimento de um conjunto de indicadores coerentes com a mesma. O referido modelo tem sido objecto de estudo em distintos países, o que se reflecte nas inúmeras publicações encontradas na literatura. Neste sentido, o objectivo deste trabalho é apresentar diversos estudos sobre a utilização do BSC, realizados em vários países, evidenciando o caso concreto de Portugal.

Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is recognized, both in the academic and business world, as one of the most powerful strategic management accounting tools. Thus, we launched in October 2004 a questionnaire survey applied to the 250 largest Portuguese companies aiming at observing the knowledge, use, and companies’ characteristics which are adopting this management instrument. Despite the majority of the companies inquired recognize BSC more as a strategic management tool than a performance valuation system, the results show that there is still a reduced and recent utilization of BSC in Portugal. Similarly to other countries Portugal is still in the initial state of BSC utilization. Our work has shown that the companies that use more BSC belong mainly to the secondary sector of industry. Nevertheless, unlike other studies, we did not get empirical evidence on the influence of variables such as geographical localization, dimension and internationalization, in the use and knowledge of BSC in Portugal.

Actualmente é cada vez mais evidente a necessidade das empresas gerirem estrategicamente o seu desempenho, nomeadamente os seus custos. Assim, para além de conhecimentos e de uma visão estratégica, tornam-se necessários métodos que apoiem a tomada de decisão. Como tal, sugerimos a Gestão Estratégica de Custos (GEC) e o Balanced Scorecard (BSC) como o ponto de partida para o aumento das hipóteses de sucesso e de sobrevivência. Neste sentido, desenvolvemos um estudo empírico, consubstanciado num questionário, aplicado às 250 maiores empresas portuguesas, com o objectivo de averiguar qual o nível de conhecimento e utilização do BSC em Portugal, bem como a associação entre as perspectivas do BSC e a forma como as empresas gerem os seus custos. Os resultados sugerem que, apesar da maioria dos inquiridos conhecer o BSC, a sua utilização em Portugal é reduzida e que a relação entre as perspectivas do BSC e a GEC apresentou-se inconclusiva.

Ao longo dos tempos têm-se registado transformações importantes nas organizações, derivadas das inovações tecnológicas, da globalização e das mudanças ocorridas no comportamento dos consumidores. Para sobreviver neste ambiente cada vez mais dinâmico e competitivo é fundamental a Gestão Estratégica de Custos (GEC) que deverá ser encarada como um processo de mudança em termos estruturais, comportamentais e culturais, na procura da melhoria contínua e na criação de valor para o cliente. A combinação equilibrada da análise da cadeia de valor, do posicionamento estratégico e das causas dos custos são as bases em que se fundamenta a GEC. Assim, no sentido de averiguarmos se as empresas portuguesas estão a gerir estrategicamente os seus custos e se integram esta gestão com outras ferramentas tão em voga nos dias de hoje, nomeadamente com o Balanced Scorecard (BSC), enviamos um questionário às 250 maiores empresas portuguesas. Os resultados revelam que as empresas portuguesas preocupam-se com a gestão dos seus custos de forma estratégica e que embora nem todas as empresas integrem o seu sistema de cálculo de custos com o BSC classificam-no como um pilar fundamental da GEC.

O Balanced Scorecard (BSC) aparece no panorama empresarial como uma poderosa ferramenta para enfrentar a forte concorrência. Tal constatação coloca a questão de sabermos se as empresas portuguesas estão a acompanhar esta evolução. Assim, no sentido de averiguarmos se conhecem e estão a adoptar o BSC, quais as principais motivações para a sua aplicação e como está a ser implementado, enviamos um questionário às 250 maiores empresas portuguesas. Os resultados revelam que embora exista um conhecimento elevado e correcto sobre esta ferramenta, a taxa de utilização é baixa e muito recente. À semelhança do registado em outros países, o BSC em Portugal ainda está numa fase inicial. O estudo revelou também que são essencialmente as empresas pertencentes ao sector secundário que mais utilizam o BSC. Não obstante, ao contrário de outros estudos, não obtivemos evidência empírica sobre a influência de variáveis como a localização geográfica, dimensão e internacionalização na utilização e conhecimento do BSC em Portugal.

Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is recognized, both in the academic and business world, as one of the most powerful strategic management accounting tools. Thus, we launched in October 2004 a questionnaire survey applied to the 250 largest Portuguese companies aiming at observing the knowledge, use, and companies’ characteristics which are adopting this management instrument. Despite the majority of the companies inquired recognize BSC more as a strategic management tool than a performance valuation system, the results show that there is still a reduced and recent utilization of BSC in Portugal. Similarly to other countries Portugal is still in the initial state of BSC utilization. Our work has shown that the companies that use more BSC belong mainly to the secondary sector of industry. Nevertheless, unlike other studies, we did not get empirical evidence on the influence of variables such as geographical localization, dimension and internationalization, in the use and knowledge of BSC in Portugal.

Over the last decade, software architecture emerged as a critical issue in Software Engineering. This encompassed a shift from traditional programming towards software development based on the deployment and assembly of independent components. The specification of both the overall systems structure and the interaction patterns between their components became a major concern for the working developer. Although a number of formalisms to express behaviour and to supply the indispensable calculational power to reason about designs, are available, the task of deriving architectural designs on top of popular component platforms has remained largely informal. This paper introduces a systematic approach to derive, from CCS behavioural specifications the corresponding architectural skeletons in the Microsoft .Net framework, in the form of executable C and Cω code. The prototyping process is fully supported by a specific tool developed in Haskell

More and more current software systems rely on non trivial coordination logic for combining autonomous services typically running on different platforms and often owned by different organizations. Often, however, coordination data is deeply entangled in the code and, therefore, difficult to isolate and analyse separately. COORDINSPECTOR is a software tool which combines slicing and program analysis techniques to isolate all coordination elements from the source code of an existing application. Such a reverse engineering process provides a clear view of the actually invoked services as well as of the orchestration patterns which bind them together. The tool analyses Common Intermediate Language (CIL) code, the native language of Microsoft .Net Framework. Therefore, the scope of application of COORDINSPECTOR is quite large: potentially any piece of code developed in any of the programming languages which compiles to the .Net Framework. The tool generates graphical representations of the coordination layer together and identifies the underlying business process orchestrations, rendering them as Orc specifications

Exposure to a novel environment triggers the response of several brain areas that regulate emotional behaviors. Here, we studied theta oscillations within the hippocampus (HPC)-amygdala (AMY)-medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) network in exploration of a novel environment and subsequent familiarization through repeated exposures to that same environment; in addition, we assessed how concomitant stress exposure could disrupt this activity and impair both behavioral processes. Local field potentials were simultaneously recorded from dorsal and ventral hippocampus (dHPC and vHPC respectively), basolateral amygdala (BLA) and mPFC in freely behaving rats while they were exposed to a novel environment, then repeatedly re-exposed over the course of 3 weeks to that same environment and, finally, on re-exposure to a novel unfamiliar environment. A longitudinal analysis of theta activity within this circuit revealed a reduction of vHPC and BLA theta power and vHPC-BLA theta coherence through familiarization which was correlated with a return to normal exploratory behavior in control rats. In contrast, a persistent over-activation of the same brain regions was observed in stressed rats that displayed impairments in novel exploration and familiarization processes. Importantly, we show that stress also affected intra-hippocampal synchrony and heightened the coherence between vHPC and BLA. In summary, we demonstrate that modulatory theta activity in the aforementioned circuit, namely in the vHPC and BLA, is correlated with the expression of anxiety in novelty-induced exploration and familiarization in both normal and pathological conditions.

A large and growing amount of software systems rely on non-trivial coordination logic for making use of third party services or components. Therefore, it is of outmost importance to understand and capture rigorously this continuously growing layer of coordination as this will make easier not only the veri cation of such systems with respect to their original speci cations, but also maintenance, further development, testing, deployment and integration. This paper introduces a method based on several program analysis techniques (namely, dependence graphs, program slicing, and graph pattern analysis) to extract coordination logic from legacy systems source code. This process is driven by a series of pre-de ned coordination patterns and captured by a special purpose graph structure from which coordination speci cations can be generated in a number of di erent formalisms

Current software development often relies on non-trivial coordination logic for combining autonomous services, eventually running on different platforms. As a rule, however, such a coordination layer is strongly woven within the application at source code level. Therefore, its precise identification becomes a major methodological (and technical) problem and a challenge to any program understanding or refactoring process. The approach introduced in this paper resorts to slicing techniques to extract coordination data from source code. Such data are captured in a specific dependency graph structure from which a coordination model can be recovered either in the form of an Orc specification or as a collection of code fragments corresponding to the identification of typical coordination patterns in the system. Tool support is also discussed

The integration and composition of software systems requires a good architectural design phase to speed up communications between (remote) components. However, during implementation phase, the code to coordinate such components often ends up mixed in the main business code. This leads to maintenance problems, raising the need for, on the one hand, separating the coordination code from the business code, and on the other hand, providing mechanisms for analysis and comprehension of the architectural decisions once made. In this context our aim is at developing a domain-specific language, CoordL, to describe typical coordination patterns. From our point of view, coordination patterns are abstractions, in a graph form, over the composition of coordination statements from the system code. These patterns would allow us to identify, by means of pattern-based graph search strategies, the code responsible for the coordination of the several components in a system. The recovering and separation of the architectural decisions for a better comprehension of the software is the main purpose of this pattern language

What sort of component coordination strategies emerge in a software integration process? How can such strategies be discovered and further analysed? How close are they to the coordination component of the envisaged architectural model which was supposed to guide the integration process? This paper introduces a framework in which such questions can be discussed and illustrates its use by describing part of a real case-study. The approach is based on a methodology which enables semi-automatic discovery of coordination patterns from source code, combining generalized slicing techniques and graph manipulation

Pectus excavatum is the most common congenital deformity of the anterior chest wall, in which several ribs and the sternum grow abnormally. Nowadays, the surgical correction is carried out in children and adults through Nuss technic. This technic has been shown to be safe with major drivers as cosmesis and the prevention of psychological problems and social stress. Nowadays, no application is known to predict the cosmetic outcome of the pectus excavatum surgical correction. Such tool could be used to help the surgeon and the patient in the moment of deciding the need for surgery correction. This work is a first step to predict postsurgical outcome in pectus excavatum surgery correction. Facing this goal, it was firstly determined a point cloud of the skin surface along the thoracic wall using Computed Tomography (before surgical correction) and the Polhemus FastSCAN (after the surgical correction). Then, a surface mesh was reconstructed from the two point clouds using a Radial Basis Function algorithm for further affine registration between the meshes. After registration, one studied the surgical correction influence area (SCIA) of the thoracic wall. This SCIA was used to train, test and validate artificial neural networks in order to predict the surgical outcome of pectus excavatum correction and to determine the degree of convergence of SCIA in different patients. Often, ANN did not converge to a satisfactory solution (each patient had its own deformity characteristics), thus invalidating the creation of a mathematical model capable of estimating, with satisfactory results, the postsurgical outcome

Cryptographic software development is a challenging eld: high performance must be achieved, while ensuring correctness and com- pliance with low-level security policies. CAO is a domain speci c language designed to assist development of cryptographic software. An important feature of this language is the design of a novel type system introducing native types such as prede ned sized vectors, matrices and bit strings, residue classes modulo an integer, nite elds and nite eld extensions, allowing for extensive static validation of source code. We present the formalisation, validation and implementation of this type system

In this paper we present a method for real-time detection and tracking of people in video captured by a depth camera. For each object to be assessed, an ordered sequence of values that represents the distances between its center of mass to the boundary points is calculated. The recognition is based on the analysis of the total distance value between the above sequence and some pre-defined human poses, after apply the Dynamic Time Warping. This similarity approach showed robust results in people detection.

Pectus excavatum is the most common congenital deformity of the anterior chest wall, in which an abnormal formation of the rib cage gives the chest a caved-in or sunken appearance. Today, the surgical correction of this deformity is carried out in children and adults through Nuss technic, which consists in the placement of a prosthetic bar under the sternum and over the ribs. Although this technique has been shown to be safe and reliable, not all patients have achieved adequate cosmetic outcome. This often leads to psychological problems and social stress, before and after the surgical correction. This paper targets this particular problem by presenting a method to predict the patient surgical outcome based on pre-surgical imagiologic information and chest skin dynamic modulation. The proposed approach uses the patient pre-surgical thoracic CT scan and anatomical-surgical references to perform a 3D segmentation of the left ribs, right ribs, sternum and skin. The technique encompasses three steps: a) approximation of the cartilages, between the ribs and the sternum, trough b-spline interpolation; b) a volumetric mass spring model that connects two layers - inner skin layer based on the outer pleura contour and the outer surface skin; and c) displacement of the sternum according to the prosthetic bar position. A dynamic model of the skin around the chest wall region was generated, capable of simulating the effect of the movement of the prosthetic bar along the sternum. The results were compared and validated with patient postsurgical skin surface acquired with Polhemus FastSCAN system