RCAAP Repository

Management systems standards (MSSs) have developed in an unprecedented manner in the last few years. These MSS cover a wide array of different disciplines, aims and activities of organisations. Also, organisations are populated with an enormous diversity of independent management systems (MSs). An integrated management system (IMS) tends to integrate some or all components of the business. Maximising their integration in one coherent and efficient MS is increasingly a strategic priority and constitutes an opportunity for businesses to be more competitive and consequently, promote its sustainable success. Those organisations that are quicker and more efficient in their integration and continuous improvement will have a competitive advantage in obtaining sustainable value in our global and competitive business world. Several scholars have proposed various theoretical approaches regarding the integration of management sub-systems, leading to the conclusion that there is no common practice for all organisations as they encompass different characteristics. One other author shows that several tangible and intangible gains for organisations, as well as to their internal and external stakeholders, are achieved with the integration of the individual standardised MSs. The purpose of this work was to conceive a model, Flexible, Integrator and Lean for IMSs, according to ISO 9001 for quality; ISO 14001 for environment and OHSAS 18001 for occupational health and safety (IMS–QES), that can be adapted and progressively assimilate other MSs, such as, SA 8000/ISO 26000 for social accountability, ISO 31000 for risk management and ISO/IEC 27001 for information security management, among others. The IMS–QES model was designed in the real environment of an industrial Portuguese small and medium enterprise, that over the years has been adopting, gradually, in whole or in part, individual MSSs. The developed model is based on a preliminary investigation conducted through a questionnaire. The strategy and research methods have taken into consideration the case study. Among the main findings of the survey we highlight: the creation of added value for the business through the elimination of several organisational wastes; the integrated management of the sustainability components; the elimination of conflicts between independent MS; dialogue with the main stakeholders and commitment to their ongoing satisfaction and increased contribution to the company’s competitiveness; and greater valorisation and motivation of employees as a result of the expansion of their skill base, actions and responsibilities, with their consequent empowerment. A set of key performance indicators (KPIs) constitute the support, in a perspective of business excellence, to the follow up of the organisation’s progress towards the vision and achievement of the defined objectives in the context of each component of the IMS model. The conceived model had many phases and the one presented in this work is the last required for the integration of quality, environment, safety and others individual standardised MSs. Globally, the investigation results, by themselves, justified and prioritised the conception of an IMS–QES model, to be implemented at the company where the investigation was conducted, but also a generic model of an IMS, which may be more flexible, integrator and lean as possible, potentiating the efficiency, added value both in the present and, fundamentally, for future.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the situation of Portuguese Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) concerning the certification of their Quality Management Systems (QMS), Environmental Management Systems (EMS) and Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (OHSMS), in their individually form, to identify benefits, drawbacks and difficulties associated with the certification process and to characterize the level of integration that has been achieved. This research was based on a survey carried out by the research team; it was administered to 46 Portuguese SMEs. Our sample comprised 20 firms (43%) from the Trade/Services activity sector, 17 (37%) from the Industrial sector, 5 (11%) from the Electricity/Telecommunications sector and 4 (9%) from the Construction area. All SMEs surveyed were certified according to the ISO 9001 (100%), a quarter of firms were certified according to the ISO 14001 (26.1%) and a few certified by OHSAS 18001 (15.2%). We undertook a multivariate cluster analysis, which enabled grouping variables into homogeneous groups or one or more common characteristics of the SMEs participating in the study. Results show that the main benefits that Portuguese SMEs have gained from the referred certifications have been, among others, an improvement of both their internal organization and external image. We also present the main difficulties in achieving certification. Overall, 7 of the Portuguese SMEs examined indicated that the main benefits of the IMS implementation management included costs reduction, increased employee training and easier compliance of legislation. The respective drawbacks and difficulties are also presented. Finally, we presented the main integrated items in the certified Portuguese SMEs we examined.

sem abstract

Na sequência de distintas pressões a que as organizações estão sujeitas, têm sido adoptadas, ao nível da gestão empresarial, novas pautas de conduta no que respeita ao ambiente, designadamente através da introdução de variáveis ambientais no seio do sistema de gestão global, dando origem a um novo conceito - o de gestão ambiental. A gestão ambiental levada a cabo pelas distintas organizações irá originar alterações substanciais ao nível das decisões empresariais no sentido de alcançar, de uma forma eficiente e eficaz, os princípios de desenvolvimento sustentável e de melhoria contínua da performance ambiental. Todavia, o êxito de tal intuito em muito dependerá do desenvolvimento de um conjunto de instrumentos que auxiliem o processo de tomada de decisão no âmbito da gestão ambiental. Assim, no âmbito da gestão interna é extremamente útil a incorporação das questões ambientais nos vários instrumentos de gestão, como sejam a análise do ciclo de vida, os sistemas baseados nas actividades, o benchmarking, o tableau de bord e o TQM. Neste trabalho procuramos analisar a possibilidade de adaptação de alguns desses instrumentos de gestão ao tratamento das questões ambientais, no sentido de melhorar a gestão e controlo das variáveis ambientais.

Within the development of motor vehicles, crash safety (e.g. occupant protection, pedestrian protection, low speed damageability), is one of the most important attributes. In order to be able to fulfill the increased requirements in the framework of shorter cycle times and rising pressure to reduce costs, car manufacturers keep intensifying the use of virtual development tools such as those in the domain of Computer Aided Engineering (CAE). For crash simulations, the explicit finite element method (FEM) is applied. The accuracy of the simulation process is highly dependent on the accuracy of the simulation model, including the midplane mesh. One of the roughest approximations typically made is the actual part thickness which, in reality, can vary locally. However, almost always a constant thickness value is defined throughout the entire part due to complexity reasons. On the other hand, for precise fracture analysis within FEM, the correct thickness consideration is one key enabler. Thus, availability of per element thickness information, which does not exist explicitly in the FEM model, can significantly contribute to an improved crash simulation quality, especially regarding fracture prediction. Even though the thickness is not explicitly available from the FEM model, it can be inferred from the original CAD geometric model through geometric calculations. This paper proposes and compares two thickness estimation algorithms based on ray tracing and nearest neighbour 3D range searches. A systematic quantitative analysis of the accuracy of both algorithms is presented, as well as a thorough identification of particular geometric arrangements under which their accuracy can be compared. These results enable the identification of each technique’s weaknesses and hint towards a new, integrated, approach to the problem that linearly combines the estimates produced by each algorithm.

Similarly to what has happened in other countries, since the early 1990s Portuguese companies have developed corporate environmental reporting practices in response to internal and external factors. This paper is based on empirical research directed to both the study of environmental reporting practices developed by Portuguese companies and the identification of the factors that explain the extent to which these companies disclose environmental information. This study focuses on the environmental disclosures made in the annual reports by a sample of 109 large firms operating in Portugal during the period 2002-04. Using the content analysis technique we have developed an index in order to assess the presence of the environmental disclosures in companies’ annual reports and their breadth. Based on the extant literature, several characteristics relating to firms’ attributes were selected and their influence on the level of environmental disclosure was tested empirically. The selected explanatory variables were firm size, industry membership, profitability, foreign ownership, quotation on the stock market and environmental certification. The results reveal that, in spite of the fact that the level of environmental information disclosed during the period 2002-04 is low, the extent of environmental disclosure has increased as well as the number of Portuguese companies that disclose environmental information. Moreover, the firm size and the fact that a company is listed on the stock market are positively related to the extent of environmental disclosure. This study adds to the international research on environmental disclosure by providing empirical data from a country, Portugal, where empirical evidence is still relatively unknown, extending the scope of the current understanding of the environmental reporting practices.

El presente trabajo tiene un doble objetivo: por un lado, analizar el grado en que una muestra de grandes empresas que operan en Portugal divulgan información medioambiental en sus informes anuales y su evolución durante el período 2002-2004 y, por otro, identificar los factores que influyen en dicho grado de divulgación, a través de un análisis univariante. A partir del análisis de contenido de los informes anuales, se elaboró un Índice de Divulgación Medioambiental (IDMA). Los resultados obtenidos indican que, si bien el valor medio del IDMA es relativamente bajo, éste ha evolucionado positivamente durante el período analizado. El análisis univariante ha permitido identificar la existencia de una asociación significativa entre el IDMA y las variables tamaño, cotización en bolsa, posesión de certificación medioambiental y pertenencia a un sector considerado “crítico”.

This work demonstrates that the theoretical framework of complex networks typically used to study systems such as social networks or the World Wide Web can be also applied to material science, allowing deeper understanding of fundamental physical relationships. In particular, through the application of the network theory to carbon nanotubes or vapour-grown carbon nanofiber composites, by mapping fillers to vertices and edges to the gap between fillers, the percolation threshold has been predicted and a formula that relates the composite conductance to the network disorder has been obtained. The theoretical arguments are validated by experimental results from the literature.

A model to simulate the conductivity of carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposites is presented. The proposed model is based on hopping between the fillers. A parameter related to the influence of the matrix in the overall composite conductivity is defined. It is demonstrated that increasing the aspect ratio of the fillers will increase the conductivity. Finally, it is demonstrated that the alignment of the filler rods parallel to the measurement direction results in higher conductivity values, in agreement with results from recent experimental work.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the process of organizational change undergone by a large Portuguese business group within the context of the environmental agenda and the role of accounting as a mechanism for change. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reports the results of a case study conducted between 2006 and 2009. Information was obtained from semi-structured interviews and secondary sources. Organizational changes were analyzed using Laughlin’s model in order to identify which category reflected most of the changes introduced to address environmental matters. Findings – This paper offers evidence that change is not a homogeneous phenomenon. Additionally, it confirms previous studies’ findings which found that accounting did not play a significant role in the process of organizational change within the context of the environmental agenda. Originality/value – This paper seeks to complement the research in this area by integrating observations from a case study into an existing model of levels of organizational change according to how a Portuguese business group incorporated environmental issues into its processes, policies and corporate culture.

The influence of the dispersion of vapor-grown carbon nanofibers (VGCNF) on the electrical properties of VGCNF/ Epoxy composites has been studied. A homogenous dispersion of the VGCNF does not imply better electrical properties. In fact, it is demonstrated that the most simple of the tested dispersion methods results in higher conductivity, since the presence of well-distributed nanofiber clusters appears to be a key factor for increasing composite conductivity.

Innovative Developments in Virtual and Physical Prototyping

The energy harvesting efficiency of electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride), its copolymer vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene and composites of the later with piezoelectric BaTiOon interdigitated electrodes has been investigated. Further, a study of the influence of the electrospinning processing parameters on the size and distribution of the composites fibers has been performed. It is found that the best energy harvesting performance is obtained for the pure poly(vinylidene fluoride) fibers, with power outputs up to 0.03 W and 25 W under low and high mechanical deformation. The copolymer and the composites show reduced power output due to increased mechanical stiffness. The obtained values, among the largest found in the literature, the easy processing and the low cost and robustness of the polymer, demonstrate the applicability of the developed system.

Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3,([PVDF]1−x/[PZT]x) composites of volume fractions x and (0–3) type connectivity were prepared in the form of thin films. PZT powders with average grain sizes of 0.2, 0.84, and 2.35 μm in different volume fraction of PZT up to 40 % were mixed with the polymeric matrix. The influence of the inorganic particle size and its content on the thermal degradation properties of the composites was then investigated by means of thermo-gravimetric analysis. It is observed that filler size affects more than filler concentration the degradation temperature and activation energy of the polymer. In the same way and due to their larger specific area, smaller particles leave larger solid residuals after the polymer degradation. The polymer degradation mechanism is not significantly modified by the presence of the inorganic fillers. On the other hand, an inhibition effect occurs due to the presence of the fillers, affecting particularly the activation energy of the process.

The success of artificial prosthetic replacements depends on the fixation of the artificial prosthetic component after being implanted in the thighbone. The materials for fixation are subject to mechanical stresses, which originate permanent deformations, incipient cracks and even fatigue fractures. This work shows the possibility of monitoring the mechanical stress over time in prosthesis. In this way, highly sensitive silicon thin-film piezoresistive sensors were developed attached to prosthesis and their results compared with commercial strain gauge sensors. Mechanical stress-strain experiments were performed in compressive mode, during 10,000 cycles. Experimental data was acquired at mechanical vibration frequencies of 0.5 Hz, 1 Hz and 5 Hz, and sent to a computer by means of a wireless link. The results show that there is a decrease in sensitivity of the thin-film silicon piezoresistive sensors when they are attached to the prosthesis, but this decrease does not compromise its monitoring performance. The sensitivity, compared to that of commercial strain gauges, is much larger due to their higher gauge factors (-23.5), when compared to the GFs of commercial sensors (2).

A melhoria do desempenho organizacional tem sido um dos principais objetivos das organizações. A procura da racionalização na gestão dos recursos e a necessidade de melhorar a qualidade dos produtos e serviços prestados motivaram a aplicação nas organizações públicas e privadas da ferramenta de Contabilidade de Gestão Balanced Scorecard (BSC) e do modelo de excelência EFQM (European Foundation for Quality Management). O EFQM e o BSC são dois modelos de gestão amplamente aceitos na gestão empresarial atual para alcançar a inovação, a aprendizagem e a melhoria contínua. Assim, este artigo tem como objetivo proporcionar algumas ideias acerca da importância do desenvolvimento de programas de gestão da qualidade total (TQM), destacando as principais características, as semelhanças e as diferenças entre os modelos BSC e EFQM, bem como apresentar um modelo de integração das duas filosofias de gestão.

La búsqueda incesante de nuevas herramientas y técnicas de gestión como forma de solucionar dificultades financieras sin la pérdida del nivel de calidad esperado de la población, ha sido una constante en las instituciones que prestan cuidados de salud en todo el mundo. La utilización de modernas técnicas de gestión, en particular del Cuadro de Mando Integral (CMI), en el control más eficaz de los costes y la mejora de la calidad y efectividad en los servicios prestados en el sector de la salud, tiene registrado un importante desarrollo en los últimos años. Así, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo proporcionar algunas ideas acerca de qué factores influyen en la aplicación del CMI en el sector sanitario, qué ventajas o inconvenientes proporciona su empleo, qué perspectivas son las más adecuadas, qué caracterizan a las organizaciones que lo adoptan, cuál el grado de conocimiento y utilización en los hospitales portugueses, así como qué causas de abandono o no implantación se identifican. Para averiguar si dichas organizaciones conocen y están a adoptar el CMI, hemos enviado un cuestionario a 61 hospitales portugueses, con una tasa de respuesta del 24,6%. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que aunque la mayoría de los encuestados conoce el CMI, su utilización en dichas organizaciones es muy reducida.

La creencia de que los modelos existentes para evaluación del desempeño empresarial eran obsoletos y podían llevar a las empresas a tomar decisiones erróneas llevaron al desarrollo de sistemas de información y control de gestión que reflejen la evolución de los factores clave de éxito de naturaleza no financiera y/o cualitativa, como es el caso del Cuadro de Mando Integral (CMI). El CMI es una de las herramientas de Contabilidad de Gestión más populares en la actualidad. Al mismo tiempo hay informes de altas tasas de fracaso lo que exige mirar con mayor detenimiento los retos y los principales problemas que distintas organizaciones privadas han encontrado en su implementación. En consecuencia, mismo después de más de dos décadas de existencia, y a pesar de las mejoras registradas en el modelo, se verifica en el ámbito empresarial y académico una continuidad de la inversión en proyectos de CMI. Así, con el objetivo de averiguar si las organizaciones portuguesas conocen y están a adoptar el CMI, hemos enviado un cuestionario a 549 organizaciones privadas, con una tasa de respuesta del 28,2%. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que aunque la mayoría de los encuestados conoce el CMI, su utilización en dichas organizaciones es reducida y muy reciente.

As últimas décadas são testemunho de mudanças dramáticas, transformando a concorrência da era industrial na concorrência da era da informação. A tomada de decisões baseada essencialmente em indicadores financeiros de caráter histórico revelou-se insuficiente para responder às necessidades da gestão. Dadas as limitações dos indicadores de gestão tradicionais para avaliar o desempenho das organizações, quer sejam públicas quer sejam privadas, é necessário o desenvolvimento de modelos de indicadores de gestão que traduzam todos os fatores críticos de êxito. Assim, distintos autores sugeriram novos sistemas de avaliação do desempenho e de gestão estratégica das organizações questionando a utilidade dos tradicionais sistemas de gestão. Entre esses modelos destacamos o Tableau de Bord e o Balanced Scorecard, apresentando as suas principais características, semelhanças e diferenças, no sentido de facilitar a sua implementação nas organizações.

La búsqueda de la racionalización en la gestión de los recursos públicos y la necesidad de mejorar la calidad de los servicios prestados, aspectos asociados al modelo de “Nueva Gestión Pública”, han motivado la aplicación en las entidades públicas de conceptos y prácticas desarrollados y utilizados previamente en el ámbito privado. En este sentido, varias entidades públicas y sin ánimo de lucro han manifestado particular interés en la implementación del Cuadro de Mando Integral (CMI). Este trabajo tiene como objetivo proporcionar algunas ideas acerca de la importancia, las características y las necesarias adaptaciones del CMI para su aplicación a organizaciones públicas y sin ánimo de lucro, así como averiguar si los ayuntamientos portugueses conocen y están a adoptar el CMI. En consecuencia, hemos enviado un cuestionario a los 308 ayuntamientos portugueses, con una tasa de respuesta del 32,5%. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que aunque la mayoría de los encuestados conoce el CMI, su utilización en dichas organizaciones es muy reducida.