RCAAP Repository

This paper focuses on some conceptional, practical and theoretical reflections on sustainable regional development in the context of extensive protected areas. It will be shown that in the course of the global debate on sustainability, protected areas with an integrative character are getting more and more significant. Three different categories of protected areas exist in Germany: natural parks, biosphere reserves and national parks. Transfrontier protected areas are the strength of Europe. The latest scientific discourse shows that in place of an unsophisticated way of thinking about ecology, a new kind of thinking trying to overcome the dichotomy of nature and culture is more and more attracting the notice. This change of perception has a deep impact on a purely nature-oriented sustainability, which especially applies to national parks in Germany. On the basis of an empirical study of the Bavarian Forest National Park, the opportunities and limits of integrative development strategies are identified by opposing the different interests of the affected actors and their contrary logic of economy and protection. It will be pointed out that the diverse perceptions of the actors are deeply constructivist and generate profound areas of conflict. These arising conflicts can just be minimised by an equal dialogue to solve the divergent interests. By elaborating the thesis of a “blocked change”, a socio-critical perspective is drawn on this blockade.

La pêche artisanale détient au Brésil un considérable poids économique et social, spécialement parmi les Etats du Nord et Nord-Est. L’article propose une analyse à l’échelle locale pour initier une réflexion sur le développement de la pêche artisanale. Le développement local est entendu et défendu ici comme solidaire ou alternatif, ou encore comme écodéveloppement. L’échelle locale se justifie car c’est au niveau du lieu que s’impriment les actions des divers acteurs et où se forme le locus de la solidarité organique. Dans le Pará et dans la Baie d’Iguape (Bahia), il existe des réserves extrativistas (resex) marines, principalement en aire de mangrove, bien qu’elles abritent aussi des écosystèmes de forêt de terre ferme, forêt inondée d’eau douce, fleuve, estuaire et zone maritime côtière. Dans les resex, les pêcheurs artisanaux exercent une activité très influencée par les aléas climatiques, même si le système de pêche (embarcation-instrumentstype de capture) peut amoindrir un peu les impacts en fonction du niveau de technologie. Mais, plus que le niveau technologique employé, le niveau socio- économique des pêcheurs est conditionné par la division du travail et par le degré d’organisation sociale. Dans le Pará, les resex possèdent déjà chacune une association d’usagers, outre les conseils, délibératifs et fiscaux, ce qui démontre un processus très dynamique de construction sociale. L’analyse comparative entreprise ici montre que sans un tissu social cohérent et sans appui gouvernemental de confiance, le processus de construction social avance à pas lents, comme l’illustre l’exemple de la resex Baie d’Iguape, dans l’Etat de Bahia. Dans le Pará, il reste encore beaucoup de défis à relever à la recherche de solutions économiquement plus rentables. On peut dire que le principal bénéfice obrtenu jusqu’à nos jours par les communautés extrativistes est l’augmentation de leur pouvoir de contestation politique.

We treat here about the Brazilian elections after the redemocratization and the voting rights conquest to all executive and legislatives posts and we discuss about the Geography contributions to analyze the electoral behavior. Political parties and candidates from different profiles hold diverse logics on theirs votes distribution, that occurs accordingly to theirs ideological spectrum position, echoing on theirs political action and electoral strategy. The geographical study of the votes socio-spatial differences permitted the understanding of the role of the place in the values formation and knowledge on the formation of the voters preferences, their relationship with the candidates territoriality, and an interpretation of the actual electoral dynamics.

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The Basin of the Corrente River is a significant example of the environmental problems of the western Baiano basins. The growing economic development in that area is causing conflicts related to the irrigation demand of water and generation of electricity, adding to these issues the processes of environmental degradation. The purpose of this study is to considerer aspects of the vulnerability of the Basin, which plans to offer subsidies to strategies for its revitalization and integration in the production process of the Basin of São Francisco River. The landscape units - UIPs of the Corrente River basin were classified according to their degree of environmental vulnerability of the model of Ecodinâmica of Tricart, measured through the use of geoprocessing, which has an integrated analysis of the landscape. The environmental risks identified are spread by UIPs, they are classified into different degrees of vulnerability, and they reflect the actions relating to the production of regional space. The program and development projects located in that area, both the public as the private power, had not considered the relations society/environment, insisting most of them by exploratory activities clearly, without the consideration of studies on the ability of sustainability of regional ecosystems.

O trabalho apresenta o resultado de estudos iniciais sobre a bacia hidrográfica do rio Passa Vaca, que se encontra com o Rio Jaguaribe na sua foz, localizada na orla Leste de Salvador, Bahia. Utiliza como método de interpretação espacial a análise morfométrica para obter os parâmetros físicos mais significativos da bacia e algumas características ambientais como, por exemplo, fatores do potencial ecológico e exploração biológica, entre outros. Analisa as formas das vertentes encontradas, as características geológicas, hídricas e morfológicas da área. Questiona, a partir das principais atividades socioeconômicas desenvolvidas no espaço geográfico estudado, os impactos evidenciados pela supressão da cobertura vegetal em toda a bacia e seus reflexos na degradação do manguezal localizado em seu estuário. Referencia-se numa estreita interação dinâmica com as atividades socioeconômicas desenvolvidas no interior do recorte estudado, para identificar as modificações fisiográficas da paisagem do curso do rio e de seus tributários.

This research had identified the main factors which influenced the changes of the land use in the localities along of the Mogi Guaçu’s drainage basin between 1979 and 2001. This area is located in a strategic geographical region and has an important role for agricultural production the sugar cane at the state, national and international levels. Our study have followed three steps, the first one elaborated a database with the results of the Shift-Share model applied to the statistic data, collected from the Annual Agricultural Production Report in Municipal Scale, by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The second step have consisted in elaborating a Spatial Database with the multitemporal analysis of the land use in agricultural areas of five localities inside the drainage basin studied (Barrinha, Dumont, Jaboticabal, Pitangueiras, Santa Lúcia and Sertãozinho using satellite images of LANDSAT 2-MSS (1981); LANDSAT 5-TM (1990) and LANDSAT 7-ETM+ (2001). The integration and comparison of the results was the third step of this research, making possible the analysis of land use changes and agricultural production for the studied drainage basin. The results had evidenced that the Shift-share model and geoprocessing are complementary. In the study area the expansion of agricultural production occurred mainly by the substitution of smaller fields of non-profitable agricultural crops by a large sugarcane cultivated area and also, by more intensive agricultural use of the land.

The PEMC is located in Bahia’s semi-arid region above a sediment plateau which reaches heights of 1000m. In this work, it was estabilished a methodology to morphological survey of the area and the mapping of the geomorphological habitats. In order to do this, it was used LANDSAT ETM+ scene clippings and Quickbird scene; and the MDT/SRTM-NASA, to the maps generation. The NDVI aimed vegetation density data, revealing itself very meaningful, most of all because it’s an area which presents strong semi-aridity, where during the dry season, occurs leaf biomass loss. The microbasins’s survey has identified the surfaces which have got a great level of rugosity which along with the other morphometric parameters, aimed the grade of relief’s dissection and the environmental isolation’s levels. This premise is supported on the fact that the fragmentation enlarges the complexity and the environmental heterogeneity levels. The results aimed the dissected pediplanos of the Morro do Chapéu’s formation as the most important habitat. It reaches the Isabel Dias and Carnaíbas, where predominates grotão woods, riparian forest and cave complexes, and the caatinga in the soils spots, which are a mosaic of plants formations with strong grade of primitivity, derived from environmental isolation produced by the relief’s fragmentation.

Cette étude sur la planification en aires de protection environnementale d’usage durable a comme espace d’expérience vécue la réserve extrativiste marine baie d’Iguape – BA. Avec des réflexions sur l’importance de l’éducation et du dialogue de savoirs à la lumière des phénoménologies existentielle et de l’imagination, de la théorie systémique et de la science de la cognition, sera discuté et analysé, à partir de la réalité d’une aire de protection environnementale, la nécessité de la dialogicité et du caractère communautaire et leurs implications en actions et projets politiques tournés vers le développement social et humain. Les populations traditionnelles et leurs savboirs ne sont pas objets d’étude ; ils en sont les sujets et leur univers cognitif qui es essentiel à la planification tout comme les sciences. Cet article essaye de contribuer aux questions qui engagent la discussion de la conservation de la nature et les stratégies adéquates pour sa matérialisation : une organisation sociale et politique viable pour penser l’autonomie politique et économie et la liverté sociale de la population de la réserve extrativiste.

This essay intends to analyse the different forms of social appropriation that derives from practices of home waste separation that occurs in the city of Salvador. Based on empirical evidences and on a dialectic argumentation between a conceptual triad (conceived, perceived and experienced spaces), the study conducted among residents and domestic workers in the area of Pituba (that accumulates experiences of official interventions that culminated with the implementation of Salvador Recicla Programme), unveils that the criterion utilized to define the geographic area where the programme took place, specially the levels of education, and high incomes/consumptions, does not present any technical consistence. The scientific investigation of how home waste is separated demonstrates that, in general terms, the high/medium classes with the highest levels of education developed a “limited appropriation” of the actions of the Program that, even though recognized by the conceived, does not become effective as an experience, but only as a perception. On the other hand, those with lower levels of education and income/consumption establishes an appropriation that even though it is not recognized by the conceived, assures on daily practices the incorporation of home waste separation as something experienced and not only perceived.

The intensification of the urbanization on the Modernity generated innumerable problems related to the quality and conditions of human life in the cities. Concerning the undeveloped countries these problems take greater magnitude that in the developed ones, generating considerable challenges to the socioenvironmental management of the urban areas. The problem of the quality of the water and the management of the hydrical resources appears as one of the most serious of the contemporary society, notably in countries as Brazil, whose urban rivers are highly degradeted. The association between the dangers, risks and socioenvironmental vulnerability, focused in the perspective of the interaction between the hydrical resources and the urban society, becomes very important, consisting the central approach of the present text. In this context, the question of the water scarcity in the Brazilian urban environment is analised and the problematic one is explored.

The climatic system is formed by a whole of highly dynamical elements which Interact with climate geographical factors, there being a permanent exchange of energy and interdependence. For study purpose, climatic analyses are organized according to a scale ranking, which on the geographic approach level particularly prioritizes the spatial point of several climatic environments. The focus on mesoscale intends to express the correlation level existent between dynamical and controlling aspects of climate, as well more suited techniques of inquiry for this scale level. This paper main purpose is setting forth some considerations about these points which still are relatively less discussed as compared to other Climatology study lines. At the end, a scale proposal for mesoclimates study is submitted and applied to the State of Bahia.

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Ces dernières années on a vu s’établir une importante littérature académique et un discours politique qui mettent en valeur dans leurs discussions la relation entre le local et le global. Généralement le flux migratoire international représente l’exemple le plus important dans cette interaction, dont les réflexions se situent dans la sphère du global – ce flux étant conçu comme un point externe et distant de l’échèlle locale. Pour cet article on dévéloppe une analyse critique de cette question explicative au travers de deux arguments: 1) L’idée que le phénomène migratoire contemporain est trans-scalair en raison de sa caractéristique élémentaire: traverser et habiter des frontières nationales distinctes et la migration locale determine par des actions externes, ne sont pas suffisantes empiriquement pour concevoir une théorie relationelle entre le local et le global. 2) L’interaction entre le local et le global demande une analyse basée sur la notion historique des réseaux sociaux, dans laquelle des différentes temporalités, lieux et situations constituent l’espace social de la migration.

S In the face of global economic restructuring, culture-led regeneration and development has gained a key role in strategies to deal with the urban crisis. With city authorities competing globally to foster their cities’ images, public art programmes are increasingly touted as interventions capable of achieving a wide range of social and cultural outcomes, thus helping to provide a new economic base in postindustrial settings. As a consequence, urban theorists have come to discuss public art mainly in strategic or instrumental terms. It can be asked, however, whether such a perspective is suitable to engage with the self-concerned and idiosyncratic nature of much artistic practices. Against this background, this paper attempts at exploring the specific rationality of artists who engage with the urban realm. Departing from qualitative interviews with artists working in Scotland, the relationship between artistic perspectives, on the one hand, and expectations of city authorities, on the other hand, will be discussed. By doing so, a more circumspect understanding of public art in the context of urban development can be achieved.

The space clipping limited by this work is the hinterland of Bahia, specifically a place between Recôncavo and Chapada Diamantina, in mid Paraguaçu River called Orobó, where lays the city of Itaberaba (266 km distant from Salvador) which progression is analysed from farm to village, from village to town and later on having it’s intra-urban space condition qualified as a city.