RCAAP Repository

A field experiment was set in Piracicaba (SL:22º41'31" and LW: 47º38'01"), State of São Paulo, Brasil, in a soil classified as 'Terra Roxa Estruturada (Alfissol), Serie Luiz de Queiroz", in order to study: the growth rate of sesame plants; the concentration of macro nutrients in the different plant organs; the accumulation of macronutrients by the whole plant, and the exportation of macronutrients through the pods. Plants (4 replications) with 28, 40, 52, 64, 76, 88, 100, and 102 days from emergence were collected and divided into leaves, stems and pods. The material was dried at 80ºC and analysed for macronutrients. The results were as follows: at 112 days de maximum dry matter production obtained was 344.4 g per plant; the accumulation of dry matter by the leaves corresponds to a quadratic equation, while it is sigmoidal for the stems and linear for the pods; the accumulation of macronutrients was always higher in the leaves than in the stems, except for K; the concentration of macronutrients in the leaves, stems and pods occurred in the following order: Leaves: N(3-97%) >; K(3.60%) >; Ca(2.91%) >; P(0.54%) >; Mg (0.45%) >; S(0.30%). Stems: K(6.14%) >; N(1.48%) >; Ca(1.36%) >; Mg(0.42%) >; P (0.40%) >; S(0.22%). Pods: K(1.86%) >; N(1.61%) >; Ca(0.41%) >; P(0.40%) >; Mg (0.21%) >; S(0.20%). The total accumulation of macronutrients by the whole plant increased with aging until 112 days except for P and K in the leaves and Ca in the stems; the accumulation of macronutrients (mg) at the final growth stage was: N(5391.70) >; K(4075.26) >; Ca(2759.85) >; P(986.72) >; Mg (667.97) >; S(647.01)

Tendo-se como objetivo conhecer o comportamento nutricional da cultura de Gergelim (Sesamum indicum L.), instalou-se um ensaio no campo experimental do Departamento de Agricultura e Horticultura, da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" da Universidade de São Paulo, visando determinar as concentrações e acúmulo de micronutrientes pelo cultivar Venezuela em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento, e avaliar a exportação pela colheita. O experimento foi conduzido no decorrer do ano agrícola 1981/1982, num solo Terra Roxa Estruturada, Série Luiz de Queiroz. O delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente casualizado, com um cultivar, oito épocas de amostragem e quatro repetições. As primeiras amostras foram coletadas 28 dias após a emergência das plantulas (desbaste) e as demais em intervalos regulares de 12 dias, de tal maneira que sempre houvessem outras quatro competitivas na fileira. No material coletado (folha, caule e fruto), determinou-se os teores e acúmulo de micronutrientes, com exceção do molibdênio e cloro. Concluiu-se que: - a concentração dos micronutrientes foi sempre maior nas folhas do que nos caules; - a acumulação dos micronutrientes foi sempre maior nas folhas do que nos caules, com exceção do zinco; - a concentração dos micronutrientes nos órgãos amostrados, ocorreu na seguinte ordem: Folha: Fe(772,46ppm) >; Mn(311,83ppm) >; Zn(117,20ppm) >; B(95,33ppm) >; Cu(22,99 ppm). Caule: Fe(528,08ppm) >; Mn(148,41ppm) >; B (72,28ppm) >; Zn(65,09ppm) >; Cu(15,89 ppm). Fruto: Fe(282,24ppm) >; B(4104ppm) >; Mn (30,87ppm) >; Zn(22,04ppm) >; Cu(l6,33 ppm). - A acumulação total dos micronutrientes pela planta inteira foi crescente com a idade até os 112 dias, com exceção do B nas folhas e B e Fe nos caules; - a acumulação pela planta (mg/planta) foi em ordem decrescente: Fe(13M2) >; Mn(21,64) >; Zn(10,54) >; B(8,01) >; Cu(3,81); - a exportação através da colheita (mg/planta) foi em ordem decrescente: Fe(67J7) >; B(3,92) >; Mn(3,75) >; Zn (2,67) >; Cu(1,54).

Applications of (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammoniurn chloride (CCC), succinic acid - 2,2 - dimethylhydrazide (SADH), and water were done on seedlings of tomatoplants under field conditions. Sprays were carried out at 10 days and in some treatments repeated at 19 days after transplant. It was observed that SADH 3000 ppm reduced plant height and stem diameter. SADH 2000 ppm applied twice reduced stem diameter too. CCC 1500 ppm applied twice reduced tomatoes height. Treatment with CCC 1000 ppm applied twice showed a tendency to increase tomato production.

This paper deals with the rooting capacity of herbaceous cuttings of peach trees, cultivar 'Talismã, under mist conditions. The apical and subapical cuttings were treated with auxin (Rootone). The results showed that the application of Rootone was essential for root formation in the cuttings. Thus it was observed 64 and 49% of rooted cuttings respectively to apical and subapical types treated with auxin, while in the control treatments the results were 6 and 1% for the same types of cuttings.

The transport and the distribution of NO-3 and NH+4 ions were studied in a field with TE soil ("Terra Roxa Estruturada") when different doses of nitric and ammonium fertilizers were applied. The soil was sampled in 4 depths (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 6O-8O cm) and the concentrations of NO-3 ions were determined at each depth. NO-3 contents increased with the increase of soil depth and fertilization increased levels of N-NO-3/ha. The highest contents of NO-3 ion were found at 60-80 cm depth being 2.46; 3-72; 7.25 and 10.22 ppm for the fertilization of 50, 100, 200 and 400 kg/ha of N-NO3, respectively. On the other hand, the highest contents of NH+4 ion were found in the soil at 0-20 cm depth. At this depth, 5.42; 7.75; 7.43 and 9.26 ppm of NH+4 were found respectively when N-NH+4 rates of 50, 100, 200 and 400 kg/ha were applied. The "transport" of NH+4 ion was lesser than that of NO-3 ion even when the soil received high rates of N-NH+4.

This paper deals with studies, under field conditions, on the effects of the levels of nitric and ammonium fertilization on the production of fresh and dry matter, activity of nitrate reductase, total nitrogen and nitric concentrations in the vegetative parts and in the pulses. Two periods of sampling were adopted: a) at 90 days, for sampling of the vegetative parts; b) at the end of the vegetative cycle for grain sampling. In gene ral, the plants showed a better development with the N-NO-3 applications and better results in all the analisis fmass production, N-total, N-NO-3 and activity of NO-3, reductase), in the dry mass, fresh mass and grains,when compared with the same rates (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 kg/ha), applied in the N-NH+4 form. The ammonium fertilizer worked, whithin certain limits, as an inhibitor agent of the enzymatic activity, specially at the rates of 200 and 400 kg/ha of N-NH+4. All treatments increased the N-total in the dry mass, and specially in the grains, showing an increase in the yield, independent of the N form applied. In treatments with high rates of N, there was a too high increase of the nitrate in the grains, which is a warrying factor,since these contents surpass the security limits for the health of human beings.

This work presents the results of three experiments carried out in "cerrado" soil in order to check out the effects of liming on the contents of calcium plus magnesium of those soils. After the experimental period (5 years) soil samples were taken from depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-70 and 70-100 cm and the amounts of exchangeable calcium plus magnesium were determined. It was observed that the contents of the exchangeable cations mentioned above increase with the amount of 1ime applied. It was verified a pronounced penetration of calciumplus magnesium in the profiles of the soils, and this was more evident in the most sandy ones.

Continuando nossas observações nas folhas de plantas do parque da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", à procura de domácias, examinamos entre outras as folhas da espécie Annona muricata L. da família Annonaceae. É uma arvore que apresenta folhas inteiras, curto-pecioladas, oblongo-acuminadas, alternas dísticas, sem estípulas. Examinando suas folhas observamos que na face inferior de coloração verde claro, opaca, aparecem domáceas nas confluências das nervuras, sendo que na página superior de um verde mais escuro e brilhante, não aparecem tais estruturas.

The authors report the results of three experiments carried out in "cerrado" soils in order to check out the effects of liming on the pH values of those soils. After the experimental period (5 years), samples were taken from depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-70 and 70-100 cm for pH measurements. It was observed that the increase depended upon the ammount of lime applied and that such effect was only clear to 20-40 cm of depth; and also that the soil texture is very important: the finer it is, the larger is the quantity of lime to be applied.

Foi conduzido um ensaio de campo, em um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo (LVA), textura média, para avaliar o efeito de doses de nitrapirina (N-Serve 24E) e uréia na relação N-NH+4/N-NO-3 do solo, nos teores de N nas folhas, nos grãos de milho e na produção da cultura. Agradecemos aos Engºs Agrºs Miguel Manieiro e Hélio Prado, pela colaboração no estabelecimento do balanço hídrico e na classificação do solo, respectivamente. As doses utilizadas de nitrapirina foram 1, 2 e 3 kg/ha e as doses de nitrogênio foram 40 e 80 kg de N/ha. Verificou-se que: a associação de 3 kg de nitrapirina/ha com uréia aumentou a relação N-NH+4/N-NO-3 do solo e a produção de milho em grãos. Porém não houve variação nos teores de Ntotal nem nas folhas nem nos grãos.

A field experiment was carried out in a TE (Terra Roxa Estruturada) in order to evaluate the effects of urea associated or not with anitrification inhibitor on the soil N-NH4/N-NO3 ratio and on the wheat crop. Urea was applied at the rates corresponding to 0, 30, and 60 kg/ ha the nitrification inhibitor at the rates of 0; 0.75 and 1.50 kg/ha of nitrapyrin. Contents of soil N-NH4 and soil N-NO3 were determined 30 and 60 days after sowing. At harvest, grain yield was computed and grain nitrogen contents were determined for each treatment. It was observed that urea, without nitrification inhibitor, decreased the soil N-NH4/N-NO3 ratio. Association of urea with nitrapyrin reached this ratio until 30 days after the fertilizer application. Wheat did not respond to the association of urea with nitrapyrin. There was no effect of treatments on grain nitrogen content.

36 ppm of N, as ammonium sulphate or urea, was added to the latosol (LE) and podzolic (Pml) soils, with 0 1.2, 2.4and 4.8 ppm of nitrapyrin. The soils were incubated during 150 days at temperatures between 25ºC 30ºC and at field capacity. The NO-3 concentration and the effect of nitrapyrin on nitrification inhibition was estimated. It was observed that the soil NO-3 concentration decreased significantly when ammonium sulphate and urea were associated with nitrapyrin. This indicated that nitrapyrin inhibited the nitrification of ammonium sulphate as well as of urea and showed initially greater percentage of inhibition of nitrification in LE than Pml soil. The time of action of nitrapyrin in the soil passed beyond 150 days.

It was studied the behavior of coffee plants (Coffea arabica L. cv. Mundo Novo) originated from different environment conditions (shade, half shaded, unshaded and greenhouse) when submited to field conditions. It was realized evaluations on morphology, development, and biological productivity of coffee plants. It was verified nutrient levels, attack of insects and unfavourable effects of sun radiation on leaves. Plants originated from greenhouse and half shaded conditions showed higher growth. Higher number of branches were observed in plants from clarity conditions, and plants from more shaded conditions showed higher number of leaves by branch. Plants originated from shaded conditions showed a tendency of recuperation in field conditions. Coffee plants from half shaded conditions presented higher leaf dry weight tham plants originated from greenhouse. Both presented good adaptation in field conditions after 75 days. Stems and roots dry weith where heigher in coffee plants originated from greenhouse conditions. It was determined higher N levels in leaves of plants from unshaded conditions, and higher P and Ca levels in plants from half shaded conditions. Half shaded conditions promoted accumulation of Zn In coffee plants. Stems presented nutrient levels higher tham leaves, except for Zn and Cu. Plants originated from unshaded conditions showed higher Ca and S levels. Roots presented nutrient levels higher tham leaves except for Cu, Zn, and Mn. Data of infestation of leaves with Perileucoptera coffeella have pointed out a higher incidence in greenhouse conditions, cof fee plants in more shaded conditions showed lower incidence of the insect. Infestation of Coccus viridis presented higher incidence on plants originated from half shaded conditions. Coffee plants from unshaded and greenhouse conditions did not present sunburn spots on leaves, however plants from half shaded and shaded conditions where considerably danified. Shade affected the growth of coffee plants in function of its intensity and interaction with other biotics and abiotics factors of ecossistem.

In this work effects of plant regulators on cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. IAC-17 were studied, through growth analysis and productivity measures in plants subjected to different dosages of plant regulators applied at various stages of growth. To discover the growth, production and agronomic characteristics of the cotton plant and the technological characteristics of the fibers, under the effect of plant regulators, an experiment, under field conditions was carried out in Piracicaba (SP) on the 1978/79 crop. Cotton was treated with 84, 167 and 250 ppm DPC; 250, 350 and 450 ppm CCC and 1670, 3340 and 6680 ppm CEPA, at respectively 5, 65 and 143 days after germination. The results show that DPC and CCC tended to reduce plant height and crown diameter. DPC applications did not affect growth analysis parameters while 250 ppm CCC reduced foliar area and the" dry matter weight of cotton. The leaf area index was reduced during 28 days, with 250 ppm and 350 ppm applications; the lowest concentrations reduced the photosynthetic efficiency of the plants and the highest concentration of CEPA and CCC tended to reduce the number of boll number of seeds and wool weight. CCC 350 ppm apparently increased the average bool weight while CEPA 6680 ppm tended to reduce it. With each treatment the seed weight and fiber percentage sampled in 50 g of seed as well as the weight of seeds were not affected by CCC, DPC and CEPA applications. The technological characteristics of the fibers were not affected by plant regulators.

Com a finalidade de se obter o quadro sintomatológico das carências de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S e B, assim como os níveis analíticos correspondentes, mudas de colza foram cultivadas em vasos contendo sílica moída, irrigadas com solução completa e deficiente nos nutrientes. Foram descritos todos os sintomas de deficiência. Os níveis analíticos em folhas sadias e deficientes são: N- 2,04% - 0,70%; P- 0,40% - 0,10%; K- 1,17% - 0,10%; Ca - 1,20% - 0,13%; Mg- 0,70% - 0,11%; S- 0,49% - 0,42%; B- 71ppm-18ppm.

Ensaiou-se a enxertia por garfagem da uvaieira (Eugenia uvalha Camb.) sobre seedlings de mesma espécie através dos processos em inglês-complicado, meia-fenda e fenda-inteira e constatou-se pegamentos da ordem de 56,6; 45,5 e 52,2%, respectivamente. Os processos não diferiram entre si e a média geral foi de 51,4% de sucesso. A retirada da cobertura piástica que recobria os garfos, foi realizada 90 dias após a operação e resultou em perda de cerca de 14,3% dos enxertos dados como pegos naquela data. Considerou-se, pois, prematura essa retirada.

Fez-se a aplicação de giberelinas (50 e 100 ppm) e de clorofenoxipropionamida (250, 500 e 1000 ppm) sobre figos em vários estádios de desenvolvimento, de plantas podadas em dezembro, visando-se à produção de figos fora da época normal. Os resultados demostraram que as giberelinas a 50 ppm provocaram alongamento no comprimento dos figos. O tratamento com clorofenoxipropionamida (Fruitone CPA) a 1000 ppm resultou em frutos mais pesados, porém, estes valores não diferiram estatisticamente daqueles do tratamento controle. O peso médio dos figos foi de 50,0 gramas, para as primeiras oito semanas de colheita, período considerado no experimento.

This research deals with the effects of the application of three foliar fertilizers (Rhodia, Colombina and Wuxal)on growth and productivity of three beans cultivars (Carioca, Rosinha and Goiano), under greenhouse conditions. Plants growing in pots received three applications of the products at 10, 25 and 40 days after germination. Similar behavior was observed with the three cultivars. It was observed reduction in plant lenght treated with Wuxal, but no significant differences were found between the treatment with Rhodia 0,2 ml/l, Colombina 3 ml/l and Wuxal 2,5 ml/l on number of pods, number of seeds and seeds production.

Steers under a pasture and feedlot system receiving 3 different diets (treatments), in a complete randomized desing, were bled every 14 days for 6 months. The following concentrations; urea, 11.11 - 16.11 mg/dl; total protein, 5.92 - 6.32 g/dl; inorganic phosphorus, 6.24 - 7-11 mg/dl; calcium, 11.01 - 12.66 mg/dl in plasma, and hemoglobin, 10.14 - 10.55 g/dl in whole blood, were found in animals gaining weight.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito de tratamentos térmicos na atividade da polifenol oxidase e da paroxidade em algumas frutas e hortaliças, bem como estudar a possível regeneração dessas enzimas após apertização. Em termos gerais, nas frutas a polifenol oxidase apresentou maior resistência à inativação pelo calor que a peroxidase e no caso das hortaliças ocorreu o inverso. Quanto à regeneração das enzimas após apertização, o fenômeno foi constatado somente no caso da peroxidase que mostrou assim grande estabilidade às condições adversas durante aquele tratamento térmico. A polifenol oxidase por sua vez, demonstrou ser uma enzima muito sensível, não se regenerando durante o tempo em que os produtos ficaram armazenados.