RCAAP Repository

The objective of this work was to study the effect of SO2 and ascorbic acid on polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (PO) activities in some fruits and vegetables. For the fruits and vegetables PO, ascorbic acid was considered the best method of inactivat ion. On the other hand, for the fruits and vegetables PPO, SO2 was the most effective method, but did not control PO activi ty in almost all products studied. A combination of the two componds used (SO2 and ascorbic acid) seems to be the adequate method to control simultaneously both enzyme activities.

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) seeds of Santa Rosa and Víçoja cultivars were treated with Homai (Thiophanate-methyl 50% + Thiram 30%) and (Thiram 50%), prior to storage during six months, under two conditions: dry chamber (35% R.H.) and normal environment of the Seed La boratory of the Agriculture and Horticulture Department of "Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo, Brazil. Seed quality was evaluated at three - month interval by means the standard germination, first-count, accelerated aging an seedling emergence. It was found that fungicide treatment can be used to protect seed performance during storage, but better knowledge of Seed Pathology is necessary of accurate informations.

Thirty Holstein calves were used to study the viability of utilization of naturally fermented of formaldehyde preserved colostrum through intake, growth, feed conversion and scouring incidence. Calves were alloted in a completely random design at 4 days of age to 1) milk replacer diet; 2) naturally fermented colostrum; 3) formaldehyde preserved colostrum. All calves were offered add libitum, 18% crude protein calf stater and Pennisetum olandestinum hay (19,8% protein). Average daily intake, gain and feed conversion at weaning (35 days of age) for treatments 1, 2 and 3 were respectively 0.820 kg, 0.281 kg, 3.27; 0.796 kg, 0.396 kg, 2.23; 0.750 kg, 0.28A kg and 3-13. From weaning to 26 weeks of age, average daily gains were 0.655, 0.605 and 0.533 kg. Four calves scouring (diharrea) on mi 1k, replacer diet and two on each colostrum diet. Results indicated that both, naturally fermented and formaldehyde preserved colostrum are excellents substitutes feeds for whole milk or milk replacer. In spite of no significative difference between both colostrum feeding systems, naturally fermented colostrum seems to be more advantageous than formaldehyde preserved colostrum by presenting easy prepartion and best utilization.

Young plants of Allium schoenoprasum were cultivated in pots containing fine pure quartz. The plants we re, irrigated periodically with complete nutrition solution for 30 days after this period the plants were submited to solutions lacking one of the following elements - N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and B. After 35 days the plants exhibited malnutrition symptoms and where cutted near to the surface of the pots. The material was dried at 80°C and analyze for the elements. The plants were let to re-grown for another 43 days and submited to the same treatments. It was very dificult to recognize the malnutrition symptons for the different nutrients. The omission of N affected markedly the grow of the plants. Calcium deficiency and nitrogen deficiencies affected the leaves quality, besides the time of senescence. A population of 200,000 plants/ha contents 12.2 kg/n; 3.8 kg/P; 11.4 kg/K; 3.2 kg/Ca; 2.4 kg/Mg; 1.5 kg/s and 16.9 g/B.

The higher energy ration (nº 1) was the only one fullfed throughout the two 17-week periods of experiment (treatment 1). Cattle on the medium energy ration (nº 2) were switched to the lower energy ration (nº 3) after the first 17-week period (treatment 2). Cattle on treaty ment 3 had these same rations (nº 2 and 3) in an opposite order. All treatments were fed to an equal number of bulls, steers and heifers (a total of 36 animals). Bulls showed the highest gaining ability, heifers the lowest, and steers were intermediate. Treatment 1 gave the best results, followed by treatment 3. The results of treatment 2 were possibly favored by a slightly higher protein content or ration 3 (first period), and by a probable induced compensatory growth (second period). Bulls were significantly higher in PUN than steers and heifers, which were equivalent. Treatment 1 and 2 were similar and significantly lower than treatment 3. PUN increased rather consistently from the beginning to the end of the experiment. It seemed to reflect to adequacy of protein and, with more emphasis, of energy intake. PBI, contrary to the initial hypothesis, did not show significant differences either among sexes, or among ration treatments. There was a tendency to decrease as the experimental time increased; however, no correlation was found between PBI and PUN. Conclusions: The studied efficiency of feed utilization was 1) higher for bulls and lower for heifers; 2) proportional to the amount of energy fed (considering only the first period); 3) greater for treatment 3, probably due to a slightly higher protein content of ration 3 and a possible compensatory growth; 4) to some extent, reflected by the levels of Plasma Urea Nitrogen; 5) no correlated with plasma Protein Bound Iodine.

Coffee seedlings (Coffea arabica L.) cv. Mundo Novo showing a single pair of leaves were transplanted to pots containing 250 ml of soil. After 30 days, the pots received 600 second stage larvae and were transferred to different environmental conditions, namely a greenhouse, a constant temperature room and a coffee field. Roots collected every two days were stained and dissected for classification of the developmental stages of the nematodes found in. Results showed that Meloidogyne exigua was influenced by temperature, requiring from the penetration of pre-parasitic larvae to egg-laying female stage, 25.3 days at the mean temperature of 25.8°C in the greenhouse, 37.3 days at 22.1ºC in the room, and 38 days at 22.4°C in the coffee field. The minimum threshold temperature for development of this species was found to be 15°C in this experiment. The mean of 6,580 centigrade hours above 15°C was necessary for M. exigua to complete its development.

The present research aim to study the effects of liming on early plant development and nutrients concentration in the leaves of papya. The experiment was set out in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil. It is concluded that: (a) Liming with dolomitic lime promoted early papaya plant development; (b) liming in the hole before planting had no effect on early plant development; (c) lime spreading during soil preparation for planting had a higher influence on nutrient concentration of the leaves than liming in the hole; (d) on ionic competition between cation of Ca and Mg, the later was more effective.

It was studied the effects of the exchangeabl e Ca2+ and Mg2+, the cation exchange capacities and the saturation Index in basis over the zinc fixation by 30 soil samples, using the 65zn as a tracer element. It was found positive and significative correlation at 1% among the Zn fixation and the mentioned variables. The results, however, are not conclusives and the authors keep the oppinion that more experiments must be done in order to elucidate the subject.

The method known as sensitive crystallization was utilized to distinguish between types of milk. Three con centration of copper chloride were studied (0,1; 0,25and 0,5 g/plate) in combination with three types of milk (raw, B and C) each in three concentrations (0,01; 0,025 and 0,05 g/plate). All combinations for each milk type were prepared in triplicate. It was observed in these 27 possible combinations that milk had a definite modifying effect in the mode of formation of copper chloride crystals. The method was found to be sufficiently sensitive to distinguish between the types of milk studied particularly at the concentrations 0,05 : 0,5 and 0,025 : 0,5.

This work was undertaken to identify the presence of pathogenics and quality deteriorating microorganisms in some cheese (Prato, Minas Frescal and Provolone). Commercial samples were taken and analysed for: Total Count, Coliforms, Fecal Coliforms, Staphylococcus, Psychrotrophs, Thermophilics, Proteolytics, Lipolytics, Enterococci, Salmonella, and Molds and Yeasts. The fairly high Total Counts, Coliforms, Fecal Coliforms, Staphylococcus, S.aureus, Enterococci, Proteolytics, Lipolytics, Psychrotrophs, in most samples of dairy products analysed in this work and the presence of Salmonella in some of them, reaveled that they should all be rejected for people consuming once, most pathogenic microorganism counting are above those standards stablished by the "Comissão Nacional de Normas e Padrões pata Alimentos".

This work was undertaken to identify the presence of pathogenics and quality deteriorating microorganisms in powder milk (whole and skimmilk) and butter (salty and unsalty). Commercial samples were taken and analysed for: Total Count, Coliforms, Fecal Coliforms, Staphytococous, Psychrotrophs, Thermophilics, Proteolytics, Lipolytics, Enterococci, Salmonella, Molds and Yeasts and Aerobic Spore formes (only for the powder milk samples). The fairly high Total Counts, Coliforms, Fecal Coliforms, Staphylococcus, S. aureus, Enterococci, Proteolytics, Lipolytics, Psychrotrophs, in most samples of dairy products analysed in this work and the presence of Salmonella in some of them, reaveled that they should all be reject for people consuming, once, most pathogenic microorganism countings are above those standards stablished by the "Comissão Nacional de Normas e Padrões para Alimentos". The powder milk samples analysed were according to the Brazilian standards for pathogenies microorganisms .

The effect of growth regulators on the germination and initial development of sugar cane shoots submitted to high temperature treatment by the moist method was studied. The shoots were treated during 1 hour with indoleacetic´acid (IAA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50 and 100 ppm, with indolebutyric acid (IBA) at the concentrations of 10 and 25 ppm and with pure water (control). Immediately after the treatment, the shoots were planted in sand germinators. The results showed that treatment with IBA 10 ppm promote a tendency to induce germination and roots development. The root system development was not affected by other treatments, but the development of the aerial portion was adversely affected by NAA 100 ppm. The results showed that, after 60 days, the number of emerged shoots was significantly lower than that of the control in the plots treated with 100 ppm of NAA.

The experiment was carried out in pots using three clayish soils from the municipality of Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. The objective of this work was to obtain information on the decay of organic residue (corn culture trash applied at the proportion of 50 ton/ha) and the influence of nitrogen sulphate at the levels of 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N/ha on the added organic material rate of de cay. The experiment was installed at room conditions and protected from rain. The evaluation of the decay was made by determinations of the carbon content and of the C/N ratio of the soils during the incubation period (70 days). The samples were collected and analyzed weekly. The moisture of the soils was mantained at the level of 70% of the water retained at 1/3 atm. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The addition of mineral nitrogen in the soils accelerated the losses of carbon from the soils, showing a greater effect during the initial incubation period. 2) The addition of nitrogen affected the content of residual carbon in the final incubation period. Increasing levels of added nitrogen lowered the remaining carbon content in the soil at the end of the incubation period. 3) The addition of nitrogen affected the reaction of the C/N ratios in all the used soil. The treatments that received mineral nitrogen showed closer C/N ratios during the incubation period. The amount of mineral nitrogen applied was related to the narrowing speed of the values in the initial incubation period. 4) There is a strong indication that little increments of the total nitrogen (with peaks at the 28th day) are related to the addition of mineral nitrogen in all the soils. 5) The evolution of the carbon content and of the C/N ratios can be taken as parameters in the evaluation of the organic material rates of decay for the used soils and within an incubation period of 70 days.

Samples were collected from the litter covering a Dark-red Latosol, sandy phase, on which tree Pinus forests of varying ages were grown and from an adjacent area still under the native "cerrado" vegetation in Assis city, São Paulo State, Brazil. The Pinus stands were, Pinus elliottii (9, 14 and 19 years old), Pinus patula (19 years old) and Pinus taeda (19 years old). The litter accumulated under each vegetation was quantitatively determined as well as their respective ma cronutrient content. Amount of accumulated litter and total macronutrient content (kg/ha) were similar for all treatments, but nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium content {%) were higher in the litter under "cerrado"vegetation.

The experiment was done in order to evaluate the influence of GA3 on carrot flowering and seed production, at ESALQ, Piracicaba, Brazil. The treatments were 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm of GA3 and for each dosage, it was applied 1, 3 and 6 times, 7 days intervals, begining when top root reached, 1 cm of diameter. The results showed that GA3 may substitute flower induction by cold and seed production in all concentration studied. The best concentration of GA3 for seed production of "Denver" carrot was 100 ppm. Higher concentrations have induced plants with excessive vegetative growth.

No presente trabalho, foi estudado, em condições de casa de vegetação, o efeito dos reguladores vegetais cloreto (2-cloroetil) trimetilamônio (CCC), ácido succínico - 2,2-dimetilhidrazida (SADH) e ácido (2-cloroetil) fosfônico (CEPA), aplicados em plintulas, na produtividade do tomateiro (Lycopersicon esoulentum cv. Santa Cruz). O ensaio constou de sete tratamentos com dez repetições , inteiramente casualizados. Os tratamentos utilizados foram CCC em aplicação única e dupla na concentração de 1000 ppm; SADH em aplicação única e dupla na dosagem de 3000 ppm; CEPA em aplicação única e dupla na concentração de 300 ppm, além do controle. A primeira aplicação dos reguladores vegetais foi realizada 12 dias após o transplante e a segunda 20 dias. Para efeito de avaliação, foram determinadas a altura e diâmetro da planta, peso total e médio dos frutos, número de frutos e classificação dos mesmos. Foram efetuadas determinações de altura em quatro épocas diferentes e diâmetro em três. As mensurações, para todos tratamentos, foram realizadas 12, 23, 27 e 32 dias após o transplante, sendo que na primeira data somente a altura foi avaliada. Para a observação do florescimento foram realizadas contagens diárias, num período de 34 a 47 dias após o transplante, do número de flores abertas. Para análise de produção foram efetuadas sete solheitas aos 75, 82, 85, 89, 92, 98 e 106 dias após o transplante. Pela análise estatística dos dados pode-se concluir, para as condições do ensaio, que a aplicação dos reguladores vegetais não afetou a produção média e total dos frutos e a classificação desses, sendo que o tratamento SADH, aplicado duas vezes, reduziu o número de frutos em relação ao controle. O tratamento CEPA dose única, tendeu elevar a produção média e total dos frutos em relação ao controle. Para as condições do experimento, pode-se observar que todos reguladores vegetais reduziram significativamente a altura em relação ao controle, a partir da segunda data de coleta de dados, uma vez que a primeira foi realizada no sentido de observar a uniformidade na altura dos tratamentos. Quanto ao diâmetro, observou-se que o tratamento CCC, em dose dupla, reduziu significativamente este parâmetro com relação ao controle, uma semana após a primeira aplicação dos reguladores, o mesmo ocorrendo para o tratamento CCC, em dose única, após vinte dias.

Corms of second cycle from the following cultivars: Havaii, Snowprincess, Han Van Megeren, Alfred Nobel, Aristocrat, Happy End, and Rosa de Lima, were cultivated in 5 and 15 centimetre depth in dark red "latossol" of good fertility in ESALQ - Piracicaba - SP. The results were analysed as: quantity and average weight of corms and cormels; quantity and quality of stipe and spike floral. It was verified: The depth of 15 centimetre was the best. The depth of 5 centimetre causes excessive stumbling and it presented some advantages on the prodution of cormels. It is significant the difference of performance among the cultivars.

An experiment was carried out with 8 year old coffee plants, Mundo Novo variety, in order to study the effect of various concentrations of zinc sulfate (plus urea), split into different number of foliar applications, on yield and leaf composition. The highest yield, 1647 kg of clean coffee per ha (646 kg above the no zinc treatment) was reached when 9.4 kg of zinc, split into three sprays, was applied. This yield was associated to 21-25 ppm of Zn and with a ratio P/Zn equal to 70-90 in the leaves.

Two investigations were realized with pear leaf cuttings putted to rooting under mist. In the first investigation, apical and sub-apical cuttings were taken from the cultivars Seleta, Triunfo, Tenra and Le Conte. In the second, auxin was applied in apical and sub-apical cuttings taken from the Seleta cultivar. The results indicated the following: 1) 30, 60, 61 and 68% were the rooting average for Tenra, Seleta, Triunfo and Le Conte cultivars, respectively; 2) Apical cuttings results in 61% of rooting (26, 70, 72 and 78% to Tenra, Triunfo, Seleta and Le Conte cultivars), otherwise to the sub-apical cuttings were observed 48% of success (34, 50, 50 and 68% to 'Tenra', 'Seleta', 'Triunfo', and 'Le Conte', respectively); 3) The investigation with the Seleta cultivar confirmed the best efficiency in rooting of apical cuttings; 4) Application of auxin did not affect the percentage of rooting in leaf cuttings.

Aiming for 'Bourbon' mangoes cold storage, the fruits were submited to the following post-harvest treatments: 1) control, 2) immersion during 10' in water at 55°C, 3) immersion during 5' in Benomyl (0,025 a.i.) solution at 50ºC, 4) immersion during 5' in Benomyl (0,050 a.i.) solution at 50°C, 5) immersion during 5' in Benomyl (0,025 a.i.) solution at 55ºC, and 6) immersion during 5' in Benomyl (0,050 a.i.) solution at 55 C. All treatments except the control one, were effective on antracnose rot control. The soft rot was responsable for 44, 36, 20, 20, 4and 8% of rotted mangoes from the first to the sixth treatments respectively. The conclusion was that the higher temperature, plus Benomyl were the best post-harvest treatments for cold storage 'Bourbon' mangoes.