RCAAP Repository

This paper belongs to a series of articles about the 2,2'-dipyridyl ketoxime method for the espectrophotometric determination of cobalt. It presents a study on the extration procedure of the color compound formed by using chloroform or dichloromethane. It was established that the former is more efficient than the latter one. The region of maximum absorption of the color compound in chloroform is between 375 and 390 nm. On the other hand, 3.0 ml of the solvent, is sufficient for the extration of the water-soluble chelate obtained from 5.0 micrograms of cobalt, with a shaking time of 15 seconds. The color compound is stabile both in contact with the solutions (120 minutes) and after extration with chloroform (180 minutes).

This paper deals with theoretical considerations on the application of analytical method to uniaxial crystals. All the complicated calculation involved with biaxial crystals is reduced to a second degree equation. Each of its roots represents a possible position of the optical axis. Analytical determination is made, too, for the selection of one of the roots. The determination of total birefringence is studied. Its expression takes very simple analytical forms. It was concluded, finally, that the optical sign of the mineral is the same as the sign of its partial birefringence at the position φ = θ = ψ = 0.

A new and simple stereographic construction for locating the optical axis of uni-axial minerals in the universal stage is presented. Two angles are used: θ previously selected and rotated in the A4 (E-W) axis of the universal stage; and ψ, extinction angle measured in the stage of the microscope. The procedure suggests the elaboration of a table, based on θ ψ values.

Exogenous concentrations of bean seed extract prepared from seeds pretreated in aerated water, homogenized in Veliky and Martin's 67-V salt solution, filtered, and added to the culture medium at proper concentrations promote callus proliferation, root morphogenesis, and shoot morphogenesis in leaf explains of Phaseolus vulgaris var. Bico de Ouro. The activity of the bean seed factor is dependent upon the period of pretreatment in aerated water.

Estuda-se a seqüência de alteração mineralógica de um contato diabásio-folhelho no município de Piracicaba, SP. Toda a transição é acompanhada, desde o diabásio íntegro ate o folhclho inalterado. Algumas conclusões são fornecidas em caráter provisório.

As the usual process used to determine oil content of avocado pulp (Soshlet's extrator) is expensive and very slow, it becames important the knowledge of an quick and practical method of avaliation of the oil content of the pulp. In this paper we tried to find a possible correlation between the quantities of water and oil in the avocado pulp. The determination of water percentage in the pulp is easy and no expensive, and through of it probably we could determined the oil content. Whit this objective it was conducted an experiment in three ecologically different regions of São Paulo State - Brazil. In each region it was utilized three orchards and in each orchard it was selected five trees of 'Wagner', Trince' and 'Collinson' cultivars, picking up two fruits per tree and the set (ten fruits) was the sample per cultivar to be analysed. Harvestings were done in pre-determined time, aiming at the analysis of oil and water content of pulp of fruit, from it setting to maturation time. It was also accomplished analysis of samples of fruits kept to ripe till consumption point (soft pulp). It was observed that the evolution of pulp oil content of avocado processes slowly at begining, accentuating in the final of fruit development and inverse for water content. It was verified a correlation between increase of oil content and decrease of water pulp content. Relating such a fact, it was met a general regression equation, Y = 86,626 - 0,727 X, where Y = percentage of water and X = percentage of oil, with good adaptation to linear regression, as it proves its determination coeficient of 91.50%.

From material collected in different localities by Prof. Amilton Ferreira of the Rio Claro Faculty of Philosophy, three species of Orthoptera belonging to the family Tettigoniidae, subfamily Copiphorinae, considered new for the science were separated for being described in the present paper. These species are Neoconocephalus xiphophorus n.s. (Rio Claro, SP), Neoconocephalus precarius s.n. (Januária, MG), and Neoconocephalus rioclarensis s.n. (Rio Claro, SP). Types in the collection of the Department of Zoology of the ESALQ, Piracicaba.

1 - Tagged superphosphate was applied to 2.5 year old passion fruit plants from a commercial plantation established in a sandy loam. 2 - 100 grams of the fertilizer were distributed in the following ways: in a circular furrow 20 cm deep around the plant 40 cm from the stems; in a circular strip 10 cm wide, 40 cm from the stems; in six holes around the plants, 40 cm from the stems 20 cm deep, 2.5 cm in diameter. 3-10 grams of the fertilizer in 1 l of water were sprayed to the leaves. 4 - Three weeks after the treatments were made leaf samples were taken for analysis. 5 - Determinations of specific activities both in the leaves and in the fertilizer used have shown that P in the plant was derived from the superphosphate m the following relative proportions (by making the first treatment equal to 100): circular furrow = 100; circular strip = 120; holes = 30; foliar spray = 230.

O Instituto Agronômico de Campinas vem, há muitos anos, utilizando, nos seus ensaios de milho, reticulados quadrados com k² tratamentos em blocos de k + 1 parcelas, sendo a parcela extra de cada bloco cultivada com um cultivar padrão (variedade ou híbrido), não incluído entre os k² tratamentos originais. Conclui-se, pois, que esses delineamentos incluem k² + 1 tratamentos, em blocos de k + 1 parcelas. O presente trabalho deduz fórmulas para a análise da variância desses delineamentos, e para a estimação das médias ajustadas de tratamentos. Fórmulas para a variância de diversos contrastes são deduzidas. Finalmente, apresenta-se um exemplo, detalhadamente analisado, de um ensaio em reticulado quadrado com k² = 25, e 4 repetições ortogonais, instalado corn 26 cultivares, em blocos de 6 parcelas.

Six methods were tested comparatively for the evaluation of sorghum seed quality in an attempt to determine the efficiency of the different methods. The following methods were tested: standard germination, first count, speed of germination, ammonium chloride test, accelerated aging and seedling emergence. Results showed that among the tests performed, standard germination and first count were the least sensitive in the evaluation of the physiological condition of seeds. The ammonium chloride and speed of germination tests diferenciated more accurately the degree of deterioration of seeds.

A study was made on the effects of irrigation and fertilization on the yield, number, and size of potato tubers. Irrigation was based on the mean soil moisture tension of 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, 3.0 and 10.0 bars. Fertilizer in 40 kg/ha of N, and K(2)0 and 80 kg/ha of P2Os, being the dosis 1, 40-80-40 kg/ha, of N, P(2)0(5), and K2O, respectively. Better yields were achieved at soil moisture tensions lower than 1.0 bar and fertilizer dosis 3,4 and 5. There was no significant difference in the number of tubers among the treatment. A increase in the percentage of large tubers was observed in the treatments with soil moisture tension of 0.3, 0.6, and 1.0 bar and fertilizer dosis 4 and 5. On the other hand, a high percentage of small tubers were obtained at higher tensions (over 1.0 bar) and fertilizer dosis 1 and 2.

A method for the impregnation of soil samples with the polyester resin Polylite 8001, is described. The best combination of resin, solvent and catalyst was 70% of resin, 30% of styrene monomelic and 8 drops of methyl-ethyl-ketone peroxide per 100 ml of resin.

An experiment was realized to verify the value of fruit pressure tester in the determination of avocado maturation degree. It was utilized fruits of three ecologically different regions of São Paulo State, Brazil. From each region, three orchards were studied. It was selected five trees of 'Wagner', 'Prince' and 'Collinson' cultivars in each orchard. It was picked up two fruits of each three making a ten fruits set for each cultivar to be analysed. Harvestings were done in pre-determined time to analyse variations of fruit pulp toughness during its development from setting to maturation (ripening). It was observed a gradative increase of pulp tougness with fruit development utilizing fruit pressure testers, probably due to constant decreasing of pulp humidity. Althrough of different indexes for various stages of fruit development, these differences were not wide enough to gave a safe criterion of avocado maturation. But, there were better conditions of fruit pressure testers utilization for fruits produced in cooller regions where it can get wider indexes in various stages of fruit development. In early stage of fruit development it was evidenced in all tested cultivars differences between obtained indexes in all three studied regions, being higher indexes in warmer regions.

It was conducted an experiment to verify the evolution of oil in avocado pulp in three ecologically different regions of São Paulo State (Novo Horizonte, Limeira and Itapetininga). The purpose was to determine the suitable stage fruit crop for a higher industrial yield in oil production, In each region it was utilized three orchards and in each orchard it was selected five trees of "Wagner', 'Prince' and 'Collinson' cultivars, picking up two fruits per tree and the set (ten fruits) was the sample per cultivar to be analysed. Harvestings were done in pre-determined time, aiming at the analysis of fruit development, from it setting to maturation time. It was also accomplished analysis of samples kept to ripe till consumption point (soft pulp). From the studies it was verified that the regional climate influences fruiting cycle (from flowering to ripening) of avocado. Relating the regions studied at a given date, fruits presented different degree of physiological development hastening in hotter region and delaying in colder region. In the final stage of avocado maturation, it was verified an influence of climate upon pulp oil content. It is considered that the climate factor that influences oil content was probably temperature, determining higher contents in colder region. It was observed that the evolution of pulp oil content of avocado processes slowly at begining, accentuating in the final of fruit development. It was verified increase in pulp oil while the fruit was kept in the tree. It was not verified influence of soil characteristics, cultural practices and age of ochard upon pulp oil content of avocado.

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Foi realizado no Campo Experimental do Setor de Horticultura da ESALQ, Piracicaba - SP, um experimento com a finalidade de verificar o efeito do linuron, cloroxuron e clorobromuron no controle de plantas daninhas na cultura da cenoura cv. "Kuroda". Foram testadas as dosagens mínima e máxima recomendadas pelos produtores dos herbicidas, em pré e pós-emergência das plantas daninhas. O linuron, tanto em pré com em pós-emergência, foi o mais eficiente, e o clorobromuron também deu bons resultados. O menos eficiente foi o cloroxuron a 6 kg/ha (dosagem mínima). Os herbicidas não conseguiram impedir o desenvolvimento das plantas daninhas até o final da cultura, havendo necessidade de se aplicar, talvez, uma outra dosagem após 40 dias de semeadura de cenoura.

Foi realizado no Campo Experimental do Setor de Horticultura da ESALQ, Piracicaba, um experimento no sentido de verificar os efeitos de linuron, clorobromuron e cloroxuron sobre a cultura da cenoura. Foram testadas as dosagens mínima e máxima recomendadas pelos produtores dos herbicidas, em pré e pós-emergência das plantas daninhas. Os herbicidas não interferiram na parte aérea da cenoura. Em geral, os tratamentos em pré-emergência deram maior produção de parte aérea, raízes e raízes comerciáveis que os tratamentos em pós-emergência. Tanto o linuron como o clorobromuron deram bons resultados, sem interferir na produção, enquanto que a dosagem mínima de cloroxuron deu menos produção, devido ao pequeno controle das plantas daninhas.

The present work was carried out in order to study: a - the effect of omission and presence of P, K, Ca, Mg and S, on the growth of the plants; b - the amounts of P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, absorbed during the growth of the plants. Chrysanthemum plants were cultivated in pots containing pure quartz and received complet and deficient solutions in which each one of the macronutrients was omited. When the malnutrition symptoms appeared, the plants were harvested and their dry matter chemically analysed. The absorption of nutrients was studied with the plants cultivated under field conditions. Periodically, plants were harvested and analysed for each nutrient. The symptoms of deficiencies are discussed and the levels in each part of the plants are presented. A chrysanthemum plant absorbs the following quantities of nutrients: 231.24 mg P; 1,600.10 mg K; 269.32 mg Ca; 112.77 mg Mg; 90.95 mg S; 0.799 mg Cu; 116.45 mg Fe; 23.35 mg Mn; 14.42 mg Zn.

Hodiernamente, o estudo sobre o grão de polem tem alcançado importância muito grande. O tamanho e o contorno, o número e a posição dos sulcos, o número e a posição das aberturas, assim como, os detalhes na ornamentação da parede, principalmente da exina, constituem os principais caracteres morfológicos dos grãos de polem, que oferecem subsídios mormente à Taxonomia Vegetal. O material utilizado no presente trabalho, foi obtido da coleção de abacaxizeiros, pertencentes à Estação Experimental de Limeira-Cordeirópolis (SP). Objetivamos estudar comparativamente, a morfologia dos grãos de polem, provenientes de espécies diferentes. Utilizamo-nos de dois processos para obtenção de lâminas, para posteriores exames ao microscópio: método rápido e método da acetólise. Constatamos que, a maioria do material examinado ao microscópio, apresentou grãos de polem isolados, monoporados, com a exina reticulada, com sulcos longitudinais, de formas predominantemente esféricas ou ovóides. Muito embora trabalhássemos com material de espécies distintas, não houve diferenças morfológicas evidentes, nos grãos de polem examinados, tanto para o método não acetolítico (rápido) como para o método da acetólise.

This research was carried out with the main objective of studying the performance of cotton, rice and soybean seeds when treated with non-mercurial fungicides, by means of germination and vigor tests. The fungicides used were: Arasan (Thiram 75% i.a.), Panoctine (Guazatine 35% i.a.) and Terracoat (23.2% PCNB + 5,8% Terrazole). The dosage of the first product was 100 g/100 kg of seeds, whereas for the others two were 200, 400 and 600 cm³ of the commercial product/100 kg of seeds were utilized. Under the conditions of the experiment, the three dosages of Panoctine were toxic for rice seeds and the highest dosage of this product (600 cm³/100 kg) lowered cotton and soybean seed vigor. Arasan and Terracoat had no effect on germination and vigor of rice and soybean but had a beneficial effect on cotton seed vigor.