RCAAP Repository

Corn plants, Piranão variety, were grown in nutrient solution, complete and with omission of one macronutrient each time, in order to gain information on the effects of treatments on growth, symptoms of deficiency, and mineral composition of the leaves. The following symptoms of deficiency were obtained: Nitrogen -- plants underdeveloped; "V" shaped chlorosis beginning in the older leaves followed by drying and necrosis; Phosphorus - older leaves dark green with a purple hve; Potassium - plants underdeveloped; marginal chlorisis and necrosis in the older leaves; iron induced chlorosis in the younger leaves; Calcium - plants very underdeveloped due to death of apical merystem; younger leaves showing tip and marginal chlorosis and afterwards necrosis and break down of the tissue; wide whitish areas in the younger leaves; Magnesium - plants very underdeveloped; internerval chlorosis in older leaves first, proceeding to the young ones; Sulfur - absence of marked symptoms, except for a slight chlorosis in the younger leaves. Dry matter production obeyed the following decreasing order: Complete, minus S, minus P, minus K, minus Mg, minus N and minus Ca. Ears were obtained only in treatments complete and minus S. Top/root ratio decreased according to this order: minus S, complete, minus K, minus Mg, minus N, minus P and minus Ca. The macronutrient content for the treatment complete was the following respectively for lower and upper, leaves: N - 2.76 and 2.52%; P - 0.59 and 0.53%; K - 2.25 and 2.26%;Ca - 2.17 and 1.85;Mg - 0.82 and0.66;S - 0.38 and 0.32. The values of the element corresponding to each treatment were: N - 1.84 and 1.22 (that is: lower leaves in the minus N plants had 1 84% N, whereas the upper leaves in same treatment had 1.22% N; P - 0.14 and 0.17%; K - 0.29 and 0.78%; Ca - 0.29 and 0.05; Mg -0.09 and 0.05%; S- 0.31 and 0.26%.

Root-knot nematodes were found attacking Coffea spp. and also roots of a few weed species usually found in the coffee orchards in São Paulo. C. arabica cv. Catuaí, C. arabica cv. Mundo Novo, Timor Hybrid and a few plants of C. racemosa showed to be susceptible to Meloidogyne exigua. Roots of Ageratum conyzoides, Amaranthus viridis, Bidens pilosa, Coffea arabica cv. Mundo Novo, Coffea racemosa, Commelina virginica, Digitaria sanguinalis, Galinsoga parviflora, Gnaphalium spathulatum, Porophyllum ruderale, Portulaca oleracea, Pterocaulon virgatum and Solanum americanum were disfigured by M. incognita M. arenaria was found attacking roots of Eleusine indica and Gnaphalium spathulatum, and the presence of an unidentified Meloidogyne species was verified in roots of the following species: Vernonia ferruginea, C. arabica x C. canephora, Eupatorium pauciflorum, Coffea canephora cv. Kouillou, Coffea eugenioides, Coffea racemosa, Coffea stenophylla, Euphorbia pilullifera, Solanum americanum, Ageratum conyzoides, Phyllanthus corcovadensis, and Emilia sagittata.

Chomard's analytical method was applied to 13 plagioclases belonging to 7 twins. Twelve operations (φ, θ, ψ) were conducted for each individual specimen in each of their four extinction positions. These operations resulted from the combination of three values θ (15º, 30º and 45º) and four values for φ (45º, 135º, 225º and 315º). The values of ψ were the average of 8 determinations. A summarized version of the method is presented. A computer program was used to determine the values of 2V and the directions of the optical axes in 12 different ways for each specimen. The total number of operations resulted from the combination of each θ with all the C³4 possible combinations of φ. The resulting D was determined for each value of θ. The salient conclusion of this study is that previous works reported by the author on the subject are confirmed, i.e., the analytical method yields reliable results for. plagioclases; the results are at least as precise as those obtained by means of the conventional methods using, θ = 30º and φ as a multiple of 45º. In addition no advantage was found in using four extinction positions over using one chosen at random.

Os parâmetros propostos por Folk e Ward (SUGUIO, 1973), diâmetro médio (Mz), desvio padrão gráfico inclusivo (σI), assimetria gráfica inclusiva (SkI) e curtose gráfica (K G), são utilizados na caracterização granulométrica de 15 praias do litoral de Ubatuba, SP. Os resultados obtidos mostram que, em geral, essas praias são de granulação fina, com material bem selecionado. As curvas de distribuição de classes de freqüência têm, geralmente, assimetria negativa e são meso ou leptocúrticas.

The Eurler's formulas are derived from spherical triangles which were obtained from the stereographic representation of the φ, θ and ψ rotations. A example of its application is given for an arbitrary thin section of gypsum.

Studies were carried out to establish the effects of spray of polyethylene polysulfide (5%), oxyethylene docosanol (5%) and succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (2,000 ppm), in the growth of cotton 'IAC-RM3', under application of N-P-K (5:10:5) and irrigation with solution of NaCl - CaCl2 - MgCl2 (1.00:0.85:0.15). The antitranspirants promote increase in leaf area of cotton; and the growth retardant causes diminution in the leaf area in relation to check in salinity conditions. The chemicals promote increase in the dry weight in relation to check. The net assimilation rate and the relative growth rate were superior in the plots that received the chemicals in relation to check in salinity conditions. It was not verified differences between the plants treated with antitranspirants and the check in relation to the leaf area ratio; that parameter was inferior in the treatment with the growth retardant.

This work was carried out on. "mandi" (Pimelodus danas Bloch) a specie of catfish from Piracicaba river, in São Paulo State, Brazil, with the purpose of knowing its chemical composition and some informations of its nutritional value. The fishes picked out in June and July, showed the following composition of the edible part: moisture 72.02 g/100 g, protein 17.93 g/100 g, lipids 9.00 g/100 g, ash 1.12 g/100 g, calcium 94.13 mg/100 g, total phosphorus 550.15 mg/100 g, inorganic phosphorus 262.93 mg/100 g, iron 7.41 mg/100 g, sodium chloride 0.30 g/100 g, vitamin A 120.10 U.I./g lipids and pH 6.80. It was showed that each 100 g of the fish flesh can supply about 12% of total phosphorus, 69% of iron, 22% of vitamin A and 28% of the caloric daily needs.

This work was carried out on "mandi" (Pimelodus darias Bloch) a specie of catfish from Piracicaba river in São Paulo State, Brazil, with the purpose of knowing the influence of the fishing season on moisture, protein, lipids and ash contents of fish flesh, to select the best time to make preserves. The edible part of "mandi" was analysed monthly during a year and showed the following data: moisture 65.15 g/100 g, protein 17.92 g/100 g, lipids 15.51 g/100 g and ash 1.34 g/100 g. The lipids data permitted to classify "mandi" as a fatty fish and june and july were the elected months to pick out fishes for processing.

We studied the effects of gibberellic acid and 2-hydroxymethyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid on bunches of bananas cultivar 'Nanicâo'. Applications of several concentrations of the chemicals isolately or in combination, were realized in the total bunch or in the last two hands (clusters) of the bunch. The sprays were applied in the moment of development of the last hand of the bunch. The treatments do not change the following parameters: length of the medium fruit (finger) of the bunch, length of the medium fruit of the next to last hand, and the weight of fruits of the last two hands of the bunch.

Em condições de cultura rasteira, para industrialização, foi cultivado tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) processando-se amostragens periódicas, em cuja matéria seca se processaram análises químicas para macro e micronutrientes, com exceção de molibdênio. Observou-se que o desenvolvimento do tomateiro se intensifica a partir do florescimento e frutificação, que ocorre após 60 dias de idade, sendo o maior número de frutos formados entre 80 e 90 dias. Foi encontrado, no final do ciclo, uma relação estreita entre número de folhas e número de frutos, de 3 para 1. São apresentados teores dos nutrientes estudados, em vários órgãos da planta, em idades diferentes. Uma cultura (57.000 plantas/ha), extrai as seguintes quantidades: N-67 kg; P-4,76 kg; K-101 kg; Ca-24 kg; Mg-18,5 kg; S-5,3 kg; B-86 g; Cu-37 g; Fe-1353 g; Mn-393 g; Zn-119 g.

Fruits of Guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis) were chemically analized for N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, with the purpose to determine the amount of macronutrient uptaked and exported by "guaraná" fruits. Four composed samples of fruits were colected from two groves fertilized and two unfertilized. Nitrogen and K was the most absorbed elements by guaraná fruits. N and P was the most exported elements. The return to the soil of fruit pulp is recomended.

One experiment on the nutrition of guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis) were conducted in the State of Amazonas with the purpose of studying the effects of supply of nutrients in the fruit production. The objective was accomplished using commercial plantations located at four different sites, two of which were fertilized. Forty mature plants (25 years old, approximately) were considered in each site for experimental purposes. Soil, leaf and fruit samples were collected in each site and chemically analysed as to their nutrient content. Data on fruit production was also collected. No effect was observed in the fertilized sites as to fruit production and leaf macronutrient concentration. Correlations between leaf macronutrient concentration and fruit production indicated a limiting effect due to N, P, Ca and Mg. Calcium and magnesium leaf contents were considerably lower in the mature plant as compared to that of the seedlings.

The influence of three kinds of a different speacially mixed substrates, namely: (a) sand + loam + chicken manure; (b) sand + loam + cattle manure; and (c) sand + loam, and foliar application of water as needed and nutrient solution at 15 and 30 days intervals, in the nutrient extraction amount by seedling of guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke), were verified by means of a pot experiment, in Amazonas State. Nitrogen was most required, followed by K, Ca, Mg, P and S. In the cattle manure substrate the seedlings showed most nutrients extraction. The organic matter nutrient content, except N, were suficient for the seedlings nutrition.

One experiment on the nutrition of guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis Ducke) were conducted in the State of Amazonas, with the purpose of studying the effects of substrate and supply of nutrients in the growth and nutrient content of seedlings. The two objectives were attained by means of a pot experiment in which "guaraná" seedlings were grown in three different, specially mixed substrats, namely: (a) sand + loam + chicken manure; (b) sand + loam + cattle manure, and (c) sand + loam. The experimental unit consisted of ten seedling individually planted in plastic containers. Three of these units were prepared for each substrate and the seedlings growing in each received a foliar application of water as needed and nutrient solution at 15 and 30 days intervals, respectively. An extra unit was added, using sand + loam + nutrient solution as substrate, thus comprising ten treatments. Substrate and leaf chemical analysis were conducted to evaluate treatment effects. If was verified that the seedlings grown in the cattle manure substrate showed better than growth and balance of macronutrients when compared with the substrates which had no organic matter. The application of nutrient solution (foliar or mixed in) had no effect on the growth and macronutrient content of the seedlings leaves. Symptoms of nitrogen defficiency were observed in all treatments. Nutrient content of the leaves varied from the defficiencly level to that of 'luxury consumption".

This work was designed to study the effect of copper in the medium on growth and mineral composition of the coffee plant, bearing in mind the possibility of accumulation of toxic residues in the soil as a consequence of the treatments against rust. - Young plants of the varieties Mundo Novo and Catuaí were grown in nutrient solution in the presence of Cu concentrations from 0.02 to 200 ppm. Toxic effects were found to be darkening and cessation of root growth; wilt, necrosis and leaf drop; abnormalities in the epidermis, parenchyma and chloroplasts. The threshold level for copper toxicity in around 30 ppm in the leaves. Mundo Novo seems to be more sensitive to copper toxicity. - Under soil conditions it was found that the joint use of lime and stable manure eliminates the toxicity of an application of 200 ppm of copper.

- This paper deals initially with demographic, soil and crops characteristics of Latin America in an attempt to show the basic dilemma of producing food and fiber for a fast growing population, for the local industry, and for export. - Trends in fertilizer use are discussed next, the conclusion being drawn that in order to meet the requirements of soils and crops within the region relatively higher proportions of both P and K will be needed. - Actual needs of fertilizers were estimated by using different criteria and the possibilities of meeting them through local production and imports were touched upon. - Steps designed to bridge the technological gap between use and need were outlind briefly as items of a comprehensive policy.

Plantas de berinjela (Solanum melongena L. var. Híbrida F1, Piracicaba nº 100) foram cultivadas em vasos contendo sílica lavada. As plantas foram irrigadas com solução nutritiva purificada e submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: completo, omissão de B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo e Zn. Os sintomas de carência desses elementos foram identificados e descritos. Aquilatou-se a possibilidade de recuperação de plantas deficientes fornecendo-se o elemento. Finalmente, as plantas foram separadas em: raiz, caule superior e inferior, folhas velhas e novas, frutos, e analisadas para B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. A análise química das folhas afetadas pelas carências apresentou os seguintes valores (ppm): B- 48-71; Cu- 1-2; Fe- 169-204; Mn- .42-80; Zn- 37-38. Nas folhas sadias os valores foram (ppm): B- 70-82; Cu- 8; Fe- 192-283; Mn- 54-118; Zn- 52-54.

The aim of this paper was fo find out the principal mineral deficiencies of some soils of the region of Botucatu, State of São Paulo, using the corn microplots method. Each experiment had seven treatments: (1) complete fertilization (macro and micronutrients), (2) with omission of nitrogen, (3) with omission of phosphorus, (4) with emission of potassium, (5) with omission of sulphur, (6) with omission of micronutrients, (7) control. The results showed that phosphorus and nitrogen are limiting factors of the yellow red latossol, sandy phase, the dark red latossol and the regossol. Sulphur deficiency was also observed in the first two soils. Responses to potassium and nitrogen were obtained in the Hidromorphic Alluvial.

This paper deals with the occurrence of domatias in hybrids of Vitaceae family. The author found domatia in 34 of 60 hybrids studied The domatia found were of the types: "em touffe de poils" and "em pochette", types according to the CHEVALIER & CHESNAIS (1941). The leaves were examinated in both sides and in the junction of the blade with the petiole. This paper is the 4th about this subject.

Crystallization models of copper chloride obtained in the presence of bean seed extracts (P. vulgaris L.) are studied. The models obtained in 11 crystallization series, replicated 5 times, are described and compared. The sources of variation considered are as follows: 3 bean varieties (roxinho, pintado, preto), 2 origins (soils and nutrient solution), 2 extracting procedures (dry seeds and humid seeds) and 3 concentrations (0,05: 0,5; 0,025:0,5 and 0,025:0,75). The main conclusion is that copper chloride yields crystallization models that are specific and characteristic for bean seeds extract. The effects of variety and origin though less pronunced contribute to the appearance of some characters.