RCAAP Repository

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O trabalho "Breve Introdução ao Estudo das Leis Canónicas" divide-se em três partes. Na primeira parte procurámos dar noções gerais de Direito para nos embrenharmos, em seguida, pelas particularidades e conceitos do Direito Canónico como o Direito da Igreja Católica. Saber como se formou e desenvolveu o Direito Canónico através dos tempos são pontos importantes, não só para conhecermos a sua génese e a sua história mas também a influência que exerceu na vida social dos povos. Na segunda parte referimo-nos aos Cânones e às colecções de leis que foram surgindo, ao famoso Decreto de Graciano, colecção privada do século XIIque alcançou notoriedade no foro e nas escolas, ao Corpus Iuris Canonicipara a Igreja Latina e ao Syntagma Canonumpara a Igreja Grega, ao Código Pio-Beneditino de 1917 e aos actuais Códigos de Direito Canónico Codex Iuris Canonicide 1983 e Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientaliumde 1990. Na segunda parte fazemos um estudo mais pormenorizado do Código de Direito Canónico de 1983 sem, contudo, irmos além das suas normas gerais.

O trabalho "O Benefício Eclesiástico e a Côngrua" pretende ser um breve estudo do benefício eclesiástico e da côngrua como rendimento e remuneração dos clérigos que se dedicam ao ministério eclesiástico. Apresentamos o recurso do presbítero Guilherme Gonçalves Branco, para, com este exemplo prático, melhor se compreender o que era o benefício eclesiástico. Estava em causa o pároco ter ou não direito ao rendimento da capela de Santa Justa. Afinal, em 1911, e considerando uma lei de 14 de Setembro de 1890, foi-lhe negado provimento mantendo a aposentação sem esse benefício. Podemos ler a definição de Benefício eclesiástico no cânone 1409 do Código de Direito Canónico de 1917, que transcrevemos na explicação que procurámos desenvolver sobre esse rendimento. A Concordata de 1940 celebrada entre a Santa Sé e a República Portuguesa reconheceu os benefícios no foro civil. Após as reformas do Concílio Vaticano II, foi publicado o Código de Direito Canónico de 1983 que substitui o sistema beneficial nos termos do cânone 1272. No que se refere à Côngrua, para além de apresentarmos um recurso interposto de um Conselho de Distrito acerca da côngrua de um Pároco, referimos o decreto de 30 de Julho de 1832, o Decreto com força de lei de 20 de Abril de 1911, o § 2 do cânone 981 do Código de Direito Canónico de 1917 e os cânones 281 e 1274 do Código de Direito Canónico de 1983. O benefício eclesiástico e a côngrua foram caindo em desuso. Os Bispos preocupam-se hoje em remunerar condignamente os Párocos e, para isso, criam um fundo comum para o qual os fiéis devem contribuir consoante as suas possibilidades.

On 23rd. August 2012, Rodrigo Guedes de Carvalho, the journalist and editor of Jornal da Noite, broadcast by SIC, reported the news of an unusual ‘restoration’: that of a fresco, entitled Ecce Homoand painted by Elías García Martínez (1858-1934) in the Church of Our Lady of Mercy in Borja, by an octogenarian lady, Mrs. Cecilia Giménez. The national and international proportions attained by the media coverage of this incident encouraged us to share a few comments as an occasional observer of the contemporary cultural scene. In fact, despite the odd circumstances surrounding the episode, it reflects not only such timeless realities as the power of Faith and Art, but also the ways in which some present cultural practices regard and relate (to) them.

HippiasMinor is a Platonic dialogue, whose authenticity was often questioned because Socrates appears in it as an intelligent but unscrupulous man, who defends morally repulsive theses, while his main interlocutor, Hippias, whoin other texts is presented as a sophist, that teaches for money, tries to defend the ethical position usually attributed to Plato’s dear master. In this paper we present a brief review of current academic literature on the, so called, "mouthpiece theory". We question the assumption that Socrates is only and always Plato’s voice in his dialogues, differentiating dramatis personaestatements fromthe message the author, as "dramatist", tries to convey in this text, whose subject are the lessons of Homer'sheroic poetry. This paper includes an interpretative essay based on a new Portuguese translation from the dialogue, and explores the ironic dimension of the conversation between Socrates and Hippias, the apologist of poetry against the fallacies that lead to famous Socratic paradoxes.

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Portuguese economy relied on foreign investment as a factor of growth, but in recent years the latter has met with abnormally low values. The new legislation on the so-called Golden Visa, allowing the allocation of visas to foreign investors with special conditions and the possible attribution of nationality after five years, tries to attract foreign investment from non-European countries.

Political Right is a long established notion in specialized legal literature, but it needs to be rethought in order to provide answers to problems arising from human coexistence in complex contemporary democratic societies. Political Right is no longer limited to the definition of governing bodies and competencies. It is directed to political agents in general, both professional politicians and ordinary people, defining the conditions for their engagement in the political community. From an observation of the behavior of some political agents at national, European and international levels, the author asks in this article what are the foundations of a human coexistence that can ensure peace and the progress of nations. Starting from the origins of the expression "political right", the author goes further by questioning the meaning of law as a cultural reality in contemporary societies.

The Editorial starts with greetings to the readers and thanks to the Board of the Scientific Society and to the Blind Peer Reviewers. Afterwards the Editor delineates a panoramic view and makes a point of the situation of the magazine at the time of the publication of the 5th number and mentions the creation of an Advisory Board. As already stated in the 1st number, one of the objectives of Gaudium Sciendi is to spread the "the joy of knowing". It also intends to be a platform of sharing and publishing of scientific papers in the Internet, that result from research activities. Besides the master articles originating from different study areas, Gaudium Sciendi also publishes "Poetry", "Reviews", "Interviews" and "Letters to the Editor" which constitute some of the sections of the magazine. Having mentioned the advantages of the electronic over the printed version, the Editor ends up her text with a Call for Papers, a presentation of the different articles and a request to the members of the Scientific Society to collaborate with Gaudium Sciendi.

The concern of the early centuries of Christianity not only with the appearance of woman but also her chastity, virginity and celibacy is a very recurring theme in the so-called patristic literature, whose doctrine was based on a vision of theological and patriarchal jurisdiction committed to certain postures and attitudes tendentiously misogynistic that used to see the woman as prone ab origine to disguise and adulteration of her image created by God. In this primeval Christian perception of the female, Saint Jerome (c. 342-420) stands out as an author of a moralist discourse strongly religious which submits the chastity, virginity and celibacy mainly female to precepts and prescriptions theologically constituted. This article proposes to discuss the main rhetorical, ideological and political aspects of those Christian virtues advocated by the primitive Christian religion of Saint Jerome in his anti-celibacy treatise entitled Adversus Jovinianus (Against Jovinian) (c. 393), work which represents in a exemplar way the author’s thinking about the subject.

Sigmund Freud pioneered the exploration of the reality of unconscious instinctual drives that constitute the essence of the individual's personality and therefore of his behavior. Herbert Marcuse, basing himself primarily on Freud's theoretical conception, attempts in Eros and Civilization to both expose the existence and illustrate the workings of a capitalist civilization whose progress has been marked by domination and 'surplus-repression'. Theodor Adorno, however, in his essay Sociology and Psychology, argues that an attempt to derive the social totality in terms of the instinctual psychic personality is problematic, as this totality transcends the psyche and actually mediates it under its organization. In this paper we will contrast both approaches, based on some significant texts, and raise the problem of the method of Psychoanalysis and science in the social context of modern civilization. Our intention is to question the demarcation between philosophy and science in modern readings of Eros in Psychoanalysis.

Considering communication as a tool for the development and the wellbeing of a person, presupposes the existence of a reference framework, in which recognition and enhancing the work of each individual as a unique being, constitute a starting point and an objective for establishing a fitting relationship. Identifying the importance of the interface of behavior and language, the understanding of feelings and sentiments, in the process of a relationship, represents an indispensable platform for the construction of scenarios, conducive to a desirable human communication.

Into the Wild (1996) is an expansion of an article that Jon Krakauer wrote for Outside magazine about a young man named Chris McCandless. McCandless had strong ideals about rejecting society and communing with nature. This book presents a chronicle of the two years of Chris McCandless's life, from the time he left Emory University until his death. Enabling us to grasp reality, language plays the most important role in the conception and reinforcement of an ethos to better comprehend our relationship with nature. In Into the Wild, Krakauer demonstrates the dangers of using metaphors to represent Nature by retracing the steps of Christopher McCandless's journey to Alaska. In this article, we propose an analysis of Jon Krakauer's Into the Wild from an eco-critical point of view, intending to demonstrate how literature can be a catalyst of change for the current environmental crisis.