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The purpose of the investigation from which I give here the preliminary results is to study the influences of the Protestant ideas in the emergence of the ideology of emancipation and equality of gender in the XIX century in Portugal, taking as a example the action of a mixed English-Portuguese couple that comes from England to Portugal in the middle of the XIX century with new ideas concerning gender and religion. They believed in Stuart Mill and they were Protestants. They made proselytism, and explained and discussed their ideas in two magazines published under their direction - a hard task in a conservative and Catholic society. Were they successful in their mission, or were they marginalized? What kind of discrimination was used against them? Which gender standpoint can we view in their writings? What was their impact? These are some of the questions to be answered.

Nos nossos dias, tanto o número de professores que são celebridades na universidade e como o dos seus fãs tem aumentado em todo o mundo. Tal pode estar relacionado com a recente proliferação dos media que dão aos professores superstars uma fama imediata e efémera que fascina os seus estudantes devido ao facto de o culto da celebridade ser mais acentuado na juventude. Porém, ao olharmos para trás, vemos que recordamos mais os professores que nos transmitiam excelentes conhecimentos. Consciente de que, na nossa época de crise, necessitamos de modelos, seleccionei um professor português, um americano e um francês, que, nos séculos XX e XXI, nas áreas de Medicina, Literatura e Filosofia, mudaram e revolucionaram a universidade tendo, por isso, fãs e discípulos e merecendo serem considerados celebridades na universidade.

Breve artigo no qual se relata como Pio XII, em Agosto de 1942, mandou queimar o texto que escrevera para o L’Osservatore Romano, no qual protestava contra a eliminação de 40.000 judeus decidida pelos Alemães como represália contra a pastoral em que o episcopado holandês criticara a perseguição aos judeus. Gesto de enormes consequências.

This paper interrogates the role of art in helping the postmodern subject escape ideology from a Marxist perspective. It discusses the idea that the work of art can have the ability to produce a displacement of the viewer’s scopic regime and its conformity to the ‘real’ by creating a feeling of anxiety that generates the subject’s interpellation of the subjugating mechanisms of the ideological superstructure. As such the work of art would be a vehicle to the understanding of the mechanisms under which webs of power relations are built and to the deconstruction of the symbolic order. In escaping ideology itself, the work of art can be instrumental in challenging and ultimately refusing the ‘inhuman condition’ when the subject is determined by the fallacy of development as the ideology of the present time.

A vida de Carolina Beatriz Ângelo é motivo bastante para situar Portugal na frente dos movimentos emancipatórios femininos no mundo. Apesar de encontrar a morte com apenas 33 anos deixando órfã uma criança de 8 anos, inúmeros são os factos capazes de catapultarem Carolina para as primeiras páginas dos periódicos coevos como para os da actualidade. Tendo sido a primeira mulher a exercer cirurgia, numa época em que se podiam contar pelas mãos as que se haviam formado em medicina, outras razões levam a considerá-la primeira entre as primeiras. A este propósito é particularmente emblemático o dia 28 de Maio de 1911 em que se torna a primeira mulher da Europa do Sul a votar. Este artigo pretende evocar e trazer luz sobre alguns aspectos da sua vida.

Interweaving formalist concerns with the retrieval of conventional literary categories, Sudden Fiction, the anthology of “short short-stories” that hit the American literary scene in the late eighties, provides a good focus for the analysis of the genre’s sway between experimentalism and more conventional realistic strategies. These short pieces stand in heretical relationship to postmodernist metafiction and minimalism, engaged as both were in purging fiction from the so-called realistic attachments of character and plot; but the deviation from the postmodernist canon, it is argued, also returns the genre to the basic heretical condition to which it has been doomed by “the dream of the Great American Novel”. Women and other eccentric authors, for instances, often fictionalized exclusion by favoring the short story over the novel, co-opting a literary form that from the beginning had been peripheral to the celebrated longer fiction. In our own time, it is further argued, short story has, more than any other form, been able to encode the disparate fictional worlds of authors who, given their ethnic or racial circumstances and sexual orientation, have made use of the potential of this literary form to express their difference in face of dominant trends. The essay concludes by stressing the talent of the American short story to bring about change to more canonical forms, thereby asserting its genuine nature as a workshop for the art of fiction.

Natural law is the most ethereal of all the forms of law, because it is not adjustable to the writing of a code, is not even writable like any form of ethics, since it is based on the acceptance of a universality that comes before any written register of subjective thought. Writers of all times used natural law like any literary theme, but also as a kind of protection for the explanation of the theories defended in his works. In the literary field alone, natural law dominated the European Renaissance, particularly in England. We will concentrate our inquiry in this period and in-between Thomas More and William Shakespeare, without forgetting the classic inheritance. The concept of poetic justice will exceed the Renaissance literary debate on natural law and both will start a particular battle of ideas, but this is not the aim of my inquiry.

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The German versions of the Bible in comparison. Abstract: The various German translations of the Bible and their genesis along the history are presented. In the first place are mentioned the manuscripts and the Greek, Latin, Gothic, ancient English and German versions existing before the 15th Century. This is followed by an explanation of the role played by the Protestant Reformation of the Church in the 16th Century and the invention of printing with movable characters as reasons for the creation of new translations. The texts which were used in the translations are described, namely the masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible and some of the Septuaginta for the Old Testament and the critical edition by Erasmus of Rotterdam of the Textus Receptus for the New Testament. The translating work of Luther and the Zurich workshop and their respective context within the History of the Reformation are reported, as well as the importance of Luther’s translation as a model for the translation in other languages of countries, which followed the Lutheran Reformation. The German versions are compared with each other and with versions in other languages of countries following the Calvinist Reformation. The consequences of Luther’s version on the development of a German National identity are analysed. The main German translations presently used are quoted and briefly characterized.