RCAAP Repository

The present paper has the objective of verifying the variability of the values of the main biométrie relations used in the identification of Micropogon furnieri (Desmarest, 1822) Jordan, 1884 and also of verifying the possibilities that this relations could be used in the separation of the independent populations that live in the Uruguayan district of the Argentinian zoogeographic province and in the transition zone between this last one and the south Brazilian zoogeographic province. Three fishing areas were examined: area I - in between the latitudes of 29º30'S and 31º30'S, related to the mouth of the Tramandai River; area II - in between the latitudes of 31º30'S and 33º00'S, related to the mouth of the Grande River; area III - in between the latitudes of 35º00'S and 36º30'S, related to the mouth of the La Plata River. The conclusions resulting from the study are: 1 - The relations between the total length and any of the other elements (total weight, standard length, maximum height, head length, snout length, eye diameter and intestine length), with reference to the sex and fishing areas and inside the limits of total length variation from 34 to 60 cm, extremes included, do not allow the acceptance of the existence of independent populations in the different fishing areas; 2 - The relation total length/total weight, independent of the sex and fishing areas and inside the limits of total length variation from 34 to 60 cm, extremes included, shows and almost uniform increase of the total weight from 410 to 2,310 g; 3 - Independent of the sex and fishing areas, and inside the limits of the total length variation from 34 to 60 cm, extremes included, can be observed the following amplitudes of variation expressed as percentage of total length and corresponding to each other biometric clement, as standard lenght - from 83 to 87%, maximum height - from 22 to 28%, head length - from 24 to 28%, snout length - from 8 to 11%, eye diameter - from 3 to 5%, intestine length - from 110 to 225%.

Although fishermen from the lagoon region of Cananéia (25º lat. s) knew for long the existence of Megalops atlanticus Val. (Camarupim) in that region no record has ever been confirmed the occurrence. In October 1958 the author obtained two specimens captured with a net used for Cynoscion acoupa Lacépèpe (Pescada amarela). The specimens were measured, the gonads observed and the presence of parasites was examined. The analyses of the stomach contents revealed the presence of 37 catfishes, fam. Arridae, a flat-fish and several unidentified small fish. The author supposes that the specimens captured belonged to a small shoal and entered the lagoon region after a long migration.

Vários trabalhos foram publicados sobre os enteropneustos do Brasil (J. W. Spengel, 1893; F. Müller, 1898; P. Sawaya, 1950; L. Forneris & P. Sawaya, 1953; T. Bjornberg, 1952, 1953, 1953a e 1955). Poucas observações haviam sido feitas quanto ao desenvolvimento dos mesmos e quanto à relação das larvas com os adultos e sua distribuição geral na costa do Brasil. Os adultos foram coletados nas praias do Paraná e de São Paulo (Brasil) e as larvas, ao largo da costa brasileira desde 34º 49,0' S até 05º 44,3' N, desde o ano de 1952 até o ano de 1958. Nos adenda estão indicados os pontos onde se fizeram coletas, quase todas superficiais. Criamos algumas das larvas capturadas. Outras, das 3.205 larvas obtidas para este estudo, fixadas em Bonin e Pampel conservaram melhor os caratéres externos que as fixadas simplesmente em formol. Tornária mourei apareceu em grandes números no plancton coletado ao largo de Cananéia e seu desenvolvimento foi observado. Coincidiu inteiramente com o descrito por Stiasny (1913, 1914) para as larvas européias de Balanoglossus clavigerus. A metamorfose da larva também confirmou o que Spengel (1893) havia verificado para B. clavigerus em Nápoles. Durante estes estudos, notou-se uma grande variação de forma e de outros caratéres da larva e dos adultos desta espécie. Verificou-se a variação e a gradação entre si de caratéres considerados anteriormente como específicos dos Balanoglossus: B. clavigerus, B. paranaensis, B. paranaicola, B. eufrosinoi, B. catharinensis, B. nonatoi em animais pertencentes à mesma população e localidade. Por esse motivo, foram considerados sinônimos de B. clavigerus. A única diferença entre o espécime europeu e os brasileiros é a presença de um esfincter na base da proboscis, caráter que não pareceu suficiente para considerar os animais brasileiros como subespécie, pois constatou-se nitidamente a variabilidade da grossura da musculatura circular da proboscis. Verificou-se também que os aspectos diferentes de tornarias mourei e lilianae eram artefactos de fixação da tornaria de B. clavigerus. Tornaria tergestina (Stiasny, 1927) poderia quando muito ser considerada um ecofenótipo da tornaria de B. clavigerus. Ocorreram em águas brasileiras as tornarias weldoni, cairnsiensis e setoensis e outras larvas de tamanho maior e intermediário entre as precedentes. Observou-se, ainda, a presença de indivíduos com número de tentáculos intermediário. Em todos os exemplares mencionados chamou atenção a forma característica da protocela com o celomoduto curto, assim como a forma e o afastamento dos celomas em relação ao estômago. Geograficamente pareceu que tornaria weldoni e demais larvas parecidas já mencionadas, são relacionadas com Balanoglossus gigas, B. biminiensis e B. jamaicensis (das Índias Ocidentais e das Bahamas) e com B. carnosus (do Pacífico). Tanto B. gigas como sua larva provável apresentam uma variação de caratéres somente ultrapassada pela variabilidade de B. clavigerus. Isso parece indicar que B. biminiensis, B. jamaicensis, B. carnosus e B. gigas sejam sinônimos. Só o estudo do ciclo completo destes animais resolverá esse problema. Neste trabalho atribuimos duas subespécies a B. gigas: 1) B. gigas gigas, de tamanho maior, atlântica e 2) B. gigas carnosus, de tamanho menor, pacífica. Lembrando a variação de caratéres de tornaria weldoni, parece possível concluir que tornaria ritteri é apenas uma variação da mesma, e que tornaria krohni do Mediterrâneo é um ecofenótipo provavelmente. Foi constatada a variabilidade dos caratéres considerados específicos das tornarias morgani, chierchiai I, e grenacheri em amostras de águas brasileiras do sul até o norte; nas mesmas amostras verificou-se a presença de tornarias com caratéres intermediários entre elas. Isto levou à suposição de que estas larvas, assim como tornarias susakiensis (Tokioka, 1937) e snelliusi (Stiasny, 1935), sejam na realidade pertencentes à mesma espécie, provavelmente Ptychodera flava. Tornárias dúbia idênticas às do Mediterrâneo, ocorreram ao largo do Uruguai e do Brasil (Estados de Sta. Catarina, Paraná, Espírito Santo, Alagoas, Maranhão). Estas larvas, relacionadas por Stiasny ao Glandiceps talaboti, ainda não encontrado ao largo do Brasil, mostram muito pequena variação de forma. Isto pode ser devido ao fato destas tornarias possuírem o líquido blastocélio mais volumoso e viscoso. Foi possível verificar que as bolsas branquiais nestes animais só aparecem muito tarde, durante a metamorfose. As bolsas celomáticas são relativamente menos musculares que as de outras larvas no mesmo estágio de desenvolvimento. O nome de uma das larvas, que ocorre desde o Rio Grande do Sul até Ubatuba, foi aqui mudado para nordestina, a fim de não permitir a confusão desta larva (inicialmente denominada stiasnyi) com a tornaria de Glandiceps stiasnyi (Pampapathi Rao, 1953). O desenvolvimento e a origem dos celomas assim como a ausência de lobos e de linguetas secundárias no estágio "Krohn" em tornaria nordestina aproximam-na anatomicamente da tornaria de New England descrita por Morgan. Esta, provavelmente, pertence a Glossobalanus e não a Schizocardium, como havia sido proposto em outro trabalho. Glossobalanus minutus assinalado anteriormente por Spengel (1893) no Rio de Janeiro, nunca mais foi encontrado, mas, registou-se neste trabalho a coleta recente de Glossobalanus crozieri em São Sebastião. A larva de New England poderia pertencer a essa espécie, descrita originalmente das Bermudas. Verificou-se que a tornaria de B. clavigerus alimenta-se de diatomáceas (uma vez foi encontrado um copépodo em seu estômago). Quando colocada em aquário, move-se para o lado iluminado. Foram medidos seus batimentos cardíacos. As larvas jovens são encontradas muito próximas das praias ou em água rasa e os estágios mais velhos de desenvolvimento, somente a uma certa distância da costa e em profundidades maiores. As maiores tornarias capturadas foram encontradas à distância de várias milhas da costa. O fenômeno de metamorfose retardada explicaria o aparecimento de larvas grandes de B. clavigerus, de tornarias chierchiai I e weldoni em estágios "Krohn", "Spengel" e "Agassiz" de desenvolvimento em amostras coletadas longe da costa. Este fenômeno é importante para a dispersão da espécie e sua sobrevivência. As águas superficiais (até 200 m de profundidade) das costas brasileiras podem ser classificadas em 3 tipos principais: águas costeiras de salinidade muito variável, mais baixa que 34‰, e de temperatura alta em geral; águas misturadas de plataforma, de salinidade aproximadamente de 35‰ e de temperatura alta; e finalmente, águas da corrente do Brasil ou da corrente Sul-Equatorial, de salinidade acima de 36‰ e de temperatura alta. Nestas últimas são encontradas as larvas maiores em estágios "Krohn", "Spengel" e "Agassiz" do tipo chierchiai I, dúbia e weldoni. As tornarias do B. clavigerus, chierchiai I e nordestina foram encontradas nos três tipos de águas - as jovens próximas da costa. Tornarias dúbia e weldoni ocorreram em geral em águas de salinidade mais alta. Nas amostras onde apareceram tornarias de B. clavigerus em grande quantidade, determinou-se a fauna e a flora planctônicas acompanhantes. Quando possível, foi ainda relacionado o número e volume de tornarias com o volume de plancton por litro de água amostrada (Tabela 4).

1. The demarcation of the species of Phoronidea is difficult because of the great variability of the characters which does not enable the fixing of good differential characters yet. The studies of populations and of life-histories must be undertaken to allow an accurate systematic definition. Within the family Phoronidae, generally considered as composed of only one genus, Phoronis, groups of very divergent species can be distinguished, which must perhaps be considered as genera or at least sub-genera. Owing to the inter gradation of the specific characters within such groups, it is not possible to know if they really represent species of form minor specific units. I. Phoronis hippocrepia Wright 1856 - from Santos, Cananéia and Ubatuba; in the first locality boring in oyster shells; in the second non-boring specimens; and in the third only larvae. a) Phoronis (Figs. 1-33) - The single nephrostome is the main characteristic of the specimens; through the interruption of the lateral mesentery at the level of the nephrostome the communication between the anal and oral cavities is assured. Longitudinal muscle bundles 26-30 in number, arranged according to the formula: ; marginal fibres, three to five in number, on each side of the bundle. Giant fibres of variable diameter: 4.7 to 7.0 microns, the right one, and 3.6 to 10.0 microns, the left. Blood corpuscles from 6.4 to 9.6 microns in diameter. Lophophoral organs also present in specimens with embryos in the tentacular crown. Simultaneous hermaphrodite, at least the specimens from Santos. Eggs: 100 microns. Spermatozoa: 20 microns, with vesicular head. Seven to eight pairs of chromosomes. b) Actinotrocha (Figs. 34-55 )- Primordium of metasoma appears in the larva with one pair of tentacles; peri-anal ciliated ring is present in the larva with four tentacles in which the anlage of the blood-corpuscle mass appears. Ganglion already developed in this larva. Metasoma of the four-tentacle larva forms a small invagination. Nephridia are not terminal any more. Rare glands present in the hood epithelium. In the larva with six tentacles the metasoma forms an ample sac; the primordium of the lophophore coelom appears. Stomach diverticulum absent or single without vacuolization. Nephridia open laterally to the metasoma aperture. In the advanced larva (eight to 10 tentacles) the metasoma forms a series of folds; its longitudinal muscles are differentiated into bundles; a large ventral mass of blood corpuscles is present ventral to the eosophagus and a few corpuscles are grouped on each side at the insertion level of the ventral tentacles. Lophophore coelom well developed; dorsal vessel present; a pair of ventral muscles in the trunk. On the dorsal surface of the hood there is an accumulation of gland cells perhaps the sensory organ. During metamorphosis the evaginated metasoma shows longitudinal muscle bundles. Larval tentacles degenerate. Afferent and efferent vessels are already formed. c) The following observations were made: Maximum survival in aquarium: one year; observed breeding season: July to March; duration of individual reproduction: over 15 days; development: egg to young larva - four days; pelagic perid - 9 to 12 days; metamorphosis - two hours. Irregular blood circulation, with about 10 pulsations per minute (temperature of 24ºC). Food: mostly diatoms, also protozoans and detritus. Not necessarily a boring species. The occurrence in aggregations seems accidental. Maximum of 12 embryos in the brood-pouch. The larvae become free with four tentacles and, exceptionally, in aquarium, shortly before metamorphosis. Swim in more or less large circles, diving often; shortly before metamorphosis, swim on the bottom. Metamorphosis was obtained even without special substratum. Eurythermic species (temperatures from 16 to 27ºC) endures salinities from 30.63 to 37.38 ‰. II. Phoronis ovalis Wright 1856 (Figs. 56-63) - from Santos, in oyster shells. A single median lophophoral organ (Figs. 62, l; 63, b) ; three to four marginal fibres along each side of the longitudinal muscle bundle; two giant fibres 2.5 microns in diameter (Fig. 61, k), not always noticed. Lower lip of the nephridial funnel short or long, prolonged downwards. Larva observed in March. III. a) Actinotrocha bella (new technical name) - from plankton collected off the northeast coast of Brazil. Stage with 18 to 22 tentacles (Fig. 64 A, B) - Metasoma present as a small tube; no mass of blood corpuscles, sensory organ and dorsal vessel. Peri-anal ciliated ring developed. A pair of retractors in the hood; a single diverticulum, vacuolated; nephridia placed above the septum, open laterally the aperture of the metasoma. Stage with 24 tentacles (Fig. 71 A) - Definitive tentacles absent. Stomach diverticulum single. Metasoma represented by a small invagination. Nephridium constituted by a large nephridial canal. Subepithelial muscle layer present. No mass of blood corpuscles and sensory organ. Narrow body cavity. Stage with 38 tentacles (Fig. 71, B, B1) - Definitive tentacles absent. A large blood sinus (Fig. 76, d) ventral to the oesophagus, extending laterally to the mouth; on the lower side it stretches out along the ventral part of the diverticulum (Fig. 77, d) ending near the nephridial canal (Fig. 78, h). Sensory organ (Fig. 83, c) consists of accumulations of basophilous gland cells and a nerve deeply placed. Dorsal vessel (Fig. 79, p) and caecal vessels (l) developed. Metasoma with longitudinal muscles differentiated into bundles (Fig. 79, n). A pair of dorsal retractors in the hood (Figs. 76, 77, b). Two pairs of ventral muscles in the trunk. Peri-anal ciliated ring developed and undulated (Fig. 81). These advanced larvae were related to the young larvae mentioned above by similarities of structure. Only their rearing will enable to confirm they belong to the same ontogenetic sequence. b) Actinotrocha chata n. t. n. (Fig. 90) - This young larva with 16 tentacles was found in plankton from Ubatuba. The metasoma presents itself in the stage of an epithelial thickening; no mass of blood corpuscles and sensory organ; ganglion present. It is probable that this larva represents a young A. wilsoni B with delayed development. c) Actinotrocha wilsoni B - Larva distributed in the coastal waters of Ubatuba (100 km to the NE of Santos) towards the South down to lat. 28º00'S, off Lagoa Mangueira (State of Rio Grande do Sul) ; it is also found in the inlet waters of Cananéia and Paranaguá. Occurs July to February, maximum in October. Euryhaline; it was found at temperatures from 18.5 about 27.0ºC. Larva with eight to 10 tentacles has no metasoma, no diverticulum, no mass of blood corpuscles; terminal nephridia open above the anus. In the 12-tentacle stage the metasoma appears as a thickening. In the stage with 16 to 18 tentacles the ventral pair of blood corpuscle masses appears. Nephridia then open laterally to the metasoma orifice. Metasoma represented by a small tube. The dorsal pair of blood corpuscle masses appears in the larva with 22 tentacles. Usually the definitive tentacles appear in the 22-tentacle larva. They reach a maximum of 26, the maximum of definitive ones being 20. In the mature larva the sensory organ is present (Fig. 118). Stomach diverticulum may be absent, paired or single, rarely vacuolated. Longitudinal muscles of the metasoma are differentiated into bundles. Anomalous metamorphosis may occur in the plankton. Larval tentacles are cast off shortly before metamorphosis. The pairs of blood corpuscle masses conjoin during metamorphosis. The evaginated metasoma showed 48 longitudinal muscle bundles and one nerve. The developed larva is transparent, with orange pigment; it swims on the bottom of the recipient in large circles, resting sometimes in an inverted position; the tentacles are a swimming aid, standing aloof from the body. The developed larvae are identical with Actinotrocha wilsoni B, whose young stages are not known. The present young stages described from plankton, were related to A. ivilsoni B, but only their rearing will confirm that they represent the ontogenetic stages of this larva.

A Manjuba (Anchoviella hubbsi Hildebrand) da safra de outubro de 1954 a fevereiro de 1955 foi analisada em três datas distintas, espaçadas de, pelo menos, um mês quanto ao seu teor de matéria graxa, a fim de ser verificada a sua variação no tempo, por local de pesca e dentro de uma amostra. 1) Observou-se que a amplitude entre os valores extremos pode atingir, dentro da mesma amostra, a 7-9%. Os valores extremos observados, dentro da totalidade das amostras foram de cerca de 2,5% e ca. 15,5%. 2) Os machos são, em regra, mais gordos do que as fêmeas. 3) Há diferenças significativas entre os teores médios de gordura dos exemplares procedentes de Registro e de Iguapé. A diferença foi da ordem de 3% no princípio da safra, tendo a mesma caído para ca. 1% ao fim da safra. 4) As amostras de Iguape não apresentaram diferenças significativas no decorrer da safra. Ao contrário, aquelas procedentes de Registro mostraram que o teor médio de gordura cresce gradualmente no decorrer dos meses, tendendo para um limite. 5) A carne escura situada sob a faixa prateada lateral é muito mais rica em gordura do que o restante da carne que é branca.

Sardine (Sardinella aurita, Rafinesque) and Manjuba {Anchoviella hubbsi, Hildebrand) are the two species of fish most commonly salted at the coast of São Paulo. As there exists a general incertainity about the curing time, it was found interesting to carry out some experiments in order to clarify this question. The present paper gives an account for the work and the results obtained up to now in the Technical Laboratory of the Institute. When Sardine is salted round with about 30% salt calculated on the fresh fish weight, may incorporate about 18% NaCl on the salted fish weight basis. This salt content is reached practically in about 15 days. Considering the variability of thickness and fat content of the fish and the unequal distribution of salt, which may occur in the industrial procedure of salting, the curing period of about 15 days must be taken as the minimum necessary to ensure a perfect cure. The table II shows the rate of salt penetration, salt-water ratio and salt-dry material ratio. In the case of manjuba, whose production is almost entirely destinated to salting and drying, the salt penetration proceeds rapidly during the first day, when the salt content stabilizes at the level of about 14-15%. The maximum concentration eventually attainable is about 18%, if the fish is maintained in saturated brine for a long time. Provided that the manjuba is kept in saturated brine and properly cured, it may be preserved in good conditions for more than one year. The table III gives the rate of salt penetration observed in manjuba salted with 30, 25 and 20% of salt on fresh fish weight basis.

No summary/description provided

This paper summarizes and analyses the landing data collected at Santos, Brazil, during the 12 months period, July 1958-June 1959. These data are given in terms of weight landed of the more important fish and shrimp and also in terms of value. The distribution of the landings of each of the more important species is shown both according to the type of fishing gear used and fishing area. The fishing area is given in the form of statistical rectangles of 60 miles square. The landings are broken down to obtain a figure for the landing per hour of fishing for each species, for each gear and for each rectangle fished. This figure of landing per unit fishing time is used to compare one area with another, one gear with another, and one month with another for each of the important species. In this way, comparisons of the available density of a species by time, area and fishing gear are made.

Este trabalho inclui uma análise da distribuição de comprimentos das sardinhas pescadas na Lagoa de Cananéia, ao sul do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Demonstra-se que as sardinhas jovens aparecem nas pescas realizadas durante o mês de outubro, crescem rapidamente mais ou menos até janeiro e daí para diante, mais vagarosamente, até atingirem o comprimento de 14 cm em abril, quando então desaparecem da Lagoa. Faz-se a correlação entre os desembarques de sardinhas maiores no Rio de Janeiro e das sardinhas pequenas desembarcadas em Cananéia no ano anterior. Sugere-se que a abundância de sardinhas desembarcadas em Cananéia, num ano, pode ser usada como índice de abundância de sardinhas no ano seguinte no Rio de Janeiro.

In this paper the author defines some statistical terms used, describes the sampling techniques adopted in the study of some fish, and quotes some problems concerning the determination of the composition of the stocks. The commercial fleet was utilized to sample the stocks of fish, in the assumption that the catch as landed on the fish market reflects the composition of the stocks in the sea. The paper is restricted to the evaluation of the length distribution of Sardine landed and for that purpose the Author examined 143 samples taken at random from August 1958 to December 1959. The analysis of those samples are shown in Table II and were plotted in Figure 3. The reliable sample size limit for Sardine was established as 300, with the acceptance of an error of 0.1 cm, considering the catch per boat as a population.

A new species of rhizostomatous medusa first noticed May 1955 along the coast of São Paulo, Brazil, is described in this paper. The present species belongs to the genus Mastigias. The species was named Mastigias scintillae to honour my colleague Miss M. Scintila Amaral de Almeida Prado, and as a reminder to the numerous highly refringent exumbrellar spots. Mastigias scintillae has a convex umbrella up to 60 cm in diameter. Exumbrellar surface covered with warts and bespecked with white refringent dots lying in an irregular polygonal rust coloured field. Eight marginal lappets plus two rhopalar ones, between adjacent rhopalia. Usually eight rhopalia, exceptionally 10 or more may be present. Oral disk quadratic slightly longer than umbrella radius. Long central filament present on disk. Subgenital ostia twice as large as the pillars between them. Subgenital porticus single. Radial subumbrellar musculature absent. Ring musculature divided in two fields, the inner one being interrupted by the eight rhopalar canals. Eigh oral arms about as long as umbrellar radius. The proximal portion of each arm bears an axial wing, shorter than its distal portion; the oral arms bear three wings on their distal portion. Club-shaped appendices and filaments present, among the mouth openings on the axial wing. Filaments absent on abaxial wings where club-shaped appendices are alone present. A long appendix at the distal end of each oral arm. Terminal filament, oral filaments and club-shaped appendices bear a terminal orifice. Central cruciform stomach, eight rhopalar canals, circular canal present. Fifteen to 18 interrhopalar canals leave the stomach in each octant and become anastomosed thus originating a rather wide meshed net continuous with and internal to the ring canal. Externally to the ring canal there is a finer meshed net which becomes progressively finer distally and is continuous terminally with the rhopalar canals. The four perradial canals are wider and usually do not branch before they reach the ring-canal; the four interradial ones are narrower and more branched. The gastrovascular net of the oral arms and of the terminal club is fairly constant (Figs. 2-3). Gastric filaments present on all internal contour of the stomach. General colour rust .with white dots, terminal clubs blue to violet distally. Specimens 12 to 15 mm diameter have 5 to 7 marginal lappets, continous ring muscular field, the central filaments on oral disk are as long as the umbrella is wide. There are four central mouths arranged in a cruciform manner. Single subgenital porticus. The species was first observed May 1955 at Cananéia, later the same year it spread as far north as Rio de Janeiro. During subsequent years the known area of dispersion has remained the same but the numbers of animals has greatly increased. A discussion of Mayer's, Stiasny's and Uchida's systems follows. The latter author's is here followed in including the genus Versura in the family Mastigiadidae, thus disposing of the family Versuridae. Stiasny's definition of the family Mastigiadidae and of the genus Mastigias are here followed. The new species is then compared with the previously known ones and the differential characters pointed out. The distribution of the species of the genus is briefly summarized. A revision of the genus is highly desirable. The analysis of the stomach content shows that this species feeds on plankton and the large number of sperm cells present suggests that the gonads rupture through the stomach wall and not in the subgenital porticus. Young and adults are found together. The gonads of 286 specimens were studied and all were males. Symbiotic Zooxanthellae present in mesogloea, epiderm and gastrodermis. Three species of crustaceans, namely Periclhnenes (Periclimenes) longicaudatus, Libinia ferreirae and an isopod (Cymothoidae) were frequently found under the subumbrella; also fishes belonging to the genus Hemicaranx and Choloroscombrus. Other fishes were seen nibbling at the umbrella but the medusa has a very high regenerating power and specimens with regenerated parts are frequently found. Terminal clubs are easily lost. The species was always seen between January and July.

Four species of Sagitta found in Brazilian waters are redescribed in this paper. Sagitta friderici - Numerous sensory hairs and areas are regularly distributed over the epidermis. Clearly defined collarette. Formula of the buccal armature:. Caudal to total length ratio: 25.8-29.1. Seminal vesicles almost reach posterior fins and are in contact with caudal fin; with anterior spherical swelling. Elongated ovary with eggs arranged in several rows. Sagitta hispida - Head very wide in relation to body and large collarette. Formula of buccal armature: . Caudal to total length ratio: 25.0-28.5. Seminal vesicles touch posterior fins and are separated from caudal fin. Long ovary with several rows of eggs. Sagitta minima - Has a typical body shape, small head, body widened posteriorly, tail segment thin. Collarette absent. Formula of buccal armature:. As the specimens grow, the caudal to total length ratio gradually shifts from 22.7-16.6. Seminal vesicles are separated from posterior fins and touch caudal fin. Ovary short with few eggs. Sagitta tenuis - A small species, similar to Sagitta friderici but smaller. Similarly to S. friderici it has sensory hairs and areas on the body surface. Collarette small. Formula of buccal armature:. Caudal to total length ratio: 25.0-31.8. Seminal vesicles almost touch posterior fins and touch caudal fin: anterior portion of vesicles swollen. Ovary short with few large eggs, this being its principal differential character from S. friderici. The variation indicated in the formulae of the buccal armature and of caudal to total length ratio refer to specimens of different sizes.

Os autores fizeram uma revisão do gênero Bougainvillia, incluindo todas as espécies descritas sob esse nome e todas aquelas realmente pertencentes a esse gênero, anteriormente descritas sob outros nomes. De cada espécie é dada uma lista de sinônimos a mais completa possível, assim como uma descrição detalhada. As espécies válidas são reunidas numa tabela sinótica com os dados que foi possível reunir para cada espécie. Estabelecida a sinonímia na base dos caracteres morfológicos, foi estudada a zoogeografia do gênero. Tudo indica ser B. ramosa a forma simples primitiva da qual derivaram as demais espécies. Desta forma, ou de outra próxima a ela, teria derivado um grupo de espécies de águas temperadas com certas características morfológicas comuns a todas, e, afora uma que é do Japão, habitantes do Atlântico ou mares adjacentes. Um segundo grupo de espécies teria evoluído em águas frias árticas ou boreais e antárticas, também com caracteres morfológicos em comum. Por fim, um terceiro grupo de espécies teria evoluído em águas tropicais tanto do Atlântico como do Pacífico, apresentando, igualmente, características morfológicas em comum. Considerando o número de espécies e sua distribuição, o gênero Bougainvilia aparece como um gênero inicialmente atlântico, havendo apenas duas espécies distribuídas exclusivamente no Pacífico ou Indo-Pacífico.

The data collected on three oceanographic cruises undertaken in 1956 indicate that the main branch of the Brazil Current flows southwards along the continental slope, where it reaches maximum velocity, and further, that a well defined limit is found between the warm and saline tropical water from the north and that situated over the central part of the shelf. This is especially the case during the summer months (October-March). Below the Brazil Current a water layer of lower salinity and temperature is found. This water mass is formed near the western extremity of the Subtropical Convergence where it sinks and flows northwards to reappear near or at the surface in an area situated between the lighter, south-flowing, tropical water, and the coastal water. Such a distribution of density across the Current is to be expected in view of the dynamics of ocean currents. There are, however, evidences which indicate the occurrence of upwelling from moderate depths, in particular near Cabo Frio where the prevailing winds from NE drive the surface waters offshore. It is further suggested that the upwelling is maintained by a thermohaline mechanism as the density of the cold and low salinity water is decreased by heating from solar radiation. In order to maintain dynamic stability, the heated water must consequently flow out of the area and be replaced by water from below which in turn suffers the same decrease of density, and so on. Such mechanism might, together with prevailing winds, be responsible for permanent or periodic upwelling near other regions in the tropical and subtropical zone of the oceans where salinity decreases with depth.

A list of diatoms found on the higher algae Centroceras sp., collected at Itanhaém, State of São Paulo, Brazil, and Ectocarpus sp. and Caulerpa racemosa from Ubatuba, also in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, is given in this paper. Only onq species Licmophora abbreviate Agardh is typically epiphitic. Nine different species and the genus Auricula, are here recorded for the first time for Brazil. A new species Navicula melchersi is described. The difference of the surrounding conditions, calm waters at Ubatuba and breakers at Itanhaém, probably accounts for the species composition of the communities from the two places.

O presente trabalho é uma primeira estimativa da produtividade primária na região de Cananéia. Tem por principal objetivo obter resultados preliminares sobre as variações diurnas da produção da população natural que vive nas águas costeiras, em função dos fatores ambientais. Com esta finalidade a maioria dos fatores que intervém na produtividade primária foram medidos e observados durante 2 dias, no período diurno em intervalo de 2 em 2 horas. Os principais fatores considerados na avaliação da produção primária foram: a - "Taxa de produção bruta" (gross production rate) dos organismos marinhos. b - Ambientes físico e químico. c - Relação entre a energia total incidente e a produção orgânica. O equipamento, os métodos e procedimentos empregados na obtenção dos resultados são apresentados. A produção orgânica foi determinada pela técnica do oxigênio de Gaarden & Gran (1927), a concentração de oxigênio foi medida pelo método de Winkler. O método empregado na dosagem da concentração de pigmentos foi o de Richards com Thompson (1952), Creitz & Richards (1955), Davis (1957) e o cômputo efetuado por meio das equações de Richards com Thompson. Os coeficientes de extinção foram obtidos pela observação do disco de Secchi e computados pela expressão de Poole & Atkins. A análise quantitativa do fitoplâncton foi efetuada pelo método de filtração "filtro milipóro" (millipore filter) e contagem microscópica de acordo com o "método de contagem de grupos" (clump count method). Os demais fatores foram obtidos através de medidas diretas ou por métodos usuais. A análise dos resultados e das observações permite as seguintes conclusões: A população fitoplanctônica natural que vive nas águas túrbidas costeiras da Ilha de Bom Abrigo foi encontrada em boas condições fisiológicas e é constituída principalmente por diatomáceas. s sais nutrientes (fosfatos) são encontrados em quantidades suficientes. A taxa máxima de produção orgânica é aproximadamente 93 mg C/m³/2 h na superfície de 131,25 mg C/m ³/2 h a 2,0 m de profundidade. A variação diurna da produção orgânica mostrou ser controlada principalmente pela variação diurna da intensidade de radiação solar global. A intensidade instantânea média saturante da radiação global é de 0.27 ly.min-i e a intensidade de iluminamento saturante varia entre 1.700 e 2.200 lúmen . pé-². A taxa média da produção orgânica para a energia saturante é aproximadamente de 22 mg C /mg de clorofila / 2 horas. Os resultados obtidos mostram ser compatíveis com os esperados para o "plâncton de sor' (sun plankton), que vive nas águas superficiais dos mares tropicais (Steemann Nielsen & Hansen, 1959).

A list of diatoms found in the region of Cananéia is given in this paper. A description is given of the diatoms recorded for the first time in Brazilian waters (Eunotia major (W. Sm.) Rabh., Eunotia praerupta var. bidens Grun., Eunotia sudetica O. Muller, Nitzschia ançrularis W. Sm., Nitzschia fluminensis Grun., Nitzschia macilenta Greg., Nitzschia sigma (Kütz.) W. Sm. var. intercedens Grun., Surirella guatimalensis Ehr., Surirella kittoni A. S., Synedra acus Kütz. var. angustissima Grun., Triceratium uncinatum A. S., Tropidoneis seriata Cleve) as well of those of some interest due to their geographic distribution. The species studied are cosmopolitan and tropical and only one is a characteristic species of cold water (Chaetoceros tortissimus Gran.), the presence of which could not be explained based on the physical data obtained (temperature and salinity). The basic factor that influences the nature and horizontal distribution of the phytoplankton was found to be salinity.

A description is given of Dentostomina besnardii, new species, from Banco de São Tomé (Lat. 22º 08' S - Long 40º 39' W) and Trindade (Lat. 20º 33' S - Long. 29º 22' W), coast of Brazil. The species is similar to D. guraboensis Bermudez, 1949, differing from it by the position of the bifid tooth and the size of the grains which form the test.

No summary/description provided

Estuda-se neste trabalho, a distribuição geográfica dos Chaetognatha no Atlântico Sul Ocidental relacionando as dez espécies encontradas com as diferentes massas de água. Foram feitas estações em águas costeira, da plataforma e tropical. Finalmente, foi relacionada a presença dos Chaetognatha e das medusas com as diferentes massas de água.