RCAAP Repository

A fishery research programme requires an accurate picture of the length distribution of the fish caught and landed. Each boat is considered a sampling unit. It is therefore necessary to know how to draw a sample from the fish landed in such a way as to give an accurate assessment of the length distribution of the boat's landing. This is the purpose of the present paper, which refers to the sampling of "pescada-foguete" (Macrodon ancylodon) caught by parejas of "Sociedade de Pesca Taiyo Ltda.", and landed on the fish market of Santos, State of São Paulo, Brazil. By courtesy of that firm two voyages were made during which observations on the length distribution of the fish caught were carried out. Independently, samples were taken of the fish landed from these voyages, after landing. In this way an evaluation of the sampling techniques used on the fish market was obtained. Due to the selection of the nets used, there is no rejection of "pescada-foguete" at sea and therefore the fish measured represent a boat's catch. Methods: 1 - Samples from the hauls were taken on board, at random, during two voyages, to find out if there is a significant difference in the length distributions between hauls on the same voyage. 2 - At the fish market three boxes of each size category: large - G, medium - M, and small - P, were measured: one (1) series at the beginning, the second (2) at the middle, and the third (3) at the end of the landing operation. The purpose was to see if there is a significant difference between the length distributions of each size category or if the same length distribution occurred in a given category during the entire process of landing. 3 - The grand mean, calculated according to the procedure and example given in Table VIII, for the sample quoted in item 2 above, was compared with that taken from the same vessel at sea. This shows whether the market sampling for length distribution differs significantly from that estimated from non-selected samples on the boat. The results were as follows: 1 - In the first voyage seven samples (Table I) were obtained from seven different hauls, and the means of the samples are plotted in Figure 2; the means of the second voyage (fifteen samples) drawn at random on the following trip, are plotted in Figure 3. The t test was applied for the comparison between the means and the results are shown in Tables II and III. The first three means show (Figure 2) a significant difference because at the beginning of the fishing operation several hauls were made at random to locate the shoals (Figure 1). The other four show no significant difference. The means of the second trip do not show, in general, a significant difference, probably due to the fact that the fishing was done at the same distance from the coast during the whole trip. For estimation of the variability of all samples together, analysis of variance was used (Table IV). The value of F is high in the first voyage, but not very high in the second. 2 - The difference between the mean length of the same size category taken at the beginning (1), at the middle (2), and at the end (3) of the landing was not highly significant (Tables V and VI). 3 - Table IX shows the comparison between the grand mean (see how it was computed in Table VIII) and the mean resulting from the gathering of samples obtained aboard the ship, in the first and in the second voyage. Those concerning the first trip do not show a significant difference; the same is true of two [(1) and (2)] from the second trip. The other (3) shows a significant difference because at the end of the landing some fish of bigger size than those normally considered as small were placed in the box of small fish measured. A percentage length frequency distribution of the raised market data and the boat samples (Figs. 4 and 5) shows practically no difference. Also, there is no significant difference between the samples obtained on board and those obtained on the fish market (grand mean for the two stratified samples of the first voyage, and for the three samples of the second one), as shown in Table X, i.e., the mean of two stratified samples taken at the fish market at the return from the first trip, when compared with the one obtained aboard, showed no significant difference. The same is evident with the three stratified samples obtained at the return from the second trip. The size distribution within a category is not the same for every landing (Tables VII and VIII). Therefore, from every landing a stratified sample must be drawn. Table V shows that two general means present no significant difference, but this is not so when compared with the third one. This suggests that more than one box is necessary to represent the catch of a pareja belonging to "Sociedade de Pesca Taiyo Ltda.". Table XI I shows, however, that the measurements of half a box of 25 kg, and the counting of the other half (to raise the total number of fish landed at each size category) are sufficient enough to represent the box. The most important conclusion is that a better representative sampling can be achieved by reducing the number of fish measured from each box, and increasing the number of boxes measured for fish. Thus the variance between boxes will be reduced and it will fall nearer to the variance within each box.

Neste trabalho, adotou-se o método empregado por Lucas et al. (1954), Margetts (1957) e Beverton & Holt (1957), para o estudo da seletividade, produzida pelas malhas das redes da frota pesqueira de Santos, sobre as seguintes espécies: "Corvina" (Micropogon furnieri), "Pescada-foguete" (Macrodon ancylodon), "Goete" (Cynoscion petranus), "Tortinha" (Isopisthus parvipinnis), Cangauá" (Bairdiella ronchus), "Maria Luísa" (Paralonchurus brasiliensis) e "Oveva" (Larimus breviceps). O estudo baseou-se nas seguintes hipóteses: primeiramente, que a malha fosse completamente flexível, em segundo lugar, completamente rígida, com as proporções de 2:3 entre as diagonais e em terceiro lugar, que o peixe pudesse tomar secção transversal circular. Através de retas de regressão, foram estabelecidas correlações entre a malha, nas duas situações e o comprimento do peixe, com 50% de probabilidade de escape. Concluiu-se que os barcos brasileiros da frota, devido à malhagem pequena, capturam peixes de comprimento inferior ao aceito pelo mercado, produzindo depredação, o que não acontece com os barcos japoneses.

The purpose of this paper is to present the first results obtained on the length/frequency distribution, age and growth, and the relations length/weight, length/girth, and girth/weight, of Corvina (Micropogon furnieri = M. opercularis), a fish of the family Sciaenidae caught off the Brazilian coast. This work is part of a long term programme designed to assess the size of the fishable stocks, to suggest the proper management of these stocks, and to aid the fishing industry in their rational exploitation. The data were obtained at the fish market of Santos in the period from August 1958 to August 1959. They were obtained from an area which extends between the parallels 23º S and 34º S and a few miles off the Brazilian coast; the area exploited by the Santos fishing fleet (Fig. 1). The data, however, are insufficient to define all the biological parameters of the fish under consideration. Nevertheless, they are a beginning towards assessment of the marine resources of Brazil. The author does not try to draw final conclusions, but only to present the first results of the research under way. Corvina is landed at the fish market in two forms: 1) Corvina as such, and sold under that name, and this comprises the bulk of the landing; and 2) Corvina included in "mistura" (a market category composed of a number of different species). These fish are of a small size and may be up to 12.93% of the total landed by numbers. The Corvina landed as "mistura" suffers from a selection made by the fishermen and therefore it was difficult to obtain good sampling of the numbers of Corvina landed of the lower lenghts. For this reason little use has been made of the data referring to Corvina landed as "mistura". For the period of thirteen months the length range was from 16 to 70 cm, with a modal value of 30.4 cm for corvina. For corvina included in "mistura" the range was 12 to 38 cm, with a modal value of 20.4 cm (Tables IV and V, and Fig. 2). The monthly length distributions (Table IV and Fig. 3) show the main modal values shifting to the right. This shifting is more visible from April to August. From March on, the curves show two clear modes; they also show a class of small fish, with low modal values. By examining the values of Table V it can be seen that small fish included in "mistura" appear in the catches in great quantity at that period. The monthly mean lengths (Table VI and Fig. 4) fluctuate from month to month, in the period from the end of winter, spring and almost all summer (Southern Hemisphere), but there is an overall trend towards a lower mean length during this period. It is suggested that this period is a period of reduced growth. In the period which includes all autumn and part of the winter months the mean lengths show, at the beginning of the period, a sharp fall followed by rapid increase, and this is the period of growth. This, together with the results from the modal values, suggests that in March small fish are recruited to the fishery. The modal values in Table V show that the period of growth is from the end of summer through autumn and part of winter, or from the end of March until August, a similar result is obtained using mean length values. The examination of scales showed rings (Fig. 6) which, it was thought, could be used for age determination. After two independent readings of the scales of the corvina samples and the corvina included in "mistura", the mean length per group of rings and the standard error of the mean for each group was calculated (Tables VII and VIII). The standard error was low for all groups with 0 to 5 rings. The method of back calculation was used and the assumption made that the relation between scale size and total length was linear. No correaction factor was applied. Using these data a growth curve (Fig. 9, curve A) was constructed and von Bertalanffy's formula was used to express the results. Lt = 50.7 (1 - e -0.25 t - 0.14) It can be seen that there is rapid growth until the 3rd ring after which growth is less marked. Using the mean length per ring group (Tables VIII and IXb) and the modal values from the length distribution of all fish (p. 74) growth curves were also drawn (Fig. 9, curve B) and the equation of von Bertalanffy applied. In this manner two sets of curves were obtained. Curve A is based on the size of the fish at the formation of the ring (without correction for non linearity in the scale/length relationship) and curve B based on the total length for each ring group. The modal lengths are similar to the mean lengths per ring group and it can therefore be assumed that the modes represent ring groups or age groups. The mean lengths per ring group (Table X) for each month are shown in Figure 8 for the 2, 3 and 4 ring groups. It can be seen that there appears to be only one maximum and minimum during the period August to October of the following year, and the maximum in one group approximates to the minimum in the following group. The minimum occurs in April. The rings are therefore assumed to be formed annually sometime before April, in summer or beginning of autumn. Using the age sampling in the form of an age?length key, together with the total number of fish of each length landed, the number of fish at each age was calculated (Tables X and XI, and Fig. 10). It can be seen that the fish landed as "mistura" belong to the 0 ring group. The dominant ring group are the 2 and 3 ring group and after these the fish with 1 or 4 rings on the scales. The monthly age distribution (Fig. 11) shows one period when the 2 and 3 ring group predominate, either one or the other being dominant. This lasts from August 1958 to March 1959. The other period from April to August 1959 has a higher frequency of fish with 0 and 1 ring on the scale. This later period is the period of recruitment into the fishery. The same can be seen from the data taken from "mistura" (Table XI). The equations used to express the relation between age and weight, age and girth of the fish, length and weight, length and girth, and girth and weight are as follows: Age/weight: W = 3,304.8 (1 - e -0.12 t - 0.37) 3.12 (Fig. 12) Age/girth: P = 39.28 (1 - e -0.12 t - 0.37) - 1.00 (Fig. 13) Length/weight: W = 0.008 L 3.12 (Fig. 14) Length/girth: P = 0.62 L - 1.00 (Fig. 15) Girth/weight: W = 0.008 ; (Fig. 16)

This paper demonstrates results obtained in studies of the size and age of first sexual maturity for some of the more important commercial species landed at Santos, and gives some information about destruction of immature fish caused by Brazilian and foreign vessels fishing from Santos. Figures 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D indicates the length at which 50% of the fish are immature (virgins) and 50% are mature, that is, the mean length at first sexual maturity. For the sardine, it occurs at 17 cm, in the second year; for "pescada-foguete" (weak fish) at 26 cm and "corvina" (with-mouth drum) at 28 cm, both in the third year; and for "goete" (another weak fish), for which there are as yet no age data, at 18 cm. The slopes of the curves suggest that "pescada-foguete" and "goete" mature in a interval of length classes briefer than do the other two. The percentage of immatures landed by Brazilian vessels and sold as identified species is high for sardine, "percada-foguete" and "corvina", but low for "goete". Although the role of small parejas is small in the landings of the other species, it is considerable for "goete" (Table II). With the exception of sardines, the other species are landed as "mistura" (mixed fish) by the Brazilian fishermen. Within this market category, it may be noted that almost all of the "pescada-foguete" and "corvina" are immature, although this is not true for "goete" (Table III and Fig. 3). The numbers of fish of the three species landed mixed by small parejas is lower than for other vessels, but more individuals of the three species by weight are landed by small parejas in comparison with other vessels. Foreign boats land large amounts of "pescada-foguete" and less of "corvina". It may be seen that the percentage of immature fish remained practically constant for "pescada-foguete" but "corvina" shows a slight increase (Table IV, Fig. 4). The fish landed by the foreign boats are sorted for size, and it may be noted that "pescada-foguete" is landed almost entirely in the medium category, "corvina" as medium in 1958, but small in the latter two years The yield of the foreign boats, compared to the Brazilian one, shows an increase during the period under study in the quantities of "pescada-foguete" and a decrease for "corvina". However, the percentage of immatures landed increased for both species. Part of the catch is discarded at sea by the Brazilian fishermen, and all of the discarded fish, so far as the three main species are concerned, are immature. No sardines are discarded. The data for small parejas, all Brazilian, show a high percentage of immatures in relation to the total caught, both landed and discarded (Table VII, Fig. 7). On the other hand, the foreign boats, using a much larger mesh (68 mm), do not find it necessary to discard fish, and also, as may be seen by comparing Tables IV and VII, the percentage of immatures caught is much lower. It is evident that small fish caught and discarded are of no commercial value, while those landed yield little profit because of their small size. On the other hand, it is possible that large destruction of immature fish may be prejudicial to the fishery, both because they are not spared to grow to larger and more valuable sizes and because they are lost to the stocks as reproducers. The problem posed here might be solved by an increase in the mesh size of the Brazilian vessels, giving small fish a chance to escape without very much effect on the overall yield. Fifty percent points for these species have been calculated as: "pescada-foguete"........................... 70 mm "corvina"........................................ 95 mm "goete".......................................... 55 mm

The development of programs of research on marine fisheries begun in 1958 by the Santos group have drawn attention to the necessity of improvement of methods of collecting fishery statistics; although the collections were originally started in 1950, the early years' work were not a high standard, partially due to the high cost of personnel and means. Now, the research is becoming more exacting in its statistical requirements. It may be seen, from the analysis of data presented in this paper, that the São Paulo fishery has been evolving slowly, depending mostly on its own resources. Beginning in 1958, there was a "revolution", the result of adding to the fleet larger vessels, both Brazilian and foreign, which have raised the fishing activities to a level never before achieved. The general tendencies are for fishing in more distant and more productive waters both to the north with long-lines and along the coast to the south with trawls, and the effects of these tendencies have been increases in both the volume and quality of the fishery products landed.

A pescada-foguete (Macrodon ancylodon) tem tido larga aceitação nos mercados de peixe fresco de São Paulo, figurando nas estatísticas em primeiro lugar, quanto ao valor (27,1% de qualquer espécie), e em segundo lugar, depois da sardinha, em volume (17,4%), durante o período de julho 1958-junho 1959 (Richardson & Moraes, 1960). Tem sido, entretanto, assinalada (Braga, 1962) uma tendência cada vez mais acentuada, desde 1958, dos barcos componentes das parelhas santistas que efetuam a pesca dessa valiosa espécie, em aumentar sua tonelagem e realizar viagens cada vez mais longas, alcançando as costas do Rio Grande do Sul, onde se têm intensificado grandemente essas operações pesqueiras. Com o aumento do número de dias gastos nessas viagens o problema da conservação do pescado a bordo, em condições satisfatórias para o consumo ulterior, tem-se tornado cada vez mais importante. Esse problema, com efeito, atua como fator limitante da duração de cada viagem, uma vez que os prazos mais dilatados de armazenamento a bordo exercem uma influência prejudicial sobre a qualidade do peixe entregue ao consumidor. A primeira abordagem desse problema consistia, por conseguinte, em estabelecer métodos os mais objetivos possíveis pelos quais fosse permitido medir o estado de frescor do peixe. A pesquisa descrita a seguir, realizada em escala-piloto, foi levada a efeito no intuito de obter dados sobre a avaliação da deterioração do peixe, usando processos organolépticos, químicos e bacteriológicos. Três lotes, compostos cada um de 40-50 exemplares de pescada-foguete, provenientes da área pesqueira riograndense, foram examinados em laboratório durante o período de março-junho 1961. Os três lotes de peixe, acondicionados sem eviscerar em caixas com gelo, haviam sofrido um armazenamento nos porões dos pesqueiros de períodos equivalendo respectivamente a 3, 8 e 13 dias. Ao chegar ao laboratório foram os peixes reacondicionados com gelo fresco, em caixa isotérmica, procedendo-se então à amostragem em gelo, a intervalos de 2-3 dias, até o limite de 14-19 dias. As amostras, cada uma consistindo de 6-7 peixes, foram a seguir examinadas do ponto de vista químico, organoléptico e bacteriológico. Os testes químicos foram realizados pela determinação do nitrogênio volátil total (TVN) e da trimetilamina (TMA) no músculo do peixe, pelo método de microdifusão de Conway. A estimativa organoléptica foi efetuada por dois processos: a) cheiro e aparência do peixe cru avaliados numa escala de 10 pontos; b) cheiro, aparência e sabor do peixe cozido avaliados por uma escala de 10 pontos, cujo valor representava a média obtida por intermédio dos membros de um "panei" de 3-4 pessoas previamente treinadas para a apreciação do peixe cozido. A Tabela I apresenta os resultados desta avaliação. O exame bacteriológico foi efetuado com auxílio de contagens aeróbicas globais de culturas de material retirado da superfície da pele e conteúdo intestinal dos peixes, em meio agar-extrato-de-peixe-peptona. A Tabela II apresenta os resultados dos testes químicos, bacteriológicos e organolépticos realizados com as três amostras. Dentre as seis relações obtidas dos referidos testes a que evidenciou melhor correlação foi o índice peixe-cozido-TMA, apresentando um valor superior a 10 para a TMA, referente a peixe positivamente estragado, impróprio para o consumo. Entretanto, a adoção eventual deste padrão para os serviços governamentais de inspecção sanitária do peixe, em escala nacional, teria de ser realizada com muita cautela uma vez que a indústria pesqueira tem o direito de reclamar garantias suficientes de que semelhante norma irá produzir resultados consistentes e uniformes, quando aplicada por um vasto grupo de inspetores governamentais. É necessário assinalar, outrossim, ter sido constatada uma oscilação do valor da TMA, de acordo com as estações do ano e com a zona de pesca. Outros fatores, tais como as condições de alimentação e estádio de maturação dos peixes, parecem também ter influência sobre o mesmo valor. Por conseguinte, antes da adoção de quaisquer medidas práticas nesse sentido, faz-se indispensável uma pesquisa em larga escala, para a verificação da constância dos resultados. Das pesquisas efetuadas ficou demonstrado que é possível conservar o peixe, em condições próprias para o consumo, durante 11-16 dias em gelo, levando à conclusão que os mestres dos barcos pesqueiros santistas, operando nas costas do Rio Grande do Sul, devem ser aconselhados a realizar viagens de menos de 15 dias, incluindo 4 dias do percurso de ida e volta aos bancos de pesca. Desta forma as descargas em Santos compreenderão peixes com períodos de armazenamento no gelo indo de 2 a 13 dias, deixando uma margem razoável de tempo para a distribuição aos consumidores, em condições satisfatórias de consumo, até de exemplares capturados no início da viagem.

Pycnogonum gibberum, spec, nov., da Ilha Lage de Santos, 32 m, distingue-se da espécie semelhante, P. reticulatum Hedgpeth 1948, pela altura das saliências medianas superior à do tubérculo ocular, gibas dorsais mais numerosas, tromba mais estreita na ponta, e pormenores das dimensões do 3.º e 4.º artículos do ovígero e das tíbias nas fêmeas. Pycnogonum cessaci Bouvier 1911 e P. leticiae Mello-Leitão 1945 são idênticos (Fage 1952). P. pamphorum Marcus 1940 difere de cessaci pela presença de unhas auxiliares, ausência de proeminência atrás do tubérculo ocular, tromba quase de forma de tonel, não cilíndrica, e outros caracteres indicados por Fage.

In this paper all the known species of the genus Cuna known from the American Atlantic and South African coasts are revised, creating for Cuna dalli Vanatta a new genus Goniocuna, detached from Cuna on account of its not differentiated prodissoconch, and the absence of lunula and impressed escutcheon. Another new genus, Americuna, with A. besnardi n. sp. from the South Western Atlantic coast, is characterized by its strongly inequilateral outline, very conspicuous strong ring surrounding the prodissoconch, and the very much elevated hinge with both lateral and marginal teeth on the right valve while in the left they are separated from the edge by a groove. Cuna concentrica Bartsch 1915 (pre-occupied by Hedley 1902) should be replaced by C. gemmula Turton 1932, being this the first valid name available.

The Foraminifera of the present paper were collected on the Brazilian continental shelf. Elphidium bugrum sp. n. (Figs. 14, 15), from the coast of São Paulo, southern-middle Brazil, differs from E. incertum (Williamson 1858) by having small pores on the apertural region which are arranged irregularly.

This paper presents the results of a series of investigations made on plankton samples (Table I) taken from October to December 1960 in the "Enseada do Mar Virado" (State of São Paulo, Brazil) (Fig. 1). The samples were studied under their general aspect. Four stations were occupied along a line at four different occasions. At each, samples were taken by means of vertical hauls with two similar plankton nets 25 cm wide at the mouth, one called "phytoplankton mesh" (1 mm wide apertures) and the other "zooplankton mesh" (3 mm wide apertures). First, a study on the quantitative composition of the plankton was carried out. A relationship was established between the amount of plankton and the oceanographic station (Fig. 2), date of hauls, water masses and other environmental conditions. The following results were obtained: the amount of plankton seems to be greater in Station I than in Station II, III and IV, which means that the amount of plankton was greater in coastal than in shelf waters. Phytoplankton on the contrary, was always more abundant in shelf waters (Figs. 3, 4). A comparative analysis was made of the samples taken with phytoplankton and zooplankton meshes. It was verified that the phytoplankton mesh really selects only small animals and that larger organisms are not retained by any of them (Figs. 5-12). Finally a study on the relationship between the planktonic animals (Table II) and the habitat, especially in what concerns the zooplankton, revealed that the latter is essencially neritic.

In order to obtain information on bacteriological aspects of the South Brazilian fish industry, with the object of finding out where and how to improve the actual situation for the better quality of fresh fish, microbiological conditions in short distance trawling, long distance trawling, purse-seining, whaling, wash-water, ice and wooden fish boxes, were studied by means of total aerobic counts on peptone-fish-extract-agar and coliform bacterial counts on violet-red-bile-agar and by the most probable number method. In short distance trawling, fish at capture showed 10(5) - 10(7) level of bacterial counts per cm² of skin surface, and an almost equal level at landing with ordinary presence of coliform bacteria. In long distance trawling, bacterial count at capture was 10³ per cm² of skin surface and at landing, 10(4) - 10(6) or higher. In purse-seining and whaling, 10(5) - 10(6) level contamination was obtained at landing. Fishery environmental conditions showed rather high bacterial counts of 10(5) - 10(6) per cm² of deck surface, 10(5) - 10(6) per cm² of used wooden fish boxes (inside surface), 10(5) - 10(6) per ml of melted ice, and 10³ - 10(4) per ml of wash-water from canal, with the usual presence of coliform bacteria. Some methods to improve the above mentioned bacteriological conditions were discussed. The use of chlortetracycline in immersion method or as an additive to ice, chlorination and filtration of canal water for washing purpose, and the use of cleaner fish boxes are recommended.

1 - The quantitative relation between net phytoplankton, nanoplankton and zooplankton during the high and low tide for five days at a fixed station is reported here. The samples were collected at surface, 2 and 4 m near the Baguassu river, a typical region of mangrove environment. 2 - Measurements were made of transparence, salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, suspended matter and dry weight (inorganic + organic). Culture of bacteria was also carried out to determine the degree of contamination of the water. 3 - Total phytoplankton cell counts were lower during high tide showing a good inverse correlation to salinity. 4 - The total organic matter varied from 6.80 to 16.80 mg/l and the dry organic matter of net plankton varied from 0.084 to 3.64 mg/m³. These results are presumably due to a great portion of the particulate matter that may be originated from nanoplankton and fine detritus. 5 - The average of nanoplankton was 97% greater than net phytoplankton and the net phytoplankton was in average 99,7% greater than zooplankton.

Poucos autores dedicaram-se ao estudo de copépodos da região tropical e subtropical do Atlântico Sul ocidental. Alguns autores estudaram águas costeiras e salobras. As águas do alto mar e da plataforma continental foram estudadas pouco ou nada, sob o ponto de vista dos copépodos, pelas grandes expedições. O presente trabalho é um estudo comparativo da fauna de copépodos nestas diferentes águas, tendo distinguido os seguintes habitats: água tropical, água subtropical de superfície, água de plataforma quente superficial, água de plataforma fria de profundidade e águas costeiras. Estudou-se ainda alguns parâmetros característicos do ambiente em que vive cada uma das espécies de copépodos assinalada em nossas águas e procurou-se analisar as aparentes discrepâncias na ocorrência destas espécies em outros ambientes, assim como a homogeneidade das associações características das regiões tropical, subtropical, costeira e de plataforma em todos os oceanos do mundo. Algumas características morfológicas de certas espécies foram assinaladas e a variedade nova "cryophyla" de Acartia tonsa descrita.

A análise de 247 amostras quantitativas de plancton coletadas durante três anos em três estações fixas ao largo de Cananéia, Estado de São Paulo, até 17,2 milhas ao largo e a 28 m de profundidade, revelaram a presença de 28 espécies de medusas, 17 das quais foram estudadas detalhadamente. 1) As oito espécies seguintes podem ser consideradas bons indicadores da massa de água costeira: Podocoryne mínima, Bougainvillia ramosa, Stomotoca dinema, Laodicea minúscula, Obelia spp., Eucheilota ventricularis, E. duodecimalis, E. paradoxica. 2) As seis espécies seguintes são bons indicadores da massa de água da plataforma: Euphysora gracilis, Eucodonium brownei, Turritopsis nutricuia, Proboscidactyla ornata, Amphogona apsteini. 3) Uma espécie é bom indicador de massa de água tropical: Aglaura hemistoma, além disso ocorrem duas espécies ubiquistas. 4) A distribuição das espécies no espaço acompanha de perto a das massas de água. 5) No conjunto essas medusas são mais tolerantes em relação à temperatura do que à salinidade. Isso pode ser devido à procedência das amostras, todas de águas de pequena profundidade e portanto com uma fauna adaptada e sujeita a variações relativamente intensas de temperatura. 6) Não há duas espécies que tenham curvas semelhantes em relação à freqüência/temperatura ou frequência/salinidade, com os mesmos máximos ou com extremos comparáveis. Espécies com preferências semelhantes para salinidade, têm preferências diferentes para temperatura e vice-versa. 7) O plancton é um tipo de ecosistema juvenil, que todavia pode ser relativamente mais ou menos maduro. A massa de água costeira, submetida a mudanças contínuas é a que se mantém em estado mais juvenil de todas as estudadas no presente trabalho, enquanto a massa de água tropical (Corrente do Brasil) é a relativamente mais madura, por ser u'a massa de água velha com variações de menor amplitude e de período mais longo. A massa de água costeira é intermediária entre as duas. 8) Espécies ou fases do ciclo específico que ocupam um alto nível trófico num ecosistema jovem não podem alcançar um nível de independência do ambiente e de eficiência muito altos e portanto ou abandonam a vida planctónica ou não alcançam um nível de eficiência e estabilidade mais altos. 9) Há indícios de que certas espécies toleram concentrações de salinidade inferiores ao ótimo em temperatura baixa e vice-versa salinidade mais alta do que o ótimo favorece a sobrevivência em temperatura mais alta. Esse fato é comparado à relação temperatura/umidade do ar que foi demonstrada para certas espécies terrestres. 10) A tolerância de uma maior amplitude de variação, certos fatores ecológicos como temperatura, salinidade, etc, em condições experimentais por parte de animais planctónicos, pode ser explicada pela existência de competição inter e intraspecífica no ambiente natural, enquanto que no laboratório todos os fatores são mantidos no seu ótimo, afora aquele experimentado. Esse fato é relacionado também com o que tem sido chamado "character displacement" (deslocamento de caracteres). 11) As espécies de medusas da massa de água costeira apresentaram maior número de indivíduos, o que sugere maior produtividade dessa massa de água ou um mais alto nível de maturidade nesse ecosistema.

No summary/description provided

Studies on wild oyster populations in the Santos region were started in March 1960, and in September of the same year work was begun on experimental culture. Several natural beds were found, the majority in the Bertioga Canal. Both the observations of wild populations and the experiments showed that the Canal is the most favorable location for oyster development. It was possible in the experimental work to show that both growth and survival rates are much higher there than they are in waters of higher salinity. Also the yield of meat per unit weight is higher in the Canal; about 1.5 g per centimeter of total length at the commercial size of approximately 8 cm. Two extended periods of fixation were found in the Canal, one in summer and the other from the end of winter through spring, although in the bay the fixation was practically year round. These results indicate good possibilities for a commercial oyster-culture industry. However, a bacteriological analysis of oysters from Canal beds showed coliform bacteria, so that provisions for purification should be made in any plans for development of oyster culture.

Rhynchothorax mediterraneus Costa 1861 e Anoplodactylus robustus (Dohrn) 1881 dragados em fundo de Lithothamnion na região da Ilha da Trindade (20º30'S-29º22'W), são descritos. Três espécimes imaturos, em seqüência de desenvolvimento, pertencem ao gênero Rhynchothorax Costa 1861, pela primeira vez assinalado em águas brasileiras. Espécime mais jovem - apresenta tubérculo ocular semelhante a cone truncado, giba dorsal na proboscis, palpo sem o número definitivo de artículos, ovígero ausente, quarto par de pernas ambulatórias sem tarso. Comprimento: 660 micra. Espécime intermediário - ovígero presente, representado por um botão; quarto par de pernas ambulatórias com todos os artículos. Comprimento:1.215 micra. Espécime mais desenvolvido - semelhante ao adulto descrito por Dohrn (1881, p. 211-215), apresenta tubérculo ocular em forma de espora, giba dorsal na proboscis ausente, palpo com o número definitivo de artículos; ovígero 10-articulado; gônadas e glândulas de cimento ausentes. Comprimento : 1.290 micra. A ausência de olhos nos exemplares sugere a possibilidade deste material representar variedade cega de Rhynchothorax mediterraneus Costa 1861. Anoplodactylus robustus (Dohrn) 1881, descrito anteriormente como Halosoma robustus (Marcus 1940, p. 68), diverge deste último na ausência de segmentação, ovígero 6-articulado, desembocadura das glândulas argamassadoras em protuberância dorsal localizada no fémur de todas as patas ambulatórias. Caracteres anatômicos fundamentam a inclusão da espécie em Anoplodactylus (Stock 1954, p. 70).

This paper presents an analysis of the fecundity and spawning of the sea trout, "pescada-foguete" (Macrodon ancylodon), of the Brazilian coast south of 29ºS, based mostly on egg count estimates of 21 specimens. The following conclusions were drawn: 1 - The eggs in the pre-spawning fish present a multimodal distribution of diameters, suggesting that they are spent successively within each spawning. 2 - The long spawning period, November-May, may be due to the partial spawning suggested above. 3 - In spent fish the ovaries contain mostly (97.5%) ovocytes less than 140 micra in diameter, plus a small quantity (2.5%) of eggs being resorbed. 4 - Correlations were drawn between fecundity (F)/total length (L) and fecundity (F)/weight (W), and are presented in equations (a) and (b) above. 5 - The value of L for F = 0 was determined and the value obtained (23.6 cm) is close to that verified for the beginning of the first maturity.

Na faixa supralitoral de Cananéia (25º S) as Ellobiidae (Pulmonata, Basommatophora) Melampus coffeus, Detracia parana e Blauneria heteróclita são comuns; Ellobium pellucens é raro. Dos ovos das duas primeiras espécies saem larvas; dos das outras, caracóis. A direção das voltas é sinistral nas conchas dos velígeres e em Ellobium saído do ôvo; dextral em Blauneria, cuja concha é sinistral no caracol adulto. Depois da eclosão, opérculo ainda existe nos jovens caracóis de Blauneria e Ellobium. Associada às Ellobiidae vive uma subespécie do prosobrânquio Assiminea succinea; desenvolve-se diretamente, com véliger apenas embrionário. Dá-se o mesmo com uma das 3 espécies de Littoridina (Prosobranchia, Hydrobiidae) encontradas nas águas dos manguezais; as 2 outras, L. australis nana e L. charruana, têm larvas que nadam livremente.

Some experiments on C-14 uptake and cell numbers were made with the purpose of comparing nannoplankton and net phytoplankton from surface sea-water samples collected at six stations in Equatorial waters (Fig. 1). The results of these experiments showed a pronounced difference between nanno and net phytoplankton in photosynthesis and in cell numbers (Table I). The net phytoplankton represents an average of as little as 9.93% of total photosynthesis and 22.20% in numbers of organisms of total phytoplankton. The results obtained in coastal and in oceanic waters show that the effect of the proximity of land on standing stock and upon primary production is well marked (Table II). The results obtained are discussed and compared with data of earlier papers.