RCAAP Repository

The embryotoxic effects of prenatal daily exposure to 0.0, 0.7, 3.0 or 15.0 mg/kg of the aqueous extract (AQE) from Ipomoea carnea (I. carnea) dried leaves on gestational days 521 were studied in rats. Maternal reproductive performance, skeletal and visceral abnormalities, and malformations were evaluated. Moreover, anatomopathological findings in dams following the treatment were recorded. Regarding the dams, our results show that body weight, weight gain, food and water consumption, and reproductive performance were all unaffected by exposure to the different doses of the AQE. Nonetheless, dams treated with AQE presented a dose-dependent cytoplasmic vacuolation in the liver, kidneys, thyroid and adrenal glands. Fetal examination did not show external abnormalities or malformations. Evidences of several skeletal and visceral abnormalities were found, particularly after the higher dose of AQE. A reduced ossification centers were also detected. The present data show that prenatal ingestion of the I. carnea AQE in rats induces embryotoxicity. These effects are attributed to an active principle from I. carnea acting on maternal homeostasis, or directly in the conception.

Os estudos de Bioequivalência (BE) são utilizados para a comparação de diferentes produtos farmacêuticos que contêm o mesmo princípio ativo, de diferentes lotes de um mesmo produto ou, ainda e de uma maneira ampla, de diferentes vias de administração de um mesmo medicamento. No Brasil dos dias de hoje, encontramos legislações sobre medicamentos genéricos e bioequivalência apenas na área de Medicina Humana. No campo da Medicina Veterinária, os testes de BE têm sido considerados, em muitos países, como requerimentos necessários para o registro de produtos destinados aos animais visto que eles asseguram, ao mesmo tempo, a eficácia do produto, a saúde dos animais tratados e a qualidade dos alimentos provenientes desses animais. O presente trabalho faz uma revisão crítica sobre BE. Para tanto, o assunto foi dividido em três grandes partes: 1- Entendendo a bioequivalência: importância de estudos de BE para a saúde animal e humana; 2- tipos de estudos de BE; 3- considerações gerais sobre delineamentos experimentais que envolvam estudos de bioequivalência

The hyperimmune serum production in horses is still fundamental to obtain the serum used in the treatment of some diseases like tetanus and diphtery. In order to determine the benefit of the utilization of high-protein concentrate in serum-producing horses dietary of Butantan Institute, the serum concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides were screened from a group of 32 anti-diphteric serum-producing horses. Those horses were distributed occasionally in two groups of 16 equines. The animals of group A were fed with a concentrate with 15% of crude protein (CP) and the animals of group B were fed with a concentrate with 22% of CP. The serum samples were obtained in two immunization periods, in moments previous to the antigen inoculation, before the bleeding of production and with a delay of 15, 30 and 45 days after the last bleeding. The serum concentrations of triglycerides were higher in group B in day 58 of the first period (p<0,001) and in the second period were higher in group A in days 95 and 137 (p<0,04) and in group B in day 109

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar o efeito de fontes de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados- óleo de canola e/ou semente de linhaça- com diferentes concentrações de vitamina E suplementar sobre o teor de produtos de oxidação de ácidos graxos na gema de ovos de galinhas. Utilizou-se 288 galinhas da linhagem Babcock que receberam dietas com 6% de óleo de canola, 20% de semente de linhaça moída ou 3% de óleo de canola e 10% de semente de linhaça moída com teores de 0, 100 e 200 UI/kg de a-tocoferol, para análise estatística dos resultados empregou-se arranjo fatorial 3X3 em blocos casualizados. Os grupos que receberam óleo de canola tiveram menores concentrações de malonaldeído (menor oxidação) na gema dos ovos que aqueles alimentados com linhaça, em ovos crus sem armazenamento e nos cozidos após armazenamento. Os ovos crus tiveram as menores concentrações de produtos de oxidação dos ácidos graxos. Os grupos de ovos cozidos, que receberam 100 e 200UI/kg de vitamina E na dieta, tiveram menores teores de malonaldeído na gema dos ovos que os grupos não suplementados

Foi o objetivo deste trabalho comparar in vitro a eficiência de três diluidores para sêmen de coelhos: solução de Ringer com lactato de sódio, um meio à base de citrato de sódio e gema de ovo e um meio à base de leite desnatado sobre a manutenção da motilidade progressiva e do vigor espermático. Para tanto, foram utilizados 5 coelhos realizando-se 10 colheitas de sêmen de cada (n = 50). O sêmen foi colhido com vagina artificial, e avaliado quanto ao volume, motilidade, vigor e concentração. O sêmen foi diluído (20x106 espermatozóides/mL) em microtubos pré-aquecidos a 37ºC nos três diluidores, e então incubados em banho-maria a 37ºC por 120 minutos, realizando-se avaliações a cada 30 minutos. Imediatamente após a diluição (tempo 0) a motilidade espermática não diferiu (P>;0,05) entre os diluidores, todavia, reduziu (P<0,05) no diluído com Ringer quando comparado ao sêmen in natura. Já o vigor no tempo 0 diminuiu (P<0,05) nos três meios. A motilidade espermática foi melhor preservada (P<0,05) durante a incubação de 30 até 120 minutos para o sêmen diluído nos diluidores citrato-gema e à base de leite do que para aquele diluído em Ringer. A preservação do vigor variou entre os diluidores durante o tempo de incubação in vitro, contudo, foi semelhante entre os três diluidores após 120 minutos de incubação. Com estes resultados, pode-se inferir que os diluidores testados proporcionam um meio que permite manter a viabilidade espermática para que possa ser realizada a inseminação artificial em coelhas até duas horas pós-diluição

Objetivou-se averiguar o efeito da bactéria Lactobacillus plantarum e células inativas das bactérias Vibrio alginolyticus, Aeromonas salmonicida e Pasteurella multocida na sobrevivência larval de Litoenaeus vannamei, no teste de estresse e infecção experimental com Vibrio harveyi. Foram utilizados tanques cônicos de 30 L, povoados com 400 larvas cada, no estádio de pós-larva cinco. Tratamentos em triplicatas foram consistidos de: 1: ração comercial (controle), 2: ração comercial + bacterina via oral na artemia, 3: ração comercial + bacterina via imersão e 4: ração comercial com inóculo de Lactobacillus plantarum. A aplicação da bacterina ocorreu seis horas antes da infecção e do teste de estresse; enquanto o Lactobacillus plantarum foi administrado por 15 dias antes dos desafios. As pós-larvas do tratamento 4 (ração suplementada com L. plantarum) obtiveram maior índice de sobrevivência no teste de estresse (87,86 ± 2,35%), seguido dos tratamentos 2 e 3 (bacterina via imersão e oral) com 81,54±1,50% e 80,16 ± 2,15% respectivamente, superiores ao índice do controle (72,63 ± 3,34%). Já no desafio com V. harveyi, os animais do grupo tratado com a adição de bacterina via imersão apresentaram maior sobrevivência (79,60 ± 7,12%). As pós-larvas dos tratamentos com bacterina via oral na artêmia e alimentadas com o probiótico L. plantarum, apresentaram sobrevivências de 65,60 ± 5,18% e 69,60 ± 10,43 %, respectivamente, sendo superiores ao controle (56,4 ± 5,58%), quando desafiados com V. harveyi. Os resultados demonstram que o uso de ração com L. plantarum e bacterina aumentam a sobrevivência das pós-larvas de L. vannamei frente aos testes de estresse e infecções experimentais com V. harveyi.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência dos tipos sangüíneos em felinos domésticos, mestiços, da cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 100 gatos, clinicamente saudáveis, mestiços e sem parentesco entre si. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas da veia jugular e a tipagem sangüínea foi realizada através do teste RapidVet H Feline (DMS Laboratories, Flemington, USA) e do teste hemaglutinação em tubo de ensaio. A tipagem reversa foi realizada para confirmar o tipo e a presença de aloanticorpos naturais. No presente estudo encontrou-se prevalência de 97% e 3% de gatos do tipo A e B, respectivamente. Não foram encontrados gatos do tipo AB. Os resultados indicam que no sul do Brasil há uma alta prevalência de gatos domésticos mestiços do tipo A, entretanto a prevalência de gatos do tipo B encontrada no trabalho é mais alta do que aquelas relatadas em alguns países. O conhecimento da prevalência dos tipos sangüíneos da população de gatos de uma região pode auxiliar na determinação dos riscos de reações transfusionais e de ocorrência de isoeritrólise neonatal, e estes podem ser prevenidos através de tipagem sangüínea e teste de compatibilidade sangüínea.

A total of eight Escherichia. coli isolates from psittacine birds were serogrouping and investigated for the virulence factors: pili associated with pyelonephritis (pap), S fimbriae (sfa), afimbrial adhesin (afa), capsule K1 (neu), curli fibers (crl, csgA), temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin (tsh), heat labile (LT) and heat stable (STa and STb) enterotoxins, Shiga-like toxins (Stx1 and Stx2), Cytotoxic necrotizing factor (cnf1), haemolysin (hly), aerobactin production (iuc) and serum resistance (iss). The results showed that the isolates belonged to six serogroups: O23; O54; O64; O76; O128 and O152. The found virulence genes were: crl+ in all isolates, pap+, iuc+ and iss+ in three isolates; tsh+ in two isolates. All strains were negative for genes neu, csgA, sfa, afa, hly, cnf and LT, STa, STb, Stx1, Stx2 toxins. Our findings suggested that some E. coli isolated from psittacine birds present some virulence factors of avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) pathotype.

Feather protein has been considered as a protein complement for animal diets, since it is largely available as a by-product of poultry processing. In this work, a feather protein hydrolysate produced by the keratinolytic microorganism Vibrio sp. kr2 was evaluated as a feed additive. Wistar rats were fed seven experimental diets (n = 6 rats per diet) containing different protein sources: casein (CAS), soybean protein, feather hydrolysate, feather meal, and soybean protein supplemented with 10 or 20% (w/w) feather hydrolysate, and 20% feather hydrolysate supplemented methionine. Values for weight gain, feed ingest, true digestibility, feed:gain ratio, Protein Efficiency Ratio and Net Protein Ratio were similar for diets containing soybean protein and 20% feather hydrolysate supplemented methionine. Lowest values for all nutritional parameters were observed for diets containing soybean protein supplemented with 10 or 20% (w/w) feather hydrolysate, feather hydrolysate and feather meal. Protein source had a considerable influence in the final weight of liver, kidney and hearth, although no significant differences were observed for brains. These results indicate that feather hydrolysate may be useful as supplementary protein in feed formulations

A presente pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar a resposta hematológica de cães com leishmaniose visceral submetidos a tratamento. Para tanto, sete animais naturalmente infectados por Leishmania sp. foram submetidos a um tratamento com 75 mg/kg de antimoniato de meglumina por via subcutânea, 12-12 h /3 semanas. Em todos os animais, uma contagem hematológica completa e punção biópsia aspirativa de medula óssea foi realizada para uma avaliação descritiva em até sete momentos: antes do tratamento, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias após o início do tratamento. Antes do início do experimento foram observadas alterações hematológicas em quatro dos sete cães (57,1%), entre eles, anemia não regenerativa, linfopenia, linfocitose e monocitose. Durante o curso do experimento a ocorrência de leucocitose, como neutrofilia com desvio à esquerda e eosinofilia, foram observadas em alguns dos animais. Antes do início do tratamento (M1), a ocorrência de hipoplasia da série eritrocítica foi detectada pela citologia de medula óssea em dois animais (28,6%). Isto foi revertido por um aumento na quantidade de células eritróides progenitoras após a administração de antimoniato de meglumina. Desta forma, pode-se concluir que o tratamento promoveu a normalização das alterações hematológicas e recuperação da medula óssea

Anthelmintic resistance is a potential problem to nematodes controlin cattle and may cause economic loss in the dairy and beef cattleindustries. The objetive of this study was to determinate the efficacy of ivermectin, doramectin and abamectin in naturally and experimentally infected calves for Cooperia punctata in a brazilian dairy herd. Faecal egg count reduction tests were carried out employing naturally infected calves that were treated with injectable solutions of ivermectin, doramectin and abamectin. Faecal samples were collected on the day of the treatment, day 0, and at 7 and 14 days after treatment and larvae culture were made in the positive samples. A control test was carried out using 18 artificially infected calves, alocatted in three groups with six animals each: Group I - control, no treatment; Group II - ivermectin, injectable solution, 200 µg/kg; Group III - doramectin, injectable solution, 200 µg/kg. Faecal samples were collected on day of the treatment, day 0, and at 3, 7, 9 and 14 days after treatment. On days 14, 15 and 16, two animals of each group were slaughtered and their lung and gastrointestinal parasite burdens determined. The results of faecal egg count reduction tests using naturally infected calves showed a reduction percentage at 14 day after treatment from -4.45 to 11.49% for ivermectin; 32.31 to 60.40% for doramectin and 85,05% for abamectin. The only parasite identified in the larvae culture was Cooperia spp. Control test showed a faecal egg count reduction percentage at 14 day after treatment of 51.47% and 96.08% for ivermectin and doramectin, respectively. Reduction of adult worm counts in this control test was of 53.91% and 82.43% for ivermectin and doramectin, respectively. Only C. punctata was recovered in the necropsies. Thus, this C. punctata strain was considered resistant to ivermectin and doramectin treatments and suggest a possible resistance to abamectin treatment by faecal egg count reduction tests.

An epidemiological survey carried out in 2005, in the city of Araguaína, State of the Tocantins, revealed to exist association between schooling and income of dogs' owners (p;0,05). In the group of owners with smaller schooling, the increase of the formal instruction, for nine or more years, can reduce the number of dogs without confinement, vaccination (except against the rabies) or deworming in 23,3% (IC95%=10,935,2), 30,5% (IC95%=18,7-41,1) and 22,3% (IC95%=10,7-33,2), respectively; in the assembly of all of the owners of dogs this reduction can be, in the same order, of 10.7% (IC95%=0,8-19,3), 14.3% (IC95%=3,9-24,3) and 10.7% (IC95%=1,0-19,5). The regional socio-economic promotion, with more actions of sanitary education and increase of the schooling, is essential condition to the improvement of the health of the dogs and, consequently, of the public health.

In attempt to collaborate with the rational zootecnic exploration of the Rock Cavy (Kerodon rupestris), the morphology of the mammary gland from these rodends was described, so that it can become a food source for northeastern population. Were used five animals yielded by the Center of Multiplication of Animals Savage (CEMAS), created by the Superior School of Agriculture of Mossoró (ESAM) registered in IBAMA as scientific breeding with number 12,492- 0004. The mammary glands were remove through dissecation and were photographed. Each animal presented two mammary glands in the base of the insertion of the pelvic members in the abdominal region. Histologicaly the mammary gland is composed of a great amount of lobes, replete of alveolar tubs glands with cubical simple epithelium. Its mammary papilla showed an amount of muscular staple fibres in circular way that assists it in the contraction for excrement of milk.

The purpose of this study was to stabilish the spleen dimensions (lenght, width e thickness), mass and volume of turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans WIED, 1839). We used twenty animals from Instituto de Psicologia of Universidade de São Paulo, collected after euthanasia and were taken to the Anatomy Laboratory of the Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia at the same university. The corporal mass, volume and dimensions of the animals were taken. Then, the carapace was deduct and the spleen was removed for measurements. Despite the animals have been raised in the same place, under the same environment conditions and have been slaughtered at the same period of the year, we noticed that there isn´t any correlation between the spleen dimensions and the corporal dimensions, where, smaller animals can show their spleens in larger dimensions than big turtles, at the depends of individual conditions.

Wistar rats had been kept individually, in metabolic wire cages, without shelter, in microenvironmental system, under direct air flow at 0,6 m/s, under temperatures of 22º, 24º, 26º, 28º and 30º C. The food consumption and the weight gain had been compared in the end of 5 days (ANOVA; Tukey-Kramer). In the total, 7 groups, 10 animals each, had been compared. For the 22ºC temperature, had been used 3 groups, one experimental and two controls. One of them was kept in similar ambient of conventional laboratory animal rooms conditions (general diluitory ventilation, GDV) - C1. The other control group (C2) was kept in the interior of the equipment of microenvironmental ventilation, however, without the direct air flow, simulating the GDV. The gotten results demonstrate clearly that animal kept under direct microenvironmental ventilation at 26º, 28º and 30ºC have the same gain of corporal mass that C1 group. The groups kept at 22º and 24ºC, had less corporal mass gain when compared to C1 (p<0,001 and p<0,01 respectively). The weight gain for all the experimental groups, when compared to C2, presents statistical differences, except 30ºC group, that was equal to C2. The food consumption of all the groups was constant. Only the 30ºC group presented a reduction in the food consumption when compared with the groups C1 and C2 (p<0,05 for the two comparisons).

Neste trabalho foi realizado estudo comparativo dos níveis de corticóides fecais (CF) de chimpanzé (Pan troglodytes) e orangotango (Pongo pygmaeus). Foram analisadas amostras coletadas em duas fases distintas, relacionadas com a introdução de técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental, a saber: Base (antes da introdução) e Habituação (imediatamente após). Realizamos as validações do conjunto comercial para radioimunoensaio ImmunuChemTM Double Antibody Corticosterone da MP Biomedicals, para mensuração de CF. A validação laboratorial dos conjuntos diagnósticos para uso em extrato fecal de primatas foi realizada pelo método de paralelismo, no qual, para cada espécie, concentrações conhecidas de corticosterona foram adicionadas a um pool de extratos fecais, sendo estas amostras analisadas em seguida. As inclinações das curvas obtidas nestes ensaios e da curva padrão do ensaio foram então comparadas. Os resultados obtidos para chimpanzé e orangotango, foram respectivamente, Y= 17,23+1,31*X;R^2=0,98 e Y=11,14+1,29*X; R^2=0,99. Para a validação fisiológica, foi utilizada a introdução de técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental como causador de aumento dos níveis de CF, conseqüentes à indução de resposta do tipo estresse. Os resultados foram expressos em médias e erros-padrão da média. As concentrações médias destes corticóides foram: chimpanzés: Base (5,90 +/-2,41x10³ ng/g de fezes), Habituação (14,92 +/- 4,66x10³ ng/g de fezes) e para o orangotango: Base (91,1 +/- 30,0x10³ ng/g de fezes), Habituação (185,1 +/- 57x10³ng/g de fezes). Houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) para os valores destes CF para ambas as espécies entre as duas fases estudadas.

During the critical period of the maternal recognition, which occurs between days 15 and 19 of pregnancy, the conceptus must competently synthesize molecules capable of blocking the synthesis of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and luteolysis. In cattle, the major macromolecule involved in suck blockage is the protein interferon-tau (IFN-τ). During the critical period, failures in the recognition of pregnancy determine embryonic mortality on up to 40% of inseminated cows. Data about IFN-τ in Bos taurus indicus are still scarce. Objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the presence of IFN-τ during the critical period for maternal recognition of pregnancy in uterine flushings obtained in vivo by Foley catheter (Days 14, 16 and 18 post estrus) or post-mortem (Day 18 post estrus). Multiparous, cyclic or pregnant zebu cows (Bos taurus indicus) on days 14, 16 and 18 post estrus were used for in vivo or post mortem uterine flushing collection. In both cases, a Ringer solution was used to wash the uterus of cows. Uterine flushings were concentrated by ultra-filtration and lyophilized. Proteins were separated by one-dimensional electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in a 15% polyacrilamide gel. Interferon-tau quantification in uterine flushings was performed by western blotting and densitometry. Non-specific protein bands were observed in both in vivo and post mortem uterine flushings. Interferon-tau was detected only in uterine flushings obtained from pregnant cows post-mortem (P<0.05). Optical density of protein bands was not affected by the day of the critical period, state (cyclic or pregnant) or interaction day x state. There was no effect of the conceptus weight or progesterone concentration on the day of uterine flushing collection in the optical density of the IFN-τ protein band. It was concluded that the detection and quantification of IFN-τ in the uterine environment of zebu cows, in these experimental?conditions, is only possible in uterine flushings obtained post-mortem.

The purpose of this study was to determine and to compare the serum protein electrophoresis profile in female loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), free-ranging (n=20) nesting in the north coast of Bahia and in the animals kept in captivity (n=5) in the visitor center of the Projeto Tamar-Ibama, in Praia do Forte, Bahia, Brazil. The values obtained for the free-ranging turtles were: total protein 3,84±0,56g/dL, albumin 1,39±0,30g/dL, alfa-1 and alfa-2 globulin 0,34±0,09g/dL and 0,42±0,22g/dL, beta globulin 0,57±0,26g/dL, and gama globulin 1,16±0,30g/dL, and A:G ratio 0,58±0,16, while for the captives ones these values were: total protein 4,98±1,31g/dL, albumin 1,64±0,55g/dL, alfa-1, alfa-2, beta and gama globulin 0,39±0,24g/dL, 0,68±0,44g/dL, 0,68±0,13g/dL and 1,59±0,31g/dL, respectively; A:G ratio 0,49±0,08. The total protein values were significantly higher (p<0,05) for the captivity turtles; this fact may be related with the high protein feeding. Differences were also identified for the gamma globulin for the free-ranging, which presented lower values, probably due to reproductive stress and immunosuppression. Despite these considerations, the electrophoresis profile for the two loggerhead turtles groups were similar in general.

The behaviour of the non conserved and 98% glycerin conserved specimens for periods of 30, 60 and 90 days of bovine diaphragma's tendinous center, fibrous pericardium and parietal peritoneum submitted to mechanical tests of traction, was observed in ten bovines between 30 months and 36 months of age, crossbreeds, males and females, collecting fragments of these aforesaid membranes in each animal. The diaphragma's tendinous center and parietal peritoneum did not suffered significant modification (p>;0.05) in the values of tension when compared to the resistance tests of traction of non conserved and 98% glycerin conserved membranes. However, all the evaluated tissues showed significant increase (p£0.05) of the elongation values when conserved in 98% glycerin for until 90 days. It was also observed that fibrous pericardium is the one which supports greaters tensions. So, it to was concluded, that glycerin is efficient to the conservation of biological membranes besides modifying its mechanical properties.

Thirty-six castrated males and females Landrace x Large-White pigs (74 to 149 days of age) were randomly allotted to two environmental conditions: high temperature in a climatic chamber (HT; 22.2 to 32.8 ºC) and comfort temperature in a conventional shed (CT; 17.6 to 26.6 ºC), with night-and-day variations. Blood samples were weekly collected from animals of both HT and CT conditions for determination of serum cortisol levels. Cortisol levels of both sexes were not different, and there was no interaction with environmental temperature. Pigs of HT showed significantly higher average cortisol level (P<0.01) than the CT ones (7.06 and 4.82 mg/dL, respectively). Increasing in serum cortisol was continuous and linear (P<0.05) during the experimental period, suggesting the cortisol as a possible indicator of the heat stress in growing-finishing pigs.