RCAAP Repository

As it is generally said, the red ring disease of coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) is caused by a nematode which is regularly found in the diseased tissues. Such a nematode was described by COBB in 1919 as Aphelenchus cocophilus, having been placed by GOODEY, in 1933, in the genus Aphelenchoides. The species has been found occurring in three States of this country (Alagoas, Sergipe and Bahia). However, the Authors received from the Instituto de Ecologia e Experimentação Agrícolas, in Rio de Janeiro, a few samples of coconut tissues badly infested. So, its area of distribution is considerably enlarged. A. cocophilus is so slender and delicate a form that descriptions based on preserved material are frequentely inadequate. Thus, the Authors took this opportunity to re-examine and redescribe the species, as it was suggested by GOODEY (1923), what had not previously been made by those brazilian workers who have dealt with the disease. The population studied generally agreed with those examined by COBB (1919) and GOODEY (1923) in the details given, except in the dimensions mainly of the tail, as it is shown in table 1, where the measurements of 5 females and 5 males are presented.

The present paper relates a few experiments carried out to study the distribution of radiozinc in tomato seedlings as well its translocation in adult plants. 1 Tomato seedlings grown in nutrient solution were given during two weeks ca. 0.2 microcuries of Zn65C112; the seedlings were then harvested, and after careful washing of the roots with distiled water and diluted HC1, a radioautograph was taken (Fig. 1); this shows that the whole seedling, including the first cotyledon leaves are active; the Zn65 is preferentially concentrated, however, in the root system; this fact suggests that finding by ROSSITER (1953) that the roots of plants growing under natural conditions had a very high concentration of zinc is not due to soil contamination being ascribable to the physiology of such micronutrient. 2. The translocation of radiozinc was demonstrated by three different ways. In the first case, Zn65Cl2 was supplied to the nutrient solution during four weeks; three weeks after the addition of the radiozinc was discontinued, the newer leaves were detached and a radioautograph was taken (Fig. 2); the activity therein found shows that translocation occurred from the old leaves to the young ones. In the next experiment, identical procedure was followed but, instead of a radioautograph, different parts of the plant were ashed and counted; it was verified that 66.6 per cent of the activity supplied was absorbed; due to a great fixation within the roots only 5,6 per cent was translocated to the newer organs. In the third trial, Zn65C12 was directly applied to both upper and lower surfaces of medium aged leaves; counting the separated organs revealed that: 24.2 per cent of the activity applied hab been absorbed; however, 13.7 per cent translocated to the rest of the plant including to the roots. The author wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. P. R. Stout, Chairman, Dept. of Plant Nutrition, University of California, Berkeley and to Mr. A. B. Carlton for their help during part of this work. O autor agradece ao Laboratório de Isótopos da Universidade de São Paulo, na pessoa do Dr. T. Eston, o fornecimento do Zn65 usado neste trabalho.

1. The present work was carried out to study the effects of mineral nutrients in the yield as well as in the composition of cassava roots. The variety "Branca de Sta. Catarina" was grown by the sand culture method, the following treatments being used: N0 P0 K0, N0 P1 Kl, N1 P0 K1, N2 P1 K0, N2 P1 K1, N1 P2 K1, and N1 P1 K2, where the figures 0, 1, and 2 denote the relative proportion of a given element. The nutrients were given as follows: N = 35 grams of ammonium nitrate per pot loaded with 120 pounds of washed sand; P1 = 35 grams of monocalcium phosphate; Kl = 28 grams of sulfate of potash. Besides those fertilizers, each pot received 26 grams of magnesium sulfate and weekly doses of micronutrients as indicated by HOAGLAND and ARNON (1939). To apply the macronutrients the total doses were divided in three parts evenly distributed during the life cycle of cassava. 2. As far yield of roots and foliage are concerned, there are a few points to be considered: 2.1. the most striking effect on yield was verified when P was omitted from the fertilization; this treatment gave the poorest yields of the whole experiment; the need of that element for the phosphorylation of the starchy reserves explains such result; 2.2. phosphorus and nitrogen, under the experimental conditions, showed to be the most important nutrients for cassava; the effect of potassium in the weight of the roots produced was much less marked; it is noteworthy to mention, that in absence of potassium, the roots yield decreased whereas the foliage increased; as potassium is essential for the translocation of carbohydrates it is reasonable to admit that sugars produced in the leaves instead of going down and accumulate as starch in the roots were consumed in the production of more green matter. 3. Chemical analyses of roots revealed the following interesting points: 3.1. the lack of phosphorus brought about the most drastic reduction in the starch content of the roots; while the treatment N1 P1 K1 gave 32 per cent of starch, with NI PO Kl the amount found was 25 per cent; this result can be explained by the requirement of P for the enzymatic synthesis of starch; it has to be mentioned that the decrease in the starch content was associated with the remarkable drop in yield observed when P was omitted from the nutrient medium; 3.2. the double dosis of nitrogen in the treatment N2 P1 K1, gave the highest yields; however the increase in yield did not produce any industrial gain: whereas the treatment N1 P1 K1 gave 32 per cent of starch, by raising the N level to N2, the starch content fell to 24 per cent; now, considering the total amount of starch present in the roots, one can see, that the increase in roots yield did not compensate for the marked decrease in the starch content; that is, the amount of starch obtained with N1 P1 K1 does not differ statistically from the quantity obtained with N2 P1 K1; as far we know facts similar to this had been observed in sugar beets and sugar cane, as a result of the interaction between nitrogen and sugar produced; the biochemical aspect of the problem is very interesting: by raising the amount of assimilable nitrogen, instead of the carbohydrates polymerize to starch, they do combine to the amino groups to give proteinaceous materials; actually, it did happen that the protein content increased from 2.91 to 5.14 per cent.

The object of this work is to contribute to the knowledge of Brassolis astyra God. and B. sophorae (L.), very serious pests for coconut Palms of Bahia (Cocos nucifera L.), carnauba Palm (Copernicia cerifera Mart.) and other Palm-trees. Its synonymy, summary of bibliography and geographic distribution are given. The economic importance, the nature of injury caused by the insects, the known food-plants and the life-history and hapits are discussed summarilly. Measures of control which include cultural measures, artificial measures, biological measures including the conservation of the parasites and chimic measures also are dealt with. All the parasite insects from these species of Brassolis also are dealt with. The authors only gave the synonymy, the geographic distribution, summary of the bibliography and food-insects of the parasites which were not been. The parasite-insects obtained in laboratory by the author have also some bionomical and sistematic notes.

O Autor relata suas observações sôbre o comportamento de doze Gramíneas forrageiras consideradas agressivas na região de Piracicaba, Estado de S. Paulo, Brasil, admitindo que as mesmas podem ser confirmadas em condições tropicais ou subtropicais semelhantes. Estuda a agressividade como uma propriedade inerente à planta, mas dependente de condições edáfico-climático-bióticas para manifestar-se de uma ou outra maneira. Admite que a agressividade, que se verifica em consequência de uma competição pela luz, pelo alimento e pela reprodução, seja uma resultante da intensidade de duas principais condições endogenas: multiplicação e crescimento, debaixo de condições de adatação exógenas favoráveis. Condições favoráveis para certas espécies são desfavoráveis para outras dando margem à dominância ora de uma ora de outra espécie, o que deve ser levado em conta quer no manejo da pastagem quer no controle às pragas. Forrageiras importantes podem vir a constituir pragas tão sérias que venham a anular tôdas as vantagens de sua introdução pelas despezas que seu contrôle possa acarretar. Entretanto, como a agressividade é uma qualidade desejável numa forrageira, o estudo de seu comportamento em cada ambiente edáfico-climático-biótico típico e de seu controle deve preceder a sua recomendação aos fazendeiros. São discutidos os prejuízos decorrentes das plantas invasoras, assinalando-se muitas Gramíneas como tais. Sendo o assunto pouco estudado no Brasil, aventa a necessidade de se criarem organizações para tal fim, considerando a importância do problema. As seguintes espécies foram objeto da crítica do A: 1. Capim Colonião (Panicum maximum, var.). Altamente invasor por sementes e disseminável pela aração. Erradicação muito custosa em terras argilosas. Pode vir a constituir uma praga muito séria num futuro próximo. Dada a expansão de sua área cultivada, recomenda: a. limitar sua plantação, recomendando-se outras espécies produtivas e menos perigosas; b. pesquizar meios eficientes e baratos de seu contrôle, achando injustificável sua presença nas fazendas velhas colonizadas. 2. Capim Sempre-vêrde (Panicum maximum, var. gongyloides). Embora igualmente agressivo é de mais fácil contrôle por possuir touceiras mais fracas, podendo ser arrancadas com arado. E' menos perigoso que o Colonião. 3. Capim Gordura (Melinis minutiflora). Conquanto muito disseminado e tipicamente invasor é de contrôle relativamente fácil. 4. Capim Jaraguá (Hyparrhenia rufa). E' pouco menos invasor que o Gordura e facilmente erradicável, sobretudo porque dificilmente se propaga vegetativamente. 5. Capim do Pará (Panicum purpurascens). De uma agressividade extremamente alta, pode ser eliminado com mediana dificuldade. Mais difícil que ns. 3 e 4 e menos de que 1 e 2. 6. Capim da Bermuda (Cynodon dactylon). Compara-se em agressividade e facilidade de controle com a Gramínea anterior. 7. Capim de Kikuiu (Pennisetum clandestinum). De comportamento variável. Em boas condições supera o C. de Bermuda na agressividade e dificuldade de erradicação. E' praga mais séria que as Gramíneas de 2 a 6. 8. Capim da Bahia (Paspalum notatum). Extremamente agressivo, embora de formação lenta. Pode vir a tornar-se uma praga séria se não fôr controlado, pois tem tendência de dominar quase todas as espécies associadas. Seu contrôle merece ser estudado, parecendo não ser muito difícil de erradicar por métodos racionais. 9. Capim de Castela (Panicum repens). E' a Gramínea estudada que maior agressividade revelou. Seu emprego deve ser limitado a quem dela possa tirar partido. E' possível que possam desenvolver-se métodos de controle práticos e eficazes, devido ao seu pequeno porte. 10. Capim de Natal (Tricholaena rosea). Dissemina-se muito por sementes, praguejando fàcilmente as terras. Tem pequeno valor forrageiro. Deve ser desaconselhado e combatido como praga. 11. Capim de Rhodes (Chloris gayana). Muito disseminado à beira dos caminhos, não é praga da lavoura e é nesta lista é mais fácil de ser erradicado. 12. Capim de Johnson (Sorghum halepense). Conhecida praga, já introduzida no Brasil. Comporta-se mal, não tendo valor como forrageira, devendo todos seus focos serem eliminados. Em Piracicaba propaga-se mais comumente por rizomas durante a aração. Foram observados casos de intoxicação de animais.

This paper deals with some testes of Crotalaria as forage, using rabbits as laboratory animals to detect toxicity, at Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. 1. C. intermedia and C. juncea were palatable, non toxic, the last more productive. Tests on cattle are recommended and selection to improve characteristics as forage too. 2. C. incana and C. verrucosa were little palatable, probably non toxic, poor productive. 3. C. paulina, C. lanceolata (four strains), C. mysorensis, C. gratiana, C. spectabilis, C. breviflora and C. campista were toxic. This results are not according those of others AA. Others species are beeing tested since Crotalaria is a drought resistent legume on this area.

A presente pesquisa foi realizada visando esclarecer dúvidas surgidas quando da determinação dos valores "T" (capacidade total do solo para bases de dupla troca), "S" (bases suscetíveis de dupla troca) e "H" (hidrogênio suscetível de dupla troca) de solos que receberam altas doses de vinhaça Tais valores, quando determinados pelo processo recomendado por A O. A. C. (2), desviam-se dos normais passando "S" (parte) a ser maior do que "T" (todo). Diversas porções de um mesmo solo depois de convenientemente preparadas foram tratadas em vasos de ferro zincado com doses crescentes de vinhaça como segue: Primeiro grupo (vasos 1, 2, 3 e 4): testemunhas; Sgundo grupo (vasos 5, 6, 7 e 8): incorporação de vinhaça em volume equivalente a 250.0001 por hectare; Terceiro grupo (vasos 9, 10, 11 e 12): idem ao anterior aumentando as dos»\s para 500.0001; Quarto grupo (vasos 13, 14, 15 e 16): idem com 750.0001; Quinto grupo (vasos 17, 18, 19 e 20): idem com 1.000.0001. Efetuada a incorporação e depois de sêcos ossolos à sombra, dos mesmos foram retiradas amostras (4 para cada tipo) para as respectivas análises. Estas compreenderam determinações de "T", "S" e "H" por diversos processos, baseados em lixiviação com acetato de amônio neutro e normal, com cloreto de amônio normal e cloreto de bário normal. Foram, ainda, efetuadas determinações para verificação de sais solúveis. Também foram verificados os índices pH e a possibilidade de volatilização de amoníaco durante os processos de lavagem dos solos com álcool concentrado para a retirada de excesso de reativo. Os resultados obtidos foram estudados estatisticamente revelando principalmente que a incorporação de vinhaça ao solo determina neste um aumento de seus valores "T", "S" e índice pH, e diminuição de "H". Revelaram ainda que nos solos tratados com altas doses de vinhaça o valor "T" não deve ser determinado com processos ligados a amônio-saturação (cloreto), uma vez que êste radical peptizando e solubilizando a matéria orgânica do solo faz com que se consigam valores aquém dos reais. Esta interferência é tão grande que pode conduzir ao absurdo de se ter "S" maior do que "T". Os catiônios bivalentes como cálcio e bário, apesar dos inconvenientes que apresentam, são os recomendados para êste caso.

There is in the literature a noteworthy lack of sampling methods to be employed in the selection of papaya fruits for genetical improvement purposes. In the present experiment methods applied to melon and watermelon were extended to papaya with good results. The authors tried to correlate the solids content-as determined by a hand refractometer-with total sugars in the fruit. The correlation does exist being significant and positive. A regression equation was worked out; it permits to calculate the total sugar content provided the Brix value determined by the hand refractometer is known. The equation is as follows: a = 0.57 s where a = total amount of sugar as glucose, and s = total solids.

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In the present paper biological and ecological studies are made of two Podostemonaceae, namely Apinagia Accorsii Toledo (n. sp.) and Mniopsis Glazioviana Warmg. which live attached to the rocks of Piracicaba's fall. (At Piracicaba, E. de S. Paulo, Brasil). For revelling great modification in all vegetative parts aside from many regression characters as reduction of the conducting system, absence of stomata, simplification of the structure of the caules and leaves, prevalence of vegetative propagation and so forth special reference is made to Apinanagia Accorsii Toledo. All the observation refer to a period a little longer than an year, comprising the vegetative and floral cycles. The local distribution of both the species is the following: 1 - Apinagia Accorsii Toledo in the rocks situated just in the water fall where velocity ad aeration of the liquid are very high. 2 - Mniopsis Glazioviana Warmg. in the rocks some dis- tance upwards in the current. Out from the water the Podostemonaceae very soon will dry up and die, specially if they are directly under the action of the sun rays. The plants flowrish and fructify only when in contact with the air. Pollinization is direct. Notwithstanding the complete destruction of the whole vegetative part due to a prolonged exposition to the air (in the dry period) the fruits attach themselves to the rocks by means of a pedicel. In Apinagia Accorsii the buds having from 3 to 8 flowers are embedded in a flat rhizome. Externally they are recovered manecerão fixos à rocha; no próximo período de enchente as sementes germinarão nos meios apontados, garantindo, assim, a perpetuação da espécie no habitat. A polinização de ambas as espécies, de acordo com as observações feitas, é direta, realizando-se em plena atmosfera, quando as anteras enxutas e suficientemente dessecadas sofrem a deiscência, libertando o pólen. A espécie Mniopsis Glazioviana Warmg- comporta-se de igual modo que Apinagia Accorsii Toledo sob o aspecto referente à ação entre planta e habitat. with two imbricate scales. The rhizomes of Apinagia give rise to transitory caules of frondiform nature ramified and terminated by many capillaceous lacinias. After the detachament of the caules the corresponding scars can be seen on the rhizomes. The vegetative propagation of Apinagia is performed by hemicyllindrical stolons attached to the surface of the rocks, which by a process of tuberization produce laterally and alternately new rhizomes disposed in an increasing order up from the extremity. The plants of Mniopsis, on the contrary, produce hemicyllindrical roots from whose flanks radicular buds give rise to folliaceous formations disposed into pairs. According to our observation the proper means for seed germination are: 1 - The placent of parcially open fruits. 2 - The external and internal walls of the open capsules. 3 - The pedicel of the fruits, the rest os Apinagia's rhizomes and finally vegetative residues of Mniopsis. The embryo, charged with chrorophyll at the time of germination of the seeds, is a microscopical structure provided with two long cotyledons. The radicule and caulicule are indistinct. In the seedlings the extremity of the hypocotyl develops a fascicle of unicellular hairs, whose principal function seems to be fixation. Due to the weight of the fruit and the flexibility of the pedicel the capsules charged with the seedlings establish, under the action of the flow, contact with the rock's surface thus allowing the young plants to attach themselves more and more to their definitive substratum.

A preliminary account on the normal development of the imaginai discs in holometabolic Insects is made to serve as an introduction to the study of the hereditary homoeosis. Several facts and experimental data furnished specially by the students of Drosophila are brought here in searching for a more adequate explanation of this highly interesting phenomenon. The results obtained from the investigations of different homoeotic mutants are analysed in order to test Goldschmidt's theory of homoeosis. Critical examination of the basis on which this theory was elaborated are equally made. As a result from an extensive theoretical consideration of the matter and a long discussion of the most recent papers on this subject the present writer concludes that the Goldschmidt explanation of the homoeotic phenomena based on the action of diffusing substances produced by the genes, the "evocators", and on the alteration of the normal speed of maturation of the imaginai discs equally due to the activity of the genes, could not be proved and therefore should be abandoned. In the same situation is any other explanation like that of Waddington or Villee considered as fundamentally identical to that of Goldschmidt. In order to clear the problem of homoeosis in terms which seem to put the phenomenon in complete agreement with the known facts the present writer elaborated a theory first published a few years ago (1941) based entirely on the assumption that the imaginai discs are specifically determined by some kind of substances, probably of chemical nature, contained in the cytoplam of the cells entering in the consti- tution of each individual disc. These substances already present in the blastem of the egg in which they are distributed in a definite order, pass to different cells at the time the blastem is transformed into blastoderm. These substances according to their organogenic potentiality may be called antenal-substance, legsubstance, wing-substance, eye-substance, etc. The hipoderm of the embryo resulting from the multiplication of the blastoderm cells would be constituted by a series of cellular areas differing from each other in their particular organoformative capacity. Thus the hypoderm giving rise to the imaginai discs, it follows that each disc must have the same organogenic power of the hypodermal area it came from. Therefore the discs i*re determinated since their origin by substances enclosed in the cytoplasm of their cells and consequently can no longer alter their potentiality. When an antennal disc develops into a leg one can conclude that this disc in spite of its position in the body of the larva is not, properly speaking, an antennal disc but a true leg disc whose cells instead of having in their cytoplasm the antennal substance derived from the egg blastem have in its place the leg-substance. Now, if a disc produces a tarsus or an antenna or even a compound appendage partly tarsus-like, partly antenna-like, it follows tha,t both tarsal and antennal substances are present in it. The ultimate aspect of the compound structure depends upon the reaction of each kind of substance to the different causes influencing development. For instance, temperature may orient the direction of development either lowards arista or tarsus, stimulating, or opposing to the one or the other of these substances. Confering to the genes the faculty of altering the constitution of the substances containing in the cytoplasm forming the egg blastem or causing transposition of these substances from one area to another or promoting the substitution of a given substance by a different one, the hereditary homoeocis may be easily explained. However, in the opinion of the present writer cytoplasm takes the initiative in all developmental process, provoking the chromosomes to react specifically and proportionally. Accordingly, the mutations causing homoeotic phenomena may arise independently at different rime in the cytoplasm and in the chromosomes. To the part taken by the chromosomes in the manifestation of the homoeotic characters is due the mendalian ratio observed in homoeotic X normal crosses. Expression, in itself, is mainly due to the proportion of the different substances in the cells of the affected discs. Homoeotic phenomena not presenting mendelian ratio may appear as consequence of cytoplasmic mutation not accompanied by chromosomal mutation. The great variability in the morphology of the homoeotic characteres, some individual being changed towards an extreme expression of the mutant phenotype while others in spite of their homozigous constitution cannot be distinguished from the normal ones, strongly supports the interpretation based on the relative proportion of the determining substances in the discs. To the same interpretation point also asymetry and other particularities observed in the exteriorization of the phenomenon. In conformity with this new conception homoeosis should not prove homology of Insect appendages (Villee 1942) since a more replacement of substances may cause legs to develop in substitution of the wings, as it was already observed (requiring confirmation in the opinion of Bateson 1894, p. 184) and no one would conclude for the homology of these organs in the usual meaning of the term.

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This paper deals with stomata strucutre in the Rubiaceae family. This family in the order Rubiales is the only one to show the stomata structure relationed to the subsidiary cells. Twentyeight individuals representing several forms, varieties and espécies of the genus Coffea were studied and the uniformity regarding that structure observed. It is possible that the stomata structure, studied in detail in this paper, is a good character to distinguish the Rubiaceae family. Analysis of the other genus wil be carried on in order to confirm the observations made in the genus Coffea.

O presente trabalho não tem por fim discutir exaustivamente os fatos conhecidos e as hipóteses até hoje formuladas sobre o mecanismo da evolução. Êle apresenta apenas um resumo de alguns pontos, sem entrar numa discussão detalhada da literatura, com o fim de por em relevo principalmente os métodos como podem aparecer expontaneamente novos caracteres. As nossas considerações servem como uma introdução para alguns trabalhos experimentais, que serão publicados a seguir. A) - Conhecemos até agora os seguintes modos para a obtenção de novos caracteres fenotipos: 1) - Mutação gênica. 2) - Alteração citológica como poliploidia, polisomia e aberrações na estrutura cromossômica. 3) - Recombinação gênica, ou pela combinação de efeitos específicos de gens determinadores, ou pela combinação de fatores complementares ou principalmente pela mudança no conjunto dos modificadores ("Modifier chift"). A existência deste último modo, comprovado numa série de experiências, pode ter dois efeitos : alterar a base genética de certos caracteres, sem provocar novos efeitos fenotípicos, ou então provocar novas ações fenotípicas de determinados gens. Com respeito à fisiologia do gen, não pode haver dúvida que o conjunto dos modificadores é capaz de alterar a sua ação, provocando novos efeitos e cancelando outros. B) - As duas principais modalidades de aumentar a freqüência dos novos caracteres são: 1) - Seleção natural. 2) - A flutuação das freqüências ou seleção flutuante ("genetic drift"). C) - Finalmente, discutimos rapidamente os processos indispensáveis para completar o processo de evolução : os métodos de isolamento que garantem a manutenção dos novos fenotipos.

The meiosis of Tripsacum australe, a new specie native in South America and described by CUTLER and ANDERSON (3) was studied in detail. All stages were found to be normal and the chromosome number equal to 18 in the haploid phase. The most peculiar fact found in this plant was the absence of knobs, mainly at the end of chromosomes and shown in figs. 1 to 4. According to the above observations, this specie seems to be different from the species studied by LONGLEY (5) and the importance of this point regarding the problems of origin of maize was emphasized.

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