RCAAP Repository

Background and objectives: There is conflicting data regarding the association between platelet parameters and prognosis of stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis. We aimed to analyze this association in a cohort of patients treated with rtPA. Material and methods: Retrospective, observational study in adult ischemic stroke patients treated with rtPA between January 2015 and February 2017. Demographic and clinical characteristics, stroke severity (NIHSS), etiology (TOAST), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet count (PC), platelet distribution width (PDW) and functional outcome (mRS) at discharge and 90 days were recorded. The association between platelet parameters and unfavorable prognosis (mRS 3-6) was tested using non-parametric tests and logistic regression analysis. Results: 267 patients were included, 134 (50.2%) females, with a median (IQR) age of 74 years (64-82). The median admission NIHSS was 14 (8-19) and the most frequent etiology was cardioembolism (n = 115, 43.1%). At discharge, 170 (63.7%) patients had mRS 3-6. MPV values were higher in patients with mRS 3-6 (median 8.2fL versus 7.8fL, p = 0.013). This association remained significant (OR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.003-1.832, p = 0.048) after adjustment for variables associated with prognosis. There were no significant associations between other platelet parameters and prognosis. There was a trend to unfavorable prognosis at 90 days in patients with higher MPV. Regarding the association between platelet parameters and hemorrhagic transformation, higher PDW was associated with more severe hemorrhagic transformation (PH1/PH2). Conclusions: Higher MPV values were associated with unfavorable prognosis at discharge in patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis. Future studies should address its added value in stroke prediction models.

Recent studies indicate that ambient temperature may modulate obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) severity. However, study results are contradictory warranting more investigation in this field. We analysed 19,293 patients of the European Sleep Apnoea Database (ESADA) cohort with restriction to the three predominant climate zones according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification: Cfb (warm temperature, fully humid, warm summer), Csa (warm temperature, summer dry, hot summer), and Dfb (snow, fully humid, warm summer). Average outside temperature values were obtained and several hierarchical regression analyses were performed to investigate the impact of temperature on the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI), time of oxygen saturation <90% (T90) and minimum oxygen saturation (MinSpO2 ) after controlling for confounders including age, body mass index, gender, and air conditioning (A/C) use. AHI and ODI increased with higher temperatures with a standardised coefficient beta (β) of 0.28 for AHI and 0.25 for ODI, while MinSpO2 decreased with a β of -0.13 (all results p < .001). When adjusting for climate zones, the temperature effect was only significant in Cfb (AHI: β = 0.11) and Dfb (AHI: β = 0.08) (Model 1: p < .001). The presence of A/C (3.9% and 69.3% in Cfab and Csa, respectively) demonstrated only a minor increase in the prediction of the variation (Cfb: AHI, R2 +0.003; and Csa: AHI, R2 +0.007; both p < .001). Our present study indicates a limited but consistent influence of environmental temperature on OSA severity and this effect is modulated by climate zones.

In the emotion regulation process more than one strategy is often used, though studies continue to rely on the manipulation of one strategy alone. This study compares the effects of Combined Cognitive Reappraisal (CCR: acceptance and reappraise via perspective-taking) and suppression using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). One hundred participants were randomly assigned to one of the two groups and subjective, physiological, and behavioural data were recorded. Continuous electrocardiography was recorded to measure heart rate variability (HRV) and stress levels. Affective ratings were provided before and after the TSST. Behavioural expressions were videotaped and analysed independently. Trait social anxiety/fear, age and gender entered as covariates. Although no group differences were found on affective ratings, the CCR group presented less physiological stress, higher HRV, their speech was better perceived, displayed more affiliative smile and hand gestures. Results suggested that CCR is more appropriate than suppression for managing social stress situations.

Focused on the collection of theses and dissertations, the aim of the following study is to look to the scientific production of ULisboa and analyse the international visibility of it through the statistical report of these two institutional repositories for the last 10 years (2010 - 2019). For this purpose, the total number of thesis and disserta tions of the ULisboa, archived in both repositories, were collected, for the period 2010 - 2019 (10 years of implementation of the institutional repositories). Usage statistics (views and downloads) were obtained as well as the home countries of these access es. A descriptive analysis was performed. Results showed that the number of thesis and dissertation archived in the repositories has been growing, as well as their use (views and downloads) is very significant in both repositories.

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) affect a substantial percentage of the population, and the resources spent on their treatment are considerable. Despite the worldwide efforts around Tissue Engineering of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc, a proper implant offering a long-term solution for TMD was not yet developed. To contribute to these efforts, this work is focused on the research and development of implants for TMJ disc regeneration. Scaffolds and hydrogels mimicking the TMJ disc of black Merino sheep were produced using different materials, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), and as a multi-material structure. Different parameters of the scaffold manufacturing were assessed: the influence of processing temperatures, filament diameter, and biological environment. Moreover, two multi-material approaches were also assessed, scaffold with a hydrogel shell and scaffold with a hydrogel core. It was found that increasing temperature, the scaffolds' porosity decreases, increasing their compressive modulus. Decreasing the filament size (300 to 200 μm) decreases the compressive modulus to almost half of the initial value. Scaffolds with 200 μm filaments are the ones with a closer modulus to the native disc and their properties are maintained under hydrated conditions. The introduction of a hydrogel core in these scaffolds presented better mechanical properties to TMJ disc substitution.

There is a paucity of in vivo studies that investigate the safety and efficacy of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) tissue regeneration approaches, in part due to the lack of established animal models. Review of disease models for study of TMJ is presented herein with an attempt to identify relevant preclinical animal models for TMJ tissue engineering, with emphasis on the disc and condyle. Although degenerative joint disease models have been mainly performed on mice, rats, and rabbits, preclinical regeneration approaches must employ larger animal species. There remains controversy regarding the preferred choice of larger animal models between the farm pig, minipig, goat, sheep, and dog. The advantages of the pig and minipig include their well characterized anatomy, physiology, and tissue properties. The advantages of the sheep and goat are their easier surgical access, low cost per animal, and its high tissue availability. The advantage of the dog is that the joint space is confined, so migration of interpositional devices should be less likely. However, each species has limitations as well. For example, the farm pig has continuous growth until about 18 months of age, and difficult surgical access due to the zygomatic arch covering the lateral aspect of joint. The minipig is not widely available and somewhat costly. The sheep and the goat are herbivores, and their TMJs mainly function in translation. The dog is a carnivore, and the TMJ is a hinge joint that can only rotate. Although no species provides the gold standard for all preclinical TMJ tissue engineering approaches, the goat and sheep have emerged as the leading options, with the minipig as the choice when cost is less of a limitation; and with the dog and farm pig serving as acceptable alternatives. Finally, naturally occurring TMJ disorders in domestic species may be harnessed on a preclinical trial basis as a clinically relevant platform for translation.

Os bairros são importantes fontes de identidade de lugar. A identidade de lugar é uma forma de identidade social. Como tal, a perceção dos bairros está associada a fenómenos grupais. Nomeadamente um bairro pode ser percecionado como um grupo mais ou menos entitativo, isto é, mais ou menos como uma entidade. A literatura demonstra que a perceção de entitatividade varia de acordo com a perceção de determinadas caraterísticas físicas (como o bairro ser mais moderno ou mais antigo). Porém, no presente estudo, pretende-se demonstrar que essas caraterísticas estudadas, que se correlacionam com a perceção de entitatividade, nem sempre são o primeiro fator causal para a perceção de entitatividade. Existem determinados elementos de configuração do espaço que são primeiramente relevantes para essa perceção, designadamente, a observação de espaços públicos ao invés de espaços onde essa qualidade social não se verifica. Pretende-se ainda entender que características físicas podem ser trabalhadas de forma a conseguir desenhar espaços mais sociopetal. Para tal foram analisadas algumas fotografias de bairros utilizadas em estudos passados, para melhor compreender e distinguir o que determina a perceção de entitatividade, sendo que estas foram aqui analisadas individualmente, logo, em maior detalhe. Os resultados demonstram que, para ser possível uma avaliação de entitatividade, as fotografias têm de apresentar um espaço público, isto é, um espaço social, como são o largo ou a rua, caso contrário essa avaliação não é possível apenas através da perceção de caraterísticas físicas como fachadas de prédios. Verificou-se que existem configurações de bairros sociopetal ou sociofugal, designadamente, diferentes tamanhos do espaço observado, que encorajam ou desencorajam a interação social, correlacionados negativamente com a perceção de entitatividade dos bairros, e que esta característica física pode ser tida em conta no planeamento ou reconstrução de novos bairros sociopetal.

O autocuidado é, cada vez mais, um tema de maior interesse, tendo em conta a sua importância para o bem estar e desempenho dos psicólogos clínicos. A presente investigação visa contribuir para a exploração deste conceito, estudando a sua relação com a regulação da satisfação das necessidades psicológicas (inseridas no Modelo da Complementaridade Paradigmática) e com o bem estar psicológico. A amostra reuniu um total de 87 participantes, aos quais foram aplicados três instrumentos: Escala de Regulação da Satisfação das Necessidades Psicológicas (ERSN-43; adaptação portuguesa: Conde et al., 2012), Escala de Bem Estar Psicológico (EBEP; adaptação portuguesa: Novo et al., 2004) e Escala de Avaliação de Autocuidado para Psicólogos; adaptação portuguesa: Reis et al., 2020). Os resultados demonstram correlações significativas entre algumas dimensões do autocuidado e as polaridades dialéticas de necessidades psicológicas. Adicionalmente, verifica-se o papel mediador do desenvolvimento profissional na relação entre as necessidades psicológicas e o bem estar psicológico. O presente estudo realça a importância da auto-consciência dos psicólogos clínicos face às suas necessidades psicológicas e do envolvimento em estratégias de autocuidado que vão ao encontro destas necessidades e que promovam o bem estar psicológico. Paralelamente, a presente investigação sugere a promoção de estratégias que promovam o desenvolvimento profissional dos psicólogos clínicos, ao longo das várias fases das suas carreiras.

When it comes to decision-making under uncertainty, there is a well-known confrontation between two approaches: Kahneman and Tversky’s Heuristics and Biases and Gigerenzer’s Fast and Frugal Heuristics. Even though both approaches defend that heuristics correspond to intuitive processes, one postulates systematic and characteristic heuristic-based errors that are costly for individuals and the other refers that heuristics mostly lead to accurate judgments. This present work addresses this apparent paradox: “how can human intuition be simultaneously right and wrong?” by putting together in the same study judgment tasks coming from each theorical approach. One hundred and twenty participants responded to problems presenting a conflict between intuitive (heuristic-based) and deliberate answers (CRT, syllogisms and semantic illusions), commonly used by the heuristics and biases approach; and to a pairwise comparisons task, typically used to study the recognition heuristic by the Fast and Frugal approach. Furthermore, we manipulated instructions to be rational versus intuitive, in order to affect participants’ reliance on intuition. Results show that rational instructions increased performance to conflict problems (i.e., lead to reduced reliance on heuristic-based intuitions) and increased the use of the recognition heuristic. These results defy the view that all heuristics stem from the same intuitive, largely autonomous processes, and suggest that the recognition heuristic also involves a more deliberate type of processing. Limitations and follow up studies are discussed.

Self-discrepancy theory predicts that a larger self-discrepancy magnitude - the difference between what a person believes to be and what they want to be - leads to worse affect, which is supported by prior empirical evidence. Additionally, self-discrepancy theory, assumes this association to be present at an early age. The first goal of this study was to empirically test this assumption for the first time, during middle childhood (8-10 years of age), resorting to a multidimensional view of self-representations. Moreover, sense of power could act as a moderator of the aforementioned relation between self-discrepancy, ideal-self-representations and affect, since ideal-self-representations are usually conceptualized as superordinate personal goals, and sense of power has been shown to be a facilitator of goal-seeking. The second goal of this study consisted on testing this possibility. Self-report measures were employed to collect the data (N = 236), which was analyzed through various multiple regression analyses. Regarding the results, although self-discrepancy was shown to significantly predict affect, this was misleading. A separate analysis of self-discrepancy’s components revealed that the apparent effects of self-discrepancy, were caused by only one of its components - actual-selfrepresentations. Furthermore, sense of power moderated the relation between social ideal-selfrepresentations and affect. More specifically, sense of power seems to be associated to a general reduction of negative affect. This pattern of results highlights the importance of actualself-representations during middle childhood, calls into question self-discrepancy theory’s developmental postulates and showcases sense of power as a variable to consider in the context of self-representations and, particularly, negative affect.

Considerada a patologia cardíaca congénita mais comum, a Válvula Aórtica Bicúspide (VAB) propicia o desenvolvimento de complicações potencialmente fatais, como a valvulopatia (estenose e insuficiência aórticas) e aortopatia. Apesar da sua importância clínica, a fisiopatologia da VAB e das suas complicações é ainda uma área cujo conhecimento disponível apresenta bastantes lacunas, sugerindo-se um possível contributo da inflamação no processo. A inflamação crónica parece ser fundamental na história natural da VAB e na degenerescência valvular associada, presumindo-se que, ao insulto endotelial inicial – fruto das alterações hemodinâmicas secundárias à anormal morfologia valvular – se siga, como na aterosclerose, a acumulação lipídica, com consequente oxidação de lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) e infiltração de células inflamatórias, aumento do stress oxidativo e das citocinas em circulação, remodeling da matriz extracelular (MEC), neovascularização, osteogénese e, por fim, calcificação valvular. Daqui advêm as complicações valvulares, com predomínio da estenose sobre a insuficiência aórticas. Em contrapartida, o papel da inflamação na aortopatia em VAB não se encontra tão bem definido. Os dados sugerem que o início da degenerescência da camada média da aorta se dê por mecanismos não inflamatórios, evidenciando o papel crucial das alterações genéticas e do stress hemodinâmico presente. Porém, a inflamação parece contribuir, em fases mais avançadas da doença, para a sua progressão. Acresce que parece existir um predomínio de monócitos e macrófagos em detrimento das populações linfocitárias (B e T). Esta supremacia do sistema imune inato suporta a elevada suscetibilidade destes doentes a agentes internos e externos, predispondo à maior precocidade e agressividade das complicações existentes. Atualmente, a deteção destas complicações e da sua evolução recai sobretudo em estudos imagiológicos que, porém, se mostram insuficientes para o reconhecimento precoce dos doentes em risco. Assim, mostra-se imperativo o desenvolvimento de ferramentas de diagnóstico e estratificação de risco destes doentes. Neste sentido, projetando a participação da inflamação neste processo, foram revistos os biomarcadores até à data avaliados, permitindo pôr em evidência a necessidade e elevada prioridade de uma melhor caracterização e validação dos mesmos, com vista a colmatar as lacunas existentes nas ferramentas de diagnóstico disponíveis.

Introdução. O suicídio, problema de saúde publica de grande relevância, é a segunda causa de morte nas raparigas e a terceira causa de morte nos rapazes, com idades compreendidas entre os 15 e 19 anos. Resulta da interligação de vários fatores, sendo o principal a presença de perturbação mental. Os psicofármacos são uma das armas essenciais no controlo dos comportamentos suicidários, que devem ser sempre associados a outras estratégias de prevenção do suicídio, como acompanhamento Psiquiátrico ou Psicoterapêutico regulares. No entanto, o estigma mantém-se, constituindo uma barreira na procura de ajuda. Esta revisão da literatura tem como objetivo a análise, bem como a síntese da informação publicada recentemente sobre o suicídio na adolescência. Materiais e Métodos. Pesquisa de artigos publicados entre 2010 e 2019 nos motores de pesquisa PubMed e Medline, bem como a consulta de livros de texto. Desenvolvimento. O suicídio é o ato de pôr termo à própria vida, com resultado fatal, praticado pela própria vítima. A adolescência é uma etapa de vida muito vulnerável, em que ocorrem várias mudanças - físicas, sexuais, cognitivas e emocionais. Diversos fatores de risco e de proteção foram identificados. Podemos dividir os fatores de risco em 3 grandes grupos – fatores demográficos, sociais e educacionais; eventos de vida negativos, antecedentes familiares e médicos; fatores psiquiátricos e psicológicos. As perturbações mentais estão presentes em 90% das vítimas de suicídio; 60% acontecem no contexto de uma depressão.

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Os deportos aquáticos são praticados um pouco por todo o mundo e Portugal não é exceção, não fora a sua extensa costa uma alavanca adicional para essa prática. Estão descritas patologias no âmbito da otorrinolaringologia, intrinsecamente relacionadas com este tipo de desportos. As otites externas, otomicose, rinite e sinusite, apresentam uma incidência aumentada nas atividades aquáticas, pelo contacto com a água e seus patogéneos. O caso particular do surf, em que a água e o vento podem assumir um carácter de maior agressividade, apresenta uma incidência aumentada de exostoses. Desportos de contacto, como o pólo aquático, pelo risco acrescido de trauma no ouvido, apresentam prevalência aumentada de hematoma auricular e perfuração traumática da membrana do tímpano. Por fim, no mergulho, as lesões estão frequentemente relacionadas com a pressão, apresentando, por isso, uma elevada incidência de barotrauma e baroparésia facial. Importa, assim, analisar estas patologias, com vista à sua adequada compreensão por parte dos médicos de clínica geral ou em ambiente de urgência, de forma a conseguirem diagnosticá-las correta e rapidamente, com vista ao melhor prognóstico. As técnicas de prevenção, bem assim como a identificação precoce destas problemáticas, são importantes e devem ser ensinadas aos praticantes de deportos aquáticos, treinadores e escolas.

The “Seaside Architecture Inventory of Oeiras” was developed between 2004 and 2008, as part of a doctorate thesis in the scientific area of architecture. It includes fifty single-family houses, built for seaside vacations. They were built between 1860 and 1925 in the territory of the current Oeiras’ municipality. This is a pioneer study for the quoted region which takes a multidisciplinary approach, to the systemization, the description of the buildings, as well as assessment of risk levels. The main goal of this research project was to define the correct program of conservation, safeguarding and revitalizing of these eclectic and historic buildings. This research involved field work in addition to documentary and bibliographical research. Each one of the dwellings was individually studied to: gather historical, administrative and technical data; provide a physical description; evaluate it’s the state of conservation and present recommendations for intervention. The evaluation of the state of conservation of each building was done through a two phase method: 1) The evaluation was preceded by definitions of anomalies to be noted (the so called typifying anomalies), which formed a basis for a check list. Nine structural anomalies and 25 non structural anomalies, such as finishes and coatings, were typified. The state of conservation for each building was summarized on a scale from 1(very bad) to 4 (good). 2) The second phase was the assessment of risk. Based on the principle that the general state of conservation of a building is influenced by its kind of occupation, six risk levels, from 1 (extreme risk) to 6 (null risk) were defined. The assessment of the general state of conservation of each building revealed that 46% (n=23) are in good condition but 12% (n=6) are in a very bad and 16% (n=8) in a bad state of conservation. This approach revealed that 44% (n=22) of the inventoried houses have null risk. Six buildings are in extreme risk, four buildings are in serious risk and seven buildings are in high risk. T, 34% (n=17) of the historic holiday seaside houses of the municipality of Oeiras are at risk, based on the definitions of risk levels 1 to 3. “Seaside Heritage of Oeiras” was the theme of European Heritage Days of Oeiras, which occurred on 25th September 2010. It is in recognition of the importance of t his Heritage, which is in danger of disappearing.

The ‘Cais das Colunas’ is located on the border of Tagus River, integrating the ‘Terreiro do Paço’ the royal square of the historical centre of Lisbon and the ‘Baixa Pombalina’. The quay, erected after the great Lisbon earthquake of 1755, is a historical place and tourist mark of the Portuguese capital. Due to the expansion of the underground lines of the city of Lisbon, the coastal monument was partially removed in 1997, in order to construct a tunnel beside its foundations. The deconstruction, or partial removal, took four months, in the Spring/Summer of 1997. During the deconstruction, each one of the 1500 limestone blocks was carefully removed, marked with a number and then transported to a safe place. Later, it was applied urgent cleaning treatments on part of the limestone blocks. The reconstruction project was initially planned to be completed in 1999, but accidents, during the construction of the new underground line, resulted in its postponement. During the summer of 2008 the historic quay was finally reconstructed. The monument was reconstructed using modern techniques and materials. Structural corrections were made but each of the stone blocks was replaced in its original localization. Before the removal of the blocks, the main pathologies were identified, classified and mapped. Through macroscopic observation, 17 distinct pathologies affecting stone, mortar or metallic elements were identified and classified. From these, the most significant, in terms of occurrence, were mapped grouping the pathologies in four maps. Results demonstrate that the marine environment is responsible for most of the pathologies. East and west elevations reveal a different distribution of weathering forms, showing wind and solar radiation effects. Of particular relevance are the river polluted water and the biological attacks, as well as effects of air pollutants. Since the quay’s reconstruction, which ended in August 2008, three years have passed. It is now time to evaluate the new materials and construction systems used on the XXIth century (re)construction. Do they contribute to increase the “durability” of the limestone quay? Or will they accelerate its degradation? Is Cais das Colunas a monument at risk? A “preventive conservation program” is being prepared. This includes systematic evaluation and monitoring procedures. The aim is to evaluate the effects of the marine environment on the weathering of the quays’ materials and structure and to clearly identify mechanisms and critical factors, in order to act preventively.

The historic quay Cais das Colunas was constructed during the decades 1770-1790. In 1996 was partially dismounted and in 2008 was reconstructed. During these interventions some samples of materials were collected, in order to characterize them. It is common sense that the (re)construction of Lisbon after the earthquake recurred, almost strictly, to Portuguese lioz limestone from Pero Pinheiro region. Recent historic survey revealed that other regions of Portugal, such as Paço de Arcos and Carcavelos, supplied stone material to the great building yard that was Lisbon since 1758 to the end of that century. It was possible to collect and study samples from three distinct stone blocks: a fragment of a substituted stone block of the pavement (ST1); a fragment from the basis of east column (ST2); and a block of the quay's core (ST3). All of these were discarded in the reconstruction intervention of 2008, so the harm of these studies to the monumental quay is null. The present study focuses on the determination of (1) water absorption by capillarity and (2) uniaxial compressive strength. The tests were developed in order to preliminary characterize the stone material used in the construction of the monumental quay. It were followed the European Standards EN 15801:2009 and EN 1926:2006. Samples ST1 and ST3 showed a similar behavior in capillarity water absorption with high values 0,738 g/mm2 and 0,597 g/mm2 curve than ST2 which present low capillarity water absorption with an average of 0,113 g/mm2. Also, as expected by the capillarity values, the ST2 samples present the highest value (87,77 MPa). ST1 and ST2 show 72,02 MPa and 78,38 MPa, respectively. It is possible a preliminary identification of different types of lioz limestone. Samples ST1 and ST3 demonstrated similarities on the studied parameters, comparing to the ones of ST2 – that revealed lower water absorption and higher compressive strength. Further studies, in order to the mineralogical and chemical characterization of the specimens, are being carried out. The identification of the quarries is also a goal of the research project.

The historic quay Cais das Colunas was constructed during the decades 1770-1790. In 1996 was partially dismounted and in 2008 was reconstructed. During these interventions some samples of materials were collected, in order to characterize them. It was collected a wooden wedge, of 25 centimeters long, used during the construction process of the historical quay to adjust one of the stone blocks. The (re)construction of Lisbon, after the 1755's earthquake, depended on huge quantities of wood. Recent historic survey confirmed that tons on wood came to Lisbon from various regions of Portugal (such as Alcácer do Sal and Marinha Grande) and also from some European countries – particularly from Sweden and from the Netherlands. There were already identified, in Pombaline structural elements of the buildings, species already introduced at Portuguese forestry at that time, such as Quercus pedunculata, Castanea sativa, Quercus suber and Quercus ilex; and also other non introduced species, at that time, like Larix decidua or nordic Pinus sylvestris. Species from other continents are also referred in literature: Pinus caribaea, Swietenia macrophylla and Tectona grandis. The present study focuses on the anatomical identification of the wood of the wedge, in order to identify its specie and then to try to determine the material's geographical origin - based on the available knowledge of the distribution of species in the second half of the XVIIIth century. The sample was studied according recommendations of IAWA: (1) macroscopically and (2) microscopically, through transversal, tangential and radial sections of approximately 17 to 20 μm thickness obtained with a sliding microtome, stained with Safranin and mounted on Eukitt; a dissociation process of the lignin (stained with astrablau) was also performed. A microscope Leica DML coupled with a digital camera and the image analysis system LEICA Qwin Plus software Leica, allowed the acquisition of images. The anatomical features of the sample disprove the existing premiss of a nordic P. sylvestris, from Sweden or from the Netherlands. The observed anatomy i.e. coalescence of pinoid pits to windowlike and the type of inner wall thickening of ray tracheids are described in some Pinus spp such as Pinus caribea; but extra survey has to be developed in order to know the wood specie of the wedge and determine its geographical origin.

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