Repositório RCAAP

The use of substracts with good efficiency and low cost constitutes important factor for seedlings production of forest species. The present work aimed to evaluate different materials and combinations of these, as substracts for seedlings production of Ilex paraguariensis in plastic tubes. The study was led in the nursery of the Baldo S.A. in São Mateus do Sul - PR. Six materials were used: bovine tanned manure, semi- ecomposed sawdust, pricked Ilex paraguariensis toothpick, underground soil, commercial substracts with pinus peel base and earthworm humus, with which 14 treatments were formulated. They were appraised the mortality of the seedlings at 15 and 30 days after dibbling and, to the six months, the diameter of the collect, the height, the easiness of seedlings retreat of the the plastic tubes and the aggregation of the roots to the substratum. It was also evaluated the time spent in hours for the cleaning of undesirable plants on the seedlings of each treatment up to six months after pealed. The results indicated that the treatments that contained sawdust, Ilex paraguariensis toothpick and, mainly, bovine tanned manure, besides more economical, showed good results on the seedlings quality. However, among all the tested substrata, the one formed by bovine tanned manure and semi- ecomposed sawdust (proportion 2:3) stands out in view of having only two components, resulting in larger preparation easiness, with low cost and good quality of seedlings. 

This research aimed to determine dry weights and carbon contents by age, and by compartment of Mimosa scabrella trees, their correlations with other measured tree variables. The data for this research work came from 190 trees located in several counties of the Curitiba metropolitan region. Total height, crow height, stem height, DBH and crow diameter were measured of each one of the 190 trees. Every sample tree was felled down and sectioned in the following components: stem, thick branches (diameter ≥ 4 cm), thin branches (diameter < 4 cm), foliage, and dead branches. The green weigth of each tree component was weighted in the field. Small sub samples of each tree component were also weighted in the field and brought to the laboratory for oven dry. Thus it was obtained the dry weight of the whole component by extrapolation. Small portions of each component from 55 trees were triturated for carbon content determination. The stem dry weight participated with 69.85% of the whole tree, as an average, and presented a coefficient of variation of 17.88%. Theproduct DBH2*Total height and the DBH were the variables which presented the highest coefficient of correlation with the stem weight, as well as with the other tree components. There was no significative differences of carbon content among ages, either diameter classes for all analized components. 

The Araucaria Forest (AF) once covered 37% of State of Parana, but nowadays less than 1% of mature AF was left. Besides being one of the most threatened Brazilian ecosystems, the AF is also poorly studied. So, the main objective of the present study was to contribute with the knowledge and conservation of Parana state mammals, focusing on AF species. The field study was conducted in the Embrapa Florestas property (25º19’ S – 49º09’ W), that has 301 ha of which 105 ha are covered by disturbed primary AF and the other 196 ha by secondary AF forests and forest plantations. Mammalian records were made twice a week between April 2003 and February 2004 employing direct and indirect methods including visual observations, analysis of vestiges, collection of dead, hunted or car-bitten individuals, interviews and museum studies. Altogether those techniques revealed the presence of 27 mammals, but this number is an underestimation since small species were poorly sampled. However, the presence of rare and/or endangered species, like Cabassous tatouay, Mimon bennettii, Leopardus triginus, L. wiedii and Mazama spp., in the study area reinforce the importance of small forest remnants for the conservation of the Araucarian forest  mammals of State of Parana.

Economic evaluation of investment projects of is usually used as a form to search for parameters that are indicative of its viability. However, a condition of uncertainty in relation to the economic environment makes it difficult in order to help the process of decision making. In the case of the forest activities, the complexity is still bigger in function of the long time required for the return of the investment. One of the alternatives that can be used by the investors is the transformation of uncertainty into risk. Thus, the objective of the article is to verify the adequacy of the Monte Carlo Method (MMC) in the risk evaluation of in forest activities with Pinus spp. The procedure  consists of the simulation of the Internal Tax of Return (ITR) and of Net Present Value (NPV) of the project, from the simulation of variables previously selected in the cash flow. The method revealed efficient in the risk analysis of forest activities. 

The effect of burning residues was evaluated on soil chemical and biological characteristics under bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella Bentham) agroforestry system. This system uses to burn residues to assure revegetation of new harvest and to control weeds. Treatments tested were revegetation using fire and without fire and a test plot consisting of native forest. The period of sampling started on May 2002 until August 2003, and soil samplings for chemical and biological analyses were on different dates. Burning harvesting residues of bracatinga increases initially soil nutrient concentration, mainly P in 1 and 2 cm surface soil layers, and influenced the amount of C in the microbe biomass in the first year. Maintaining soil cover with bracatinga harvesting residues, without using fire, may control soil erosion and the nutrients will be slowly released, promoting site sustainability on this forest activity. 

Twenty and twenty three seed provenances of Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. were imported from Australia, in 1993 and 1994, respectively, by Embrapa Florestas. This genetic germoplasm was utilized for starting a breeding program in the states of Paraná, São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul. In 2002, twenty eight genotypes were selected in the Presidente Castelo Branco-PR district whose seeds were utilized for the installing second generation progenies test in Avaré-SP. Randomized blocks was the statistical design utilized, with linear plots of five plants, adjusted in a compass 3m x 3m, with 8 replications. Total height, DBH (diameter at the height of breast) were the characteristics considered in the volume evaluations. Estimation of variance components, genetic parameters selection and genetic was made by SELEGEN/REML/BLUP - model 1. The conclusions obtained were: a) genetic gains were superior of 85%, remaining 227 genotypes (18% from the total amount of trees) in the Seed Orchard; b) selecting the best 50 genotypes, the genetic gain would be superior from 185%, and c) the installation of clonal orchard with the selected genotypes would lead a better spatial distribution of the clones, what wouldn’t happen in seed production areas originated of progenies installed in a randomized blocks design. 

The objective of this research was to evaluate the pathogenicity of P. palmivora and Fusarium spp. isolates associated with basal stem rotting of peach palm. Four P. palmivora isolates and 15 Fusarium spp. isolates were inoculated in wounded stems using mycelial plugs as inoculum. Disease intensity was based on symptoms showed by leaf flags and full- xpanded leaves, which ranged from yellowing to necrosis. It was verified that P. palmivora caused more damage than the Fusarium spp., and that the isolates of these fungi presented variation on aggressiveness.

The paper objective was to describe and to illustrate the external and internal morphologic aspects of the seed, the germination process external aspects and seedlings phases of jacarandá- da- bahia (Dalbergia nigra VELLOZO) Fr. All. Ex. Bentham Leguminoseae- Papilionoidae). It was found that seed have tegument of bright medium brown color, with kidney shape and symmetricaless form of 7,0 mm to 10,0 mm of length for 5,9 mm to 8,8 mm of width; germination epigeous phanerocotylar, free of tegument, and occur at 30 days after sowing. Seedlings with opposing follicles, of herbaceous consistency and green clear color, with about 1,2 cm of length for 0,8 cm of width. Observations on the seeds internal and external morphology, allied to the ones made on the seedlings phases of development, allow identification of this species in the initial growth and the overall research results may be used for other taxonomic, silvicultural and ecological purposes.  

Leaf anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum loeosporioides, is the most important disease of peach palm plants (Bactris gasipaes var. gasipaes) in nurseries in the Central and Southern Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate efficacy of some new formulations of fungicides for controlling anthracnose transplants in orchards. An assay with randomized block design was carried out, with five different fungicides and a control, with four replicates. Each replicated had 10 plants. The fungicides evaluated were: piraclostrobin + epoxiconazole (0,13 + 0,05 g.L-1), tetraconazole (0,1 g.L-1), tebuconazole (0,2 g.L-1 ), chlorotalonil (2 g.L-1) e chlorotalonil + Thiophanate-methyl (1 + 0,4 g.L-1). Each fungicide was sprayed seven times, at 15-day intervals. All fungicide treatments reduced significantly the disease severity, providing control up to 68 to 78 %. 

Nurseries has presented Pinus taeda seedling with symptoms of wilt, tip blight and death, in Southern Region of Brazil. Isolation on PDA medium, moist chamber, pathogenicity test and microculture were made to identify the pathogen. A species of Fusarium was isolated, which is under identification. It was verified by Koch postulates that Fusarium sp. was the causal agent of this disease.

The Grevillea robusta A. Cunn is utilized for coffee plantation shading, crops growing and pasture shading, apiculture, ornamentation and wind breaks. It is also used to produce sawn wood. One test of 28 second generation half-sib progenies was planted in Forestry Institute of São Paulo, with 20°03’S latitude and 48°54’W logitude geographic coordenates and 630m of altitude. The main objectives of this paper were to select genetic material capable to produce more volume of wood. The total heigth and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured on the three yars old second generation half-sib progenies test. The volume was calculated and the results led to the following conclusion: The best second generation progeny was the number 12, which came from an australian progeny called GJM980 from Boyd River (NSW) provenance. The volume gain of the best second generation progeny when compared with the experiment average mean was greater than 138%. By the same token, the volume gain of 12 second generation half-sib progenies was superior to 32%.

This paper deals with the prognosis of the individual volumetric growth of Eucalyptus species in the Brazilian South Region. It was accomplished in a fertilizer trial with Eucalyptus dunnii and a competition trial among species (E. bicostata, E. “cambiju” - natural hybrid, E. deanei and E. viminalis) implanted in Vila Velha, PR. The method of successive regressions, modified to the exponential form, including the volume at three years of age and survival was applied. The results gave evidence of acceptable efficiency of the method to estimate individual volumetric growth of the trees of the stands, especially for E. deanei and E. dunnii, species well adapted to the region. However, species with low growth potential, for example E. bicostata, presented low individual and stand volumes at the end of the rotation, despite its high survival. It was necessary to include survival in the model, for better accuracy for E. “cambiju” with decreasing survival along the rotation. 

Earthworms are known to increase soil bulk density, soil porosity, mixing of organic matter, and to strengthen aggregation of soil particles. They perform important functions in the maintenance and stabilization of the soil matrix. So, earthworms can be used as indicators of the quality and health of soils. More emphasis on studying underground components, such as earthworms, is required in order to better understand the mechanisms of silvopastoral systems function. The purpose of this study was to examine the presence and the distribution of earthworms in a silvopastoral system (SSP) with Grevillea robusta trees, planted in rows, in comparison with a pasture without trees (PNA). Sampling in six areas (five in SSP and one in the PNA) was carried out in October, 2005 at Cianorte, Parana, Brazil. The samples (n=162) were collected at three distances from the tree rows and/or bulk terraces. Significant variation in earthworm quantity was found between the two pastures conditions. Sample variance was higher than average in all areas, indicating trend to negative binomial distribution and, consequently, to aggregate distribution of earthworms. The average number of earthworms and cocoons were higher in the PNA and we found significant differences (p < 0.01) between SSP and PNA employing a contrast analysis. The distribution of individuals were positively influenced by trees, whereas the number of individuals seemed to be influenced by the capacity of some species to colonize environments with scarce resources. So, to complement the present study it will be necessary to characterize the spatial and temporal distribution of individuals and species. Furthermore, the understanding of the interaction between Grevillea obusta and the population of annelids depends on studies of litterfall, other organisms and microclimatic conditions under canopies.  

In order to study the influence of mineral nutrition on quality and the growth of seedlings of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Mimosa scabrella Benth. and Allophylus edulis (ST. Hil.) Radl, a experiment was conducted in the nursery facilities of Embrapa Florestas, Colombo – PR. The three species were sown in plastic containers of 50 cm3 in February 2004. The substrate was a mixture of a commercial formula (pine bark and vermiculite) and granulated coconut fiber in a proportion of 70% and 30% respectively. The treatments were three different dosages of mineral fertilizers, which were divided in two applications, base fertilizaton (mixed to the substrate) and covering. A completely randomized design was used, with 7 repetitions and 9 seedlings per plot. After 4 months the seedlings were assessed, by measuring their height and diameter, and after selecting a medium size seedling in each replicate, a destructive analysis of dry biomass content (aerial part and root system) was performed. The S. terebinthifolius was the specie that showed the best response to fertilization, followed of M. scabrella. Differently, A. edulis presented low requirement of fertilization in nursery. The growth rate for the three species was slower than useful due to the low temperatures verified during the winter season. 

Twenty and twenty three seed provenances of Grevillea robusta Cunn were imported from Australia, in 1993 and 1994 respectively, by Embrapa Florestas. This genetic germoplasm was utilized for starting a breeding program in the State of Paraná, São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul. Total surface occupied by Grevillea experiments managed by Embrapa Florestas reachs 27,13 ha, being provenance tests, embracing 11,22 ha, installed in 1994, and progenies tests, comprising 15,91 ha, planted in 1994. In the Presidente Castelo Branco District it was introduced a provenance/progenie test with 104 progenies and 20 provenances. In 2001, it was selected the best genotypes and the experiment was transformed in a Seed Orchard. In 2002, 37 genotypes were selected at the same area, whose seeds were utilized for the installing second generation of progenies test in Londrina, PR. Randomized blocks was the statistical design utilized, with linear plots of five plants, adjusted in a compass 3m x 3m, with 8 replications. Total height, DAP (diameter at (the) (high) (of) breast height) were the characteristics considered in the evaluations. Height was measured with the help of a telescopic ruler and diameter with a ruler of mensuration. Volume was calculated with height and DAP measures. Estimation of variance components, genetic parameters selection and genetic gain was made by SELEGEN/REML/ BLUP - model 1. Conclusions: 1- enetic gains were superior of 55%, remaining 266 genotypes (18% from the total amount of trees) in the Seed Orchard; 2 - Selecting the best 50 genotypes, the genetic gain would be superior from 120%. The installation of clonal orchard with the selected genotipies would lead to a major production of pollen and seeds, bacause of the better spacial distribution of the clones, what would not happen in seed production areas originated of progenies installed in a randomized blocks design. 

The coast region of Paraná State, Brazil, has a great potential for growing of pupunha trees aiming palm heart production due to climate conditions. There were around one million pupunha trees planted at small farmers area, totalizing about 200 ha, in this region by the end of 2004. This fact confirms the specie as a sustainable and economicaly viable alternative for small farmers as long as the natural stands of juçara (Euterpe edulis) are raryng. This paper aimed to evaluate the palm heart production, at ages 24 and 39 months after planting, from plants growing instands varyng on plant density and soil class and considering processing as heart, ring and chopped. The experiment was set up in two areas located along the Alexandra-Matinhos Road (km 7 and km 10), Paranagua City, in March 2001. Randomized blocks was used as the statistical design on 100 plants per sample, four treatments and six replicates. The treatments considering spacing and plant density were: 3 m x 1 m (3.333 plants/ha); 2 m x 1 m (5.000 plants/ha); 1 m x 1 m x 1,5 m (6.666 plants/ha) e 1 m x 1 m x 2 m (8.000 plants/ha). The results showsed that: the productivity of palm heart from pupunha trees increase according to plant numberper hectare for processing as heart, ring and chopped; further harvests in theexperimental area will allow to establish the ideal plant density per hectare aiming palm heart production.   

This research work was developed in order to evaluate progeny trials of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden using the software SELEGEN-REML/BLUP. The best trees were identified in order to be used in seedling and clonal orchards. Fifty three half-sib progenies of three Australian provenances were tested in the municipalities of Mogi Guaçu, Boa Esperança do Sul and Caçapava, all located in the State of São Paulo. A compacted families block experimental design was used with variable number of replicates, linear plots of six trees each, and a 3.00 x 2.00 m spacing. Two methods of data standardization or transformation were used in order to evaluate their efficiency in the reduction of the genetic, environmental and phenotypic variances. The transformation or  orrection of the data, performed with the ratio (hi/him) between the square root of heritability in locality i and the mean of square roots of heritability in each locality, presented higher efficiency than the non-correction as well as the data correction obtained with the phenotypic standard deviation ( f sˆ ) usually used. Additionally, results of joint analysis of data from different locations have confirmed that high magnitude gains can be obtained for diameter growth though the selection of individuals based on their genetic values. This can be achieved either by thinning of the trial, resulting in a Seedling Seed Orchard or by vegetative propagation of the best individuals for the establishment of a clonal seed orchard. From the results obtained for genetic correlation among locations, one single Selected Population and only one Clonal Seed Orchard can be established which represent all the three experimental locations, which in turn result investment savings. Genetic variability was achieved with the moderates values obtained from individual heritability, in the narrow sense, for growth in DBH in the three locations studied. The adoption of strategies and criteria proposed for the selection provides the composition of a selected population with two hundred individuals of high genetic value and an adequate effective number of progenies, producing gains for DBH between 12.89% and 24.33% in relation to the overall experimental average, for the establishment of a Seedling Seed Orchard. The selection of twenty individuals with the highest breeding values, for the establishment of a clonal seed orchard may provide gains for DBH between 17.18% and 50.95% in relation to the experimental average. On the other hand, the selection of the best twenty individuals, with the highest genotypic values for the establishment of a Seedling Seed Orchard, may provide gains for DBH between 22.40% and 82.16% in relation to the experimental average, for clonal plantations established with the selected material. 

The aims of this study were to estimate the genetic parameters for 59 half-sib progenies of maté under runing for formation, and to evaluate the ecophysiological properties for four progenies (P15, P18, P41 e  47) and two controls (P61 and P62), components of one maté breeding experiment combining  rovenances and progenies, established in Erechim, RS. The ecophysiological properties (stomatal  onductance (gs) - mol m-2s-1, net photosynthesis (A) - μmol CO2 m-2s-1, and transpiration (E) -mmol H2O  - s-1) were measured during one year in five epochs (from September 2002 to August 2003). The variance  omponents, genetic and phenotypic parameters and genetic values (for data of foliar mass collected in  runing of formation) were obtained using a genetic-statistic program "SELEGEN - REML/BLUP". The analysis of ecophysiological parameters, showed the seasonality of responses, turns it important in  valuation. The seasonality of gas exchange followed the occurrence of growing pauses and growing lushes. Between the studied progenies two pointed out - P47 (20th position on genetic value and estimation of gain of foliar mass) and P18 (5th position) that was accompanied by higher photosynthetic rate (A), water  conomy (lower transpiration rate with higher A) and higher survival - compared to P15 (23rd position) and  41 (40th position). With an individual heritablity of 22.7%, in narrow sense. Breeding methods exploring  imultaneously the information about the individual and the average of its family for foliar mass weight of  até plants were necessary. The coherence between genetic responses in foliar mass and ecophysiological  nalyses suggests that evaluation of ecophysiological components could accompany the evaluation of foliar  ass and/or total mass on selective process and breeding of maté.

Brazil produced in 2004, around 8 million tons of paper and 9,4 million tons of cellulose. Through the increasing production of paper and cellulose, the industries of this segment have generated a great amount of residues that requires viable future alternatives of disposal. Among these alternatives there is an application proposal of the cellulose residues in the forest growing. Thus, an experiment composed by 5 treatments and 4 repetitions was done entirely randomized. It was installed in 1996, in Arapoti Municipal District, State of Paraná, Brazil. These treatments received increasing doses of cellulose residues, such as: 0 (testimony), 20, 40, 80 and 100 t.ha-1. This soil was classified as red-yellow Oxysol of medium texture and it is under the cultivation of Pinus taeda L. with space of 3 x 2 m. Evaluations for growing trees were done in the area, its nutritional status, biomass production in the different part of the trees, its accumulation, nutrient exportation and quantity of wood production. As a result, the treatment of the trees which received 80 t.ha-1 of residue, presented, till the age of 7 years, larger total elevation and BHP, better concentration of K, Ca, and Mg in aciculas, rising production of biomass in different parts, better accumulation of nutrients and a 147% gain in the production of wood stock. From these results it is possible to conclude that the application of the cellulose residues presented encouraging effects on the growth and nutrition of Pinus taeda L. increasing the production of biomass and wood volume.

Grevillea robusta Cunn is not only utilized for coffee plantation shading, ornamentation and wind breaks. It is also used in apiculture and different wood utilities. The purpose of this study was to identify genetically superior individuals for wood volume production in order to select material for future seed orchards in the Londrina region of Northern Paraná State, Brazil. The genetic material tested was 37 second generation half-sib progenies from a provenance trial located on Presidente Castelo Branco county, also in the State of Paraná. The experiment was planted in EMBRAPA’s Maravilha farm with the following geographic coordinates: 23°23’30"S and 51°11’05"W. Progenies were evaluated in a experimental design in the form of eight replications and five plants per plot. Height, diameter and volume were statistically analysed in order to determine the effect of progenies on the wood production. The results led to the following conclusion: Considering the growth in volume and survival, the best progeny came from Duck Creek (NSW) Australia.