Repositório RCAAP

The purpose of this study was to develop an in vitro multiplication methodology for Xylopia aromatica, aiming the production of seedlings, evaluating culture media and concentrations of more suitable growth regulators. Nodal segments from seedlings produced from seeds and kept in a nursery were used as explants. The Murashige & Skoog (MS) and Wood Plant Medium (WPM) culture media were tested supplemented with 800 mg L-1 of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), 30 g L-1 of sucrose, 0.054 µM of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 6 g L-1  of agar and concentrations of 2.22 and 3.55 µM of benzylaminopurine (BAP) for in vitro multiplication. At 30 days, the number of lateral sprouts emitted and percentage of explants forming callus at the base were evaluated. The highest multiplication rates were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 3.55 µM of BAP. Regarding callus formation, the MS medium promoted greater formation than WPM medium, however it did not compromise the formation of shoots. It was possible to establish the introduction and multiplication phases, thus defining the culture medium and concentrations of growth regulators most suitable for in vitro culture of Xylopia aromatica.

This work aimed to characterize the wood of Hovenia dulcis Thunberg, to be used in the manufacture of floors. Five trees obtained in Araucaria Forest were used for the technological characterization. The trees had, in average, 18 years old. After logging, they were measured to determine their volume. The logs were sawed into boards and blocks to determine the basic specific mass, Janka hardness (base log) and in-service floor simulation tests (middle and top logs). The boards and blocks were dried before the test samples preparation. We considered samples of 100% of heartwood and composed of heartwood and sapwood. H. dulcis was characterized as wood of medium specific mass (0.54 g cm-³) and medium strength (5,851.99 N). For all in-service floor simulation tests, H. dulcis wood showed superior or similar resistance to other exotic species and inferior to native hardwood species found in the literature. It was concluded that the wood under study shows low strength for maximum efforts and can be used on floors for light traffic or in places where loads are low.

This study evaluated the effect of growth regulators on callogenesis and rhizogenesis in Eugenia involucrata. In two experiments, we tested the naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and BAP associations. After 45 days of culture, all treatments formed calli, however, those treatments with NAA (alone or combined with BAP) and 2,4-D combined with BAP (5:5 and 10:10 μM) presented the best results. Only the use of NAA at 10 μM induced rhizogenesis. At 90 days of culture, the effect of phytoregulators was most evident, where 2,4-D combined with BAP (5:5 and 10:10 μM) were more favorable for callogenesis while 10 μM NAA were more favorable for rhizogenesis. These results indicate that cell dedifferentiation and re-differentiation processes are achievable from leaf explants of Eugenia involucrata.

The analysis of variance is the statistical test most used for comparison of three or more means simultaneously. Its application requires, however, the compliance to some assumptions, with main emphasis on normality of the data and homoscedasticity of variances. When such requirements are not met, one of the alternatives is the data transformation to enable the continuity of the experimental evaluation. With the proposition of the Tukey’s data transformation system, understood as a power transformation system, i.e. the application of nth root on a data set (X⅟n) this statistical procedure has methodologically evolved to ensure such solutions. In the present research we proposed a complement to this system, denominated here as transformation in four steps, with inclusion of two hypothesis tests to evaluate normality and homoscedasticity. This was applied on experimental data to evaluate the amount of radiation available at soil level within stands of Acacia mearnsii De Wild. We have proposed a model for data transformation to simultaneously obtain homoscedasticity and normality. The methodology was appropriate to ensure these two statistical aspects on the experimental data, allowing comparison of eight treatments by conventional analysis of variance. Index terms: Analysis of variance, homoscedasticity, normality.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different in vitro culture periods of micropropagated Luehea divaricata shoots. The treatments were constituted by different in vitro culture periods (14; 21; 28; 40; 56; 70; 84; 102; 116; 130; 154, 186 or 200 days), without subculture or transfer to a new nutritive medium. The survival and establishment reached around 90% up to 84 days. After that, the mortality increased. Culture period of 56 days was the one that showed the most appropriate proportion of number of leaves and senescent leaves, simultaneously, showing nine leaves and only one senescent. Averages above 50% were observed for primary roots formation after 70 days of in vitro culture, providing the best results (60%) at 200 days. For secondary roots, the highest averages were observed after 102 days (41.5%), reaching 45.3% at 200 days. The micropropagation of Luehea divaricata is significantly affected by the in vitro culture period, which can be extended up to approximately 60 days. From that period, high mortality and leaf senescence are registered.

In the paper "Effects of sustainable management of Caatinga under physical attributes of the soil", DOI: 10.4336/2018.pfb.38e201801581, published in Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira, v. 38, 2018, on the page footer, where it reads:“Pesq. flor. bras., Colombo, v. 38, e01581, p. 1-5, 2018”,it should read:“Pesq. flor. bras., Colombo, v. 38, e201801581, p. 1-5, 2018”.

Micropropagation is an alternative for genetic conservation of Cerrado endemic species, such as Dimorphandra mollis (fava-d’anta), making possible maximizing propagation in high quality. To solve the limiting factors of in vitro cultivation of D. mollis, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of essential oils as a sanitizer and to test concentrations of benzylaminopurine growth regulator (BAP) in the in vitro multiplication phase. Seeds collected from a natural population were scarified and disinfected with sodium hypochlorite and essential oils of Lippia origanoides, Ocimum gratissimum, L. rotundifolia and Cymbopogon citratus. The seeds were inoculated in MS culture medium. In vitro multiplication was evaluated using four concentrations of BAP (0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 mg L-1). Essential oil of C. citratus is the most suitable for disinfestation of fava d’anta seeds, in the stage of establishment in vitro. Phytoregulators used in the present study did not provide satisfactory results to define an in vitro multiplication protocol for the species.

We aimed to evaluate the effect of light type  in vitro culture of Eugenia involucrata. The treatments consisted of growing the species under light emitting diodes (LEDs) of different color spectra and fluorescent lamps. The highest average of plants establishment in the cultures under white and blue LEDs; under blue and fluorescent lamps, we registered the largest number of leaves; under blue, the largest number of shoots and under white, less bacteria contamination. When plants were under green LEDs, we obtained the worst results. Blue, red and white LEDs and fluorescent lamps influence positively in vitro propagation of E. involucrata.

Urbanus velinus (Plötz, 1880) is a hesperid that causes total defoliation of Clitoria fairchildiana. Some aspects involving their reproduction are still unknown to science, including protocols for captive reproduction. In order to obtain information about their sexual behavior and reproductive ecology, a butterfly house was built where daily assessments were carried out for nine generations kept in captivity. It was observed that around noon the cutting process begins. The mating occurs in the afternoon, ceasing at dusk. The reproduction of U. velinus in a butterfly house proved to be viable, however in the F8 generation the eggs were infertile.

The dynamics of floristic and fitossociology composition in the restoration process were studied on areas within the Rio Turvo State Park, in Cajati, State of São Paulo (77°89ʹ42ʺ N and 72°49ʹ22ʺ W), in a restoration area over three years, on an abandoned banana plantation (Rest 3) and in a  restoration area over five years, on a degraded area of grazing land (Rest 5). In each area, six plots were installed (100 m2 each). We analysed the diameter and height of all individuals over 50 cm of height and we collected soil samples for fertility analysis (0 - 20 cm depth). The structure of the community was described based on phytosociological estimators (relative density, relative dominance, importance value). Diversity was calculated using Shannon’s diversity index, and evenness by Pielou’s index. There were 2,117 ind ha-1 (18 families and 39 species) in Rest 5 and 4,650 ind ha-1 (21 families and 54 species) in Rest 3. The phytosociological parameters reflect areas in the initial stages of secondary succession, where previous use as a banana plantation incurred in the composition of a more favorable environment for the development of planted species and establishment of propagules.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth of guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess.) in floodplain, as homogeneous planting (control) and as two agroforestry systems - AFS (simple and biodiverse). Guanandi was planted in the Paraíba Valley, State of São Paulo in 2007. From 2011 to 2014, guanandi growth was evaluated in a randomized block design experiment with eight replications. The AFS consisted of planting annual crops between guanandi lines. The biodiverse AFS was formed with 16 tree species, banana shrubs (Musa sp.) and juçara palm (Euterpe edulis Mart.). Guanandi presented morphological similarity in homogeneous planting and agroforestry systems and reached, on average, 5.40 m of total height at seven years of age. The relative growth rate was similar in the three treatments with higher values attributed to the canopy radius (2.59%) and the circumference at 1.30 m above ground level (1.86%). Agroforestry systems are promising to combine the benefits of income generation and ecological restoration in planting guanandi in floodplain.

Equipments used to register weather conditions became more accessible. However, studies that accurately quantify microclimatic conditions in forest ecosystems are still rare. This study aimed to describe and analyze the variations in the air temperature, air relative humidity and soil temperature in an Atlantic Forest fragment located in Mata do Junco Wildlife Refuge, Capela, Sergipe, Brazil. Weather stations programmed to record every 30 min over a period of one year were installed inside a forest area, composed by late successional species forming dense canopy, and in a 0.1 ha forest gap. Results showed that the microclimate in the dense canopy forest was less variable than in the forest gap, where daily and seasonal variations were more intense. The average air and soil temperatures were 0.6 ºC and 2.5 ºC higher in the forest gap, while the average air humidity was 6.9% higher in the dense forest. The Angstron index indicated a higher risk of wildfire occurrence in the gap.

In the paper " Phenology of Cariniana pyriformis in the Magdalena Medio region of Santander, northeastern Colombia", DOI: 10.4336/2018.pfb.e201701414, published in Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira, v. 38, 2018, on the first page, where it reads:“DOI: 10.4336/2018.pfb.e201701414”,it should read:“DOI: 10.4336/2018.pfb.38e201701414”

The growth of mirindiba (Lafoensia glyptocarpa Koehne) seedlings at different concentrations of composted sewage sludge (LEC), commercial substrate (SC) and water slides (L) was evaluated. The experimental design, in split plots, had 4 replications, arranged in 3 L and 5 different treatments. The height, number of leaves, stem diameter, roots and shoot dry mass and the Dickson quality index (IQD) were evaluated. The use of SC + LEC showed the best results for all different parameters, but the IQD suggests the use of 100% LEC with L2 irrigation (25.5 mm 9 min by day).

This work aimed to determine efficient methods for dormancy breaking in Dimorphandra mollis Benth seeds. The seeds were collected from mother trees in the municipality of Buriti, Maranhão State, Brazil. They were submitted to the following treatments: control (T1); mechanical scarification with sandpaper No. 60 (T2); chemical scarification with 98% lye (sodium hydroxide) for 15 min (T3); chemical scarification with sulfuric acid 99.9% for 20 min (T4) and thermal-shock with water (T5). In a greenhouse, we used 16 seeds per treatment, divided into four replications, in a completely randomized design. The evaluations started on the third day after seeds were treated and it was carried out until 17 days after sowing. The percentage of emerged seeds and the emergence speed index were evaluate. The mechanical scarification treatment with sandpaper (T2) and the chemical scarification with sulfuric acid (T4) were efficient to overcome the seed coat impermeability , but the mechanical scarification is the safest method for users to overcome seed dormancy.

Outros organismos podem ser empregados no controle da vespa de madeira, além do nematóide Deladenus siricidicola . É o caso do parasitóide Megarhyssa nortoni . Sua introdução no Brasil ocorreu com um número limitado de exemplos e, até o momento, não foi possível determinar seu estabelecimento. Após 20 anos da introdução, recebemos relatos de adultos de M. nortoni capturados em Santa Catarina. Identifica várias variedades de adultos parasitados ou determina o seu estabelecimento no território brasileiro.

The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the landscape structure on the vegetation structure and how this influence is affected by investigation scale. The study was carried out in the Agroextractivist Settlement Praialta Piranheira, Nova Ipixuna, Para State, Brazil. We used floristic inventory (vegetation variables) and satellite image (landscape metrics). The sample plots were spatialized in buffers (100, 200, 300 and 500 m of circumference). We observed influence of landscape metrics, especially the amount of forest habitat, on the vegetation structure and the importance to select the most suitable metrics considering the study objective.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of sorbitol and on the growth period on minimum growth and subsequent resumed growth of Luehea divaricata shoots. Two tests were performed, one of minimal growth and the other of resumed growth. In the presence of sorbitol at minimum growth there was a reduction in averages of survival, establishment, number of leaves and primary and secondary roots. When the period was considered, it was observed a reduction at 30 days followed by increase and stabilization in averages of primary and secondary roots, and number of leaves and of shoots. The presence of sorbitol promoted a significant reduction in averages, in the resumed growth, for survival, establishment, number of leaves and of shoots. A decrease of averages in survival and establishment was observed only after 120 days. The presence of sorbitol is important for in vitro conservation of L. divaricata by minimum growth, which can be carried out for up to 120 days. The subsequent resumed growth of the shoots preserved in the presence of sorbitol is limited to 90 days.

The present study aimed to evaluate the modifications of the properties of Eucalyptus cloeziana and E. grandis wood modified under hydrothermal conditions and freezing. Five trees for each species with 20 years old were sampled, and the first 3 m log was sampled from each tree. For each species, 24 specimens of dimensions 2.0 x 2.0 x 30.0 cm were prepared near the bark and close to the pith, totaling 48 specimens. Testes of dynamic flexion, colorimetry and infrared spectroscopy by attenuated total reflectance were performed. The heat treatment methods employed did not impair the mechanical properties of the wood and did not affect their apparent specific mass. The heat treatment in water implied in greater variations of the chemical properties. Possibly, these variation contributed to the color change of the wood.

In the present study we evaluated the chemical composition and allelopathic activity of the essential oil (EO) of Blepharocalyx salicifolius (Kunth) O. Berg leaves on the germination and initial growth of Lactuca sativa L. (dicotyledonous) and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (monocotyledon). EO was obtained by hydrodistillation for 3 h. The EO composition analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The allelopathic activity of EO was evaluated at 2.5; 5.0 and 7.5%. The seeds were immersed in the solution for 2 min., distributed in Petri dishes, that were maintained in a BOD incubator. On the seventh day, the variables germination (%), root length (cm), shoot length (cm) and total seedling length (cm) were evaluated. The major constituents identified in the OE were eucalyptol (49.6%), limonene (13.6%) and β-caryophyllene (12.2%). The EO affected negatively the germination percentage of L. sativa seeds and the root system and total seedling length of S. bicolor. There was a negative allelopathic activity against the two evaluated species.