Repositório RCAAP

Los campesinos, al producir en la tierra, establecen un conjunto de relaciones sociales que tienen sus propias características. En este sentido, la formación socioespacial de una comunidad campesina involucra una serie de relaciones que ocurren con el tiempo, cuyas prácticas campesinas se consolidan y producen nuevos arreglos. Esto ocurre al consolidar la forma de vida intrínseca de clase en lugares donde forman territorios a través de la conquista y la resistencia. Así, el objetivo principal de este trabajo fue analizar el proceso de formación territorial, las prácticas productivas y los elementos socioespaciales de resistencia de la Comunidad Angical en Paranã-To, frente a las adversidades presentes en la comunidad, a través del análisis de documentos, trabajo de campo. , uso de entrevistas semiestructuradas e informes orales. Se observó que la existencia y resistencia del campesinado en Paranã-To es mucho más efectiva debido al protagonismo de los campesinos en vista de la necesidad de acceso y permanencia en la tierra, que por las posibilidades de reproducción social que garantizan las relaciones presentes en el campo, así como El proceso de formación y la permanencia de la Comunidad Angical en Paranã-To involucran temas específicos de lucha y resistencia.

Desde el año 2016, y especialmente después de las negociaciones de paz entre el Estado colombiano y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia-FARC, en este país se viene presentando un aumento dramático de la deforestación, concentrado en el noroeste de su región Amazónica, en donde las dinámicas territoriales han tenido una fuerte influencia y control por parte de las FARC, y que se ha configurado como una frontera de colonización de la amazonia colombiana. Dicho fenómeno ha producido gran atención y preocupación pública, dadas sus implicaciones ambientales, sin embargo, no se ha analizado suficientemente sus causas y consecuencias sociales, las cuales permiten comprender un conflicto que más que ambiental, es socio-ambiental, con profundas raíces en la historia reciente del conflicto armado de esta nación, con diversos intereses sobre el control territorial, y con evidentes conexiones con poderes políticos y económicos, que intentan imponer una proyección y un manejo particular del espacio y la sociedad, haciendo que todo este fenómeno alcance una dimensión territorial más compleja. Teniendo en cuenta dicha motivación analítica, este artículo tiene por objetivo argumentar cómo ese proceso de transformación responde a una lógica de reterritorialización del espacio, que procura establecer una hegemonía para articularlo a las dinámicas económicas de la nación y, por esta vía, alcanzar su control político. Se propone, para esto, un abordaje territorial al análisis de los conflictos, vislumbrándolos como procesos socio-espaciales de naturaleza política, identificando para ello los principales actores e intereses, así como las relaciones del territorio con otros ámbitos nacionales e internacionales.

In this article, we propose to discuss the traditional community category in what concerns its classifications and understanding the analytical perspectives convergences of the peasantry and the traditional community. The traditional community category is an action category, which is used as an instrument of struggle to claim and guarantee territorial rights, as well as the reproduction of traditional ways of life. The analytical path was the revision of the theories on the peasantry and traditional community, which are not part of the same analytical aegis, but they are not exclusive.  There is a conflict of intentionalities in which the analytical path is defined by the theoretical place intended for phenomena understanding. Keywords: traditional community. Peasantry; Analytical path. 

This article presents territorialization dynamics of three settlements of agrarian reform in the municipality of Governador Valadares, in the Rio Doce valley, Minas Gerais state. Taking the settlements like a territories, we seek, from the perspective of leaders and settlers, understand their territorialization in a time frame based on the dates of occupation, legalization and establishment of settlements. These chronological marks will guide the understanding of the spatial;temporal and socio-spatial configuration of the three settlements, considering the different paths that characterize the territorialization of each one.

This paper seeks to uncover the trajectory of the Tabocal Agricultural Family School (EFA-Tabocal), located in the Primavera Community in the city of São Francisco - Minas Gerais - Brazil. For the purpose of analysis, ethnographic research methodology was chosen. Therefore, it was necessary to have an understandment of what the subjects involved in the educational process of EFA-Tabocal would have to say about the school. By selecting the Pedagogy of Alternation, EFA-Tabocal materializes not only a counter-hegemonic project of education, but a project full of life and hope for those involved in the formative processes. EFA-Tabocal's trajectory resembles that of other schools that endow alternation, however, the specificities of the Minas Gerais State and its subjects change and individualize its history, presenting peculiar characteristics. The trajectory of the EFA-Tabocal accords to the the life story of the involved with the school. Thus EFA-Tabocal is not just a school project that adopts the Alternance Pedagogy like other EFA's, as it presents a life project that is marked by water, land scarcity, struggle, resistance, resilience, and the milieu.

This study deals the public policy of education in the field, operationalized through the National Program of Education in the Field, integrated to the actions of the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform - Incra, understanding its cycles in the light of the relevant literature on the subject. The Program is operationalized using Manuals that are approved by Decree or Ordinance. Over twenty-one years of existence, six Manuals were published, the most recent in 2016. The objective of the research is to describe the cycle of Public Policy on Rural Education, specifically the National Program of Education in Agrarian Reform (Pronera). The predominant methodology was bibliographic research, also involving documentary research, in Incra Management Reports for data collection and analysis. Based on the assumptions in the literature, the Program cycle is described according to the analysis of Management Reports and Manuals. With each new edition of the Pronera Operations Manual it was possible to observe the expansion of educational levels and the grid of courses offered to beneficiaries.

From the 2000s, the agricultural production associated with trading companies expanded to specific areas of the Central-West region, creating agricultural hubs. In this process, specific regions within Mato Grosso state were privileged, and the State government had a main role in the concentration of production, such as in the Alto Teles Pires microregion. This paper aims to investigate the demographic aspect of the process of territorialization of agribusiness capital, focusing on urbanization and migratory dynamics. Data from the Demographic Census between 1980 and 2010 were used, as well as bibliographic research. As a result, we noticed that integrating various stages of the production chain in the same location had as one of its demographic faces the migration. The pig and poultry farming in agribusiness and the expressive production of commodities generated intense migratory flows, either associated with the factory's production line, either by general or specialized services.

Este trabajo pretende contribuir con el estudio de la lucha por la tierra en Brasil, dando énfasis a la actuación de las Ligas Campesinas en el municipio de Mari-PB. A partir de ese presupuesto, buscamos en este trabajo investigar a partir de la historia territorial de este municipio, la llamada "Tragedia de Mari", la cual, es producto de la estructura agraria brasileña, marcada por la alta concentración de tierras de un lado, y campesinos sin tierra, del otro. Este cuadro desigual ha generado históricamente la violencia desenfrenada en el campo brasileño, alcanzando a los que resisten y luchan por condiciones mejores de supervivencia. Es en ese contexto de resistencia que se inserta la llamada "tragedia de Mari" ocurrida el 15 de enero de 1964. En este fatídico día, los campesinos de Mari fueron los blancos de la acción comandada por el latifundio, y reaccionando contra las agresiones dieron inicio al enfrentamiento que, ha resultado en muertes, heridos

The possibilities given by the modernization of brazilian agriculture provoques a series of inquiries on the form that man acts in rural space. The rope tobacco, tipical brazilian product, has its manufacture developed by the natives and has almost not changed until the early 80’s. The Perdões county, in the state of MG, located on the region Oeste de Minas and the hydrographic basin of Rio Grande, presented favorable conditions for a high quality tobacco and has a branch of the plant represented on the city crest, that confirms the importance of the activity for the county. Using questionnaires and teoric references, this work discusses some strategies practiced  by the family producers with the will to resist the hegemony of the agroindustry, investigating how they affect the traditional structure of rope tobacco production. Despite of still resisting the industrial standards, the transitional character leads to assimilation of new assumptions that does not match with the notions of quality historically built and passed through the genarations of traditional productors.  

The positivization and legitimation of agribusiness as an explanatory key of the processes that occur in the brazilian field, in the economy and in brazilian society, are weighed starting from Discourse Analysis, a tool indicated to understand different definitions, lines and theoretical-conceptual perspectives about broad phenomena. The empirical experience results from the experiences of an Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Program in Agribusiness since 2013, observing the elaboration of the consensus and the final ideological product of the hegemonic discourse: the reverberation of the positived discourse of agribusiness to society. The plurality of production and marketing processes, of chains and unconventional markets is presented in order to explore the boundaries of the notion of agribusiness, which does not recognize, a priori, what does not fit into the conventional production and marketing chains and in the perfect markets, emphasizing coherence with neoclassical economic theory. It is proposed rigor with scientific thought, with a view to its advancement, based on the complexity of material and theoretical diversity.

Municipal councils can theoretically be considered as participatory spaces for the implementation of public policies. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to analyze the performance (or not) of the Municipal Councils of Rural Development (CMDRs), the Municipal Councils of Food and Nutrition Security (COMSEAs) and the School Food Councils (CAEs) in relation to the Food Acquisition Program (PAA) and the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) of the municipalities of Mirante do Paranapanema and Rosana (SP). The methodological procedures used were the literature review and interviews with the representatives of the referred Councils, in March and April 2016. It was identified that the representatives of the analyzed Councils are aware of the importance of PAA and PNAE for reproduction. farmers, for the benefit of people in situations of food and nutritional vulnerability and for students. Finally, it was found that the Councils need the assiduous participation of its members, among other factors and caution so that their functions do not suffer interference from partisan political interests.  

A number of actions and public policies aiming to combat poverty and social inequality have been implemented in the Jequitinhonha Valley, in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais (MG), over the past decades. Given the importance of these instruments for the social reproduction of historically and geographically marginalized groups, this article reviews the advances achieved and the challenges faced in promoting and maintaining family farming in this region. To this end, in addition to consulting official documents on public policies implemented and the role of extension action in this process, interviews were conducted with rural extensionists and family farmers benefiting from these policies. Based on the assessments carried out, we concluded that, despite the benefits generated at the economic, social and political level, a number of issues still persist, preventing the establishment of a more solidary, autonomous and sustainable rural development model in the region. In fact, there is urgency regarding the reconstruction, restructuring and rearticulating of the instruments and strategies for addressing these issues in order to strengthen the social, economic and political dynamism of the territories and to establish spaces of contiguity where horizontal cohesion is placed at the service of society as a whole.

This article aims to analyse the extent to which the investments and actions made between 2003 and 2017 by the Brazilian government in the extension service succeeded in satisfying their objectives. For this purpose, we analysed a data set of the Agricultural Census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) from 2006 and 2017. The space of research included Brazil, the state of Goiás and its five Geographic Mesoregions. Analysing this data set, we found that the resumption of federal investments in the extension service was not sufficient to promote the universalization and democratization of its access in the country, nor has it enabled the expansion of production systems that are less harmful to the environment and human health, making the construction of a sustainable, solidary and equitable rural development model unfeasible in the Brazilian countryside. To mitigate or even overcome the issues highlighted in this paper, it is urgent to build and articulate strategies to ensure access to the quality and quantity technical guidance needed by farmers, seeking to promote a new development model based on more autonomous, resilient production systems and sustainable.

A formação da dendeicultura na Amazônia coloca em evidência algumas vertentes históricas do processo de expansão do dendezeiro, desde sua chegada, a partir da década de 1940 até os dias atuais. Longe de contemplar todos os fatos e sem a pretensão de esgotar o tema, estabeleceram-se vertentes visíveis e inteligíveis de eventos inter-relacionados que contribuíram para expansão do dendezais na Amazônia, os quais foram pensados, criados e organizados por meio de investimentos públicos e renúncias fiscais que modificaram a configuração espacial, a relações sociais onde se estabeleceu. O tema exposto já foi partilhado em diversos trabalhos científicos, mas a nosso objetivo geral é retrata as vertentes que mais se destacam nas literaturas sobre a chegada, consolidação e crescimento da cultura da palma de óleo. Realizaram-se algumas considerações básicas para o desenho de uma cronologia dos fatos históricos, resultando em vertentes, a saber: chegada do dendezeiro, surgimentos das cooperativas e empresas pioneiras no cultivo do dendezeiro e programas governamentais. Os gráficos cronológicos possibilitaram um olhar evolutivo e temporal da expansão dessa oleaginosa, bem de consolidação, mudanças na vida do camponês, processo de cisões, reorganizações e falências dos projetos-pilotos de cultivo do dendezeiro. Por fim, evidencia a relação histórica do Estado incentivador da dendeicultura declarado em uma série planos e políticas para sua expansão.

El Ministerio del Desarrollo Agrario (MDA) fue creado en el año de 2000 en el Gobierno de Fernando Henrique Cardoso y extinto en Mayo de 2016 en el Gobierno de Michel Temer. Su existencia fue un logro en la dualidad histórica, estructural y política del medio rural brasileño y en la promoción de la agricultura familiar. Visto la importancia el artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la trayectoria del Ministerio, buscando evidenciar la forma con su estructura institucional, burocrática, la relación con las movilizaciones sociales y con otros actores y organizaciones sociales y políticas influyeron en su capacidad de actuación.  Para eso, el artículo hace diálogo con el abordaje de capacides estatales y busca poner en análisis las capacidades burocráticas, democráticas y de coordinación política. En términos metodológicos el estudio cuenta con una pesquisa documentada y entrevistas semi estructuradas con 31 gestores, técnicos, consultores, ex Ministros, gestores de otras entidades que actuaron con el MDA y representantes de movimientos sociales y organizaciones sociales. El resultado señala tres fases distintas en la trayectoria del MDA con configuraciones distintas y oscilantes en sus capacidades estatales, cuyas influyeron en su actuación en la producción de políticas públicas.

This article aimes to understand the dynamics that involve the incentives to cotton monoculture as a policy of "development" and the migratory and resistance processes, based on research in Comunidade do Touro, in Serranópolis de Minas. We propose a reflection through the research results of this author, in her dissertation “A PRECISÃO FAZ IR LONGE”: Migração e Des-envolvimento em Comunidade Rural do Sertão Norte Mineiro. We analyze the representations about the rural world Norte Mineiro, describing it as a place of diversity, questioning the developmental public policies that established unifying visions and actions, causing criticism of the category of development. Within this context we describe the trajectories of Touro migrants, who lived the promise of progress with the arrival of cotton monoculture. We conduct research literature and field, with an emphasis on qualitative methodology through in-depth interviews, observation of daily life and photographs of people and the place, focusing on the experience and perceptions of residents. There is a discursive construction the Norte de Minas and within this process the exit of the place is pointed as an alternative for the improvement of life, or the only way to live.  We realize, however, that policies aimed at the development and overcoming such obstacles to progress have become ineffective and divisive, without considering the diversity and plurality of rural peoples. We had as a result the stimulus to population displacements, where migration proved to be one of the ways to resist expropriation and continue the struggle for territory.

In Mozambique, after national independence in 1975, the State experimented with the rural socialization policy, in which large agricultural production companies were handed over to State management; as a strategy to change the colonial structure of production. The objective is to analyze the role of agricultural associations as vectors of the community development process. Indeed, apart from the political and ideological connotations that marked the origin of community development, it represents a privileged space in which each population participate in the planification and realization of projects aimed at raising the standard of their lives (AMMANN, 1981). Based on the theoretical contributions of qualitative research, namely: The recognition of the subjects  and the relevance of the social subjects  experience (MARTILLI, 1999), as well as the bibliographic review based on books, scientific articles, dissertations and the official documents  which regulate the association in the country. Additionally, between February and May 2019, a field survey was conducted in the Mpaco Community in which an interview was conducted with 20 farmers of 16 June Association. In fact, on the one hand, membership of the Association has a common purpose, which is the search for better living.

O artigo tem como proposta debater o processo de adoecimento de trabalhadores rurais migrantes da colheita de cítricos na Região Administrativa Central – São Paulo. Como estudo de caso nos debruçamos na análise de uma experiência de trabalho de campo com trabalhadores (as) da citricultura. Nossa hipótese é que a manutenção de longas jornadas de trabalho movidas por metas de produtividade estimuladas pelos contratos de trabalho por tempo determinado, aumenta a exposição dos (as) trabalhadores (as) a riscos de saúde. Uma das evidências mais preocupantes encontradas nos relatos dos mesmos foi o contato direto com agrotóxicos nas lavouras paulistas. A metodologia é qualitativa e utiliza-se de dados produzidos por meio de trabalho de campo, revisões e sistematizadas da literatura pertinente produzida na sociologia e geografia. Os resultados sinalizam os custos sociais da produção de commodities agrícolas no Brasil vivenciados pela mão-de-obra migrante de pequenas e médias cidades do semiárido nordestino.

This work is part of the partial studies of the dissertation research, which seeks to understand how the sense of place and migrating is triggered in the migratory process of rural young people from Santana do Mundo Novo community, Juramento municipality, Minas Gerais, and also seeks to research the motivations and consequences of this migration. Therefore, we opted for a qualitative methodology, with bibliographic review and field research, permeated by the contributions of phenomenology, anthropology and humanist geography. For data collection, semi-structured interviews are being conducted, which will be complemented with a focus group workshop to be held in the second half of 2019. In addition, field diary, photographs and secondary data are also used to contextualize the place. The community, which has migration as part of its history, remains a space for migratory flows, among other forms of spatial mobility. Rural and urban take on new forms of interaction in the current context, giving rise to forms of mobility that sometimes become part of a way of life, being necessary to understand the meaning of this movement “back and forth” for those who experience it.  

El cambio climático con las sequías, plagas, el uso de insumos que aumentan los precios de los productos agrícolas en el mercado, la contaminación del agua, entre otros aspectos, hace que el tema de la alimentación de calidad adquiera importancia tanto para productores como para consumidores, ya que se trata de evitar las consecuencias perjudiciales en el organismo humano debido al consumo de productos del campo en los que se han usado pesticidas con agentes cancerígenos o semillas transgénicas. Ello ha generado una corriente importante de productores que usan técnicas agroecológicas, y quienes deben de crear sus propias redes de comercialización para que sus productos lleguen a los consumidores. Michoacán es un estado que no escapa a esta realidad y en el presente trabajo se narran algunas de las experiencias que han permitido el crecimiento de los grupos de productores orgánicos en las diferentes regiones del estado.