Repositório RCAAP

Since the 1980s, when South America pulled away the shadow of authoritarianism and again to breathe the air of freedom, the democratization process has been strengthened in the region, within a very dynamic and not uniform among the states. In this chapter we describe the construction of regional democracy and the changes occurring every decade, including the prospects for this ongoing, with reference to the historical and political process of each South American State, including the ostensible expansion of citizenship rights and political involvement of citizen, but 186. GeoTextos, vol. 8, n. 2, dez. 2012. E. Carmo, S. Pacheco. 185-210 without ceasing to understand the fragility of political institutions, the drama of corruption, the obstacles posed by drug trafficking and the guerrilla groups, the constraints to economic growth and rising, but still incipient, organization of the Southern Common Market – Mercosul.

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In this article, I analyze, with aid of the concepts guide for the geographical science, two works by Americans over the Brazilian Amazon. Amazon Town of Charles Wagley, and the travel journal of American George E. Hafstad. Works which exposes the Brazilian Amazon and way of life of its people, describing in detail actions, habits, thoughts and beliefs, way of acting man Amazonian descriptions that form a backdrop of compositions and orientations of Amazon to the world. The main objective of this paper is to check the perceptions and representations of foreign researchers to translate Amazon contexts and scenarios to your community, with the help of the notions of space, place, landscape and territory. Interest in the analysis of these materials is due to singular description of Amazonian details that demonstrate the concern of foreign technicians involved with research in the Brazilian Amazon, between the years 1940 to 1950, with reading contexts and scenarios and detailed translation of the analyzed reality to their community, and also by the possibility of observation and demystification of misunderstandings made by these researchers and the rescue of cultural and historical values of this region.

The Brazil has courses of geographyat the modalities Degree Plenas (LP) and baccalaureate (B), distributed in different regions within its territory. Being the Geography of the disciplines working with environmental issues in this analysis seeks to evaluate how this issue is addressed in the formation of Geographer. Thus, the article sought to map the location of 233 educational institutions that offer courses in geography (LP/B) and consider the menu of disciplines, aiming thereby gain an understanding of how the disciplines that work the theme, addressing the issue of environment in Geography courses. Methodologically, the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) was crucial because it allowed locate and make a spatial analysis of all educational institutions. The survey results showed updated as has the issue of the environment, in the curriculum Brazilian.

This article has the purpose of organizing a theoretical, conceptual and empirical discussion on the Local Productive Arrangements (LPAs) in Brazil. Thus, this research was based on a literature review and documentary that allows us to analyze the various scientific references to the constitution of the concept, policy issues shrouded in strategies to promote the development and territorial aspects limiters underlying framework of actions based on so-called APLs.

In southwestern Amazonia (Rondonia and Acre) a recent process of modernization produces a territorial content update, which is expressed in a new set of objects (material forms) and the life that them animates (actions). The more direct implication of this process is manifested, in some measure, in a redefinition of the functions of cities in the network cities, which becomes more complex, because it incorporates one new territorial divisions of labor. New contents are inserted but the old problems persisting, reinforcing the territorial inequalities.

From a comparative point of view, the given article is concerned with the possibilities and restrictions of urban self-organization within city’s neighbourhoods. Drawing upon a qualitative comparison between the case studies Alto de Ondina and Alto da Sereia – two disadvantaged urban neighbourhoods in the southern city centre of Salvador da Bahia (Brazil) – and considering the conditional framework of daily life there, the idiographic context conditions that foster and alternatively impede self-organization are to be developed on data drawn from empirical surveys. Here, the data-led interpretations reach beyond the local and regional context and offer fundamental insights into auto-centered and autonomous acts of articulation. In Brazil, participative planning processes have been the common sense for urban governance. However, participative strategies tend to stand under the sign of codetermination, whereas the principles of self-determination and auto-centered articulation of collective interests are immantently present during processes of civic self-organization. Due to the fact that self-organized communities do not fall within a defined institutional framework or existing system, they are capable to articulate their needs and interests collectively. The underlying concept of “Agora Governance” in accordance with Korff & Rothfuss (2009) offers the possibility to stimulate urban management processes in a sustainable way, bringing together the civic perspective of the “human city” and the expert perspective of the “infrastructural city” into a consensual but often highly disputed negotiation process.

This paper discusses urban space focusing on the housing sector, the capitalist reproduction and some changes occurring in that space as a result of the dynamics of the real estate sector and interests of financial agents, developers and urban land owners/speculators. The changes imposed to cities value abstract spaces over concrete ones, showing the unbalance between the interests of agents, who have in view the market, and those of dwellers, who live daily in such areas. Based on these reflections, a case study was carried out in the Jardim Letícia neighborhood in Leme city (state of São Paulo) in order to understand the space production and reproduction in that area, analyze some of the main problems faced by local people, and identify some agents involved in the process.

This work analyses the sociospatial changes in the city called Ilhéus starting in the 1990’s when there was a serious crisis in the regional productive sector based on cacao crops and, coincidentaly, the valorization of the touristic activity in Brazil, key reason of a visible reframing of tourism all over the cacao region. As a main objective, this work intends to understand the various processes that guided Ilhéus, city that was developed linked to the fields, to change from cacao space to touristic site. To reach our goal, interviews and documentary researches were made. The text begins with a historic degression about the process of production and sociospatial reproduction of Ilhéus, dating the 18th century, when the first samplings of cacao got to Ilhéus. This research revealed that in face of the crisis and the unsuccessful attempts to revitalize cacao plantations, the tourism, activity so far left as a second option, started its journey as an item of interest of private businesses and public power. That due to the necessity of rebuilding regional economy.

Dans cet article, nous présentons quelques résultats de la recherche qui a été défendu au cours de Master en Géographie de la Université Fédérale de Bahia. Par une recherche bibliographique nous avons analysé les annales des Rencontres Nationales de Géographie Agraire (ENGAs) afin d’enquêter des questions liées à la production de connaissances sur le thème de la relation ville-campagne au Brésil dans le cadre de la science géographique. Nous avons étudié les annales de tous les événements dix-neuf qui ont été effectués jusqu’à la finalization de la recherche, couvrant la période de 1978 à 2009 et nous avons selectionné 281 ouvrages qui traitait du thème de la relation ville-campagne pour composer notre base de données. Spécifiquement pour cet article, nous avons recueilli les résultats relatifs à l’histoire et l’impor- tance de Engas; l’identification des caractéristiques de la source des données de la recherche bibliographique et la exposition du panorama de la production de connaissances sur le thème de la relation entre ville et campagne au Brésil, dans les annales de cette rencontre scientifique.

This paper aims to discuss the role of cartography in the teaching of geography. In order to do so it brings theoretical and practical results of the research project and extension called “Popularization of cartography and its new technologies in public school,” held in the State School Dona Mora Guimarães (Cazajeiras X, Salvador- BA). It is considered that the teaching of cartography, despite the epistemological advances, has experienced several difficulties in its implementation. To analyze the barriers, potentialities, and examples of pedagogical practice, workshops were held focusing on the concepts of cartographic literacy - vision vertical/horizontal, laterality, decoding of symbols, proportionality, two-dimensional X three-dimensional representation and use of new technologies. It is advocated that cartographic literacy can be used as an innovative methodology for the teaching of geography in schools. In parallel, the difficulties found in a university and school context are discussed. Finally, successful experiences are shared with more than 400 students involved directly, who used technical and methodological resources, from where they live and constructivist approach, namely: mapping of the human body, of the classroom and building of models. It is concluded that the theme has many challenges, but lacks mainly the expansion of this debate to overcome the dissociative barriers, putting the cartography as means of communication of the geographical science.

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The present article aims at analyzing the spatiality proposed by the art exhibition “2012: propositions for the future”, taken place at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Curitiba/ Brazil. It was verified that the relationship between works and visitor from the perspective of “contemporary art” promotes new spatialities that symbolize those created by individuals in the present, who, according to Berdoulay and Entrikin, are more independent in configuring their spatiality. The geographical view proposed by this article relates to the geography concerned about representations and can be traced back to Yi-Fu Tuan’s notion of experience, for in new spatialities configured by new individuals perception is a more important resource than previously acquired knowledge. Thus it is that our focus lies on representations sprung therefrom, such as works of art dependent on dialog and responsive attitudes. We took these expressions from Bakhtin, whose thinking also sets the basis for our present analysis.

The northwestern state of Espírito Santo has experienced a ‘boom’ economic driven by mining activities related to the exploitation of ornamental rocks, granite being primarily responsible for this whole dynamic. The lands of the region, in particular the urban areas of the municipality of Barra de São Francisco, has been the subject of strong speculation due to increasing investments in the sector of ornamental rocks. This sector has changed the dynamics of the city francisquense, formerly based on agricultural activities, they had coffee in conilon the mainstay of its economy, as well as the (re) configuration space of the city as a whole. The purpose of the study is presented in evidence and clues pointing to think about the growth of cities rationally use and occupation of urban areas and neighborhoods, and with the planned management of policies that promote the participation of stakeholders in identifying conflicts. These policies must be compatible with the perspectives involved, seeking to stimulate activities economically viable and to keep an ordering in the appropriation of the landscape.

The city of Lima was founded in 1538. It currently has a population of about 8.486.866 and presents several complex problems of space organization, so that specific studies are needed to understand its reality. The Historical Center of Lima is locus of patrimonial management policies since the eighties. In this context, the Jirón de la Unión Street, the main of this urban space, deserves to be analyzed. The principal aim of this study is to analyze the new uses of Jirón De La Unión Street, in the historical center of Lima. The methodological procedures used to carry out this research were: bibliographical, cartographic, photographic and documentation surveys, together with outdoor researches to characterize the use of the soil and related landscape. A first observation was the predominant commercial use of the current Jirón de la Unión Street.

This paper aims to discuss difficult questions and doubts about researches regarding global climate change, showing discordances about what different scientific groups and the forecasts elaborated by forecasting climate models. Therefore, we take for basis the theories formulated by the two scientific groups: the alarmists and skeptics, and the prognostic showed by the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC), 2007. This work was based in a research of books, technical documents and scientific papers, and the interpretation of graphs and data within these works. The results showed that oscillating temperatures always existed in the Earth’s atmosphere before human existence and the oscillation was larger than today. However, alarmists and skeptics believe that the earth atmosphere’s temperature elevated by approximated 0.6º C in the XX century, but there is a big divergence about the causes that rise and the consequences. Finally, an issue that questions the reliability of both groups, concerns the problem of forecast mainly because there are many factors and elements involved in the complexity of climate system thus making accurate climate predictions virtually impossible and leaving the debate so far, in the field of assumptions.

This study is about the relationship between society and nature, considering the impact of the appropriation of space in the estuary of Pontal Bay -Ilhéus/BA. The time frame adopted begins with the 70s and extends until the year 2012. The research approach was qualitative, adopting quantitative techniques when necessary. The instruments of collection consisted of systematic observation and interview, plus documentary and bibliographic research. The analyzes showed evidence that the socio-spatial interventions in the Bay originate from the construction of the Port of Ilheus in the northern portion, from the growing, environmental degradation of river basins tributaries (rivers Cachoeira, Santana and Itacanoeira) and from the process of occupation surrounding the Bay. These pressures have caused changes in the dynamics of estuarine circulation, leading to a state of beach progradation, intensifying the process of silting up of the Bay, propension to formation of mangroves and impaired water quality due to discharge of sewage.

L’article analyse la concentration foncière et la dynamique imobilière sur le territoire de la ville de Vitória (Brésil) a partir de la catégorie de la rente de la terre. Il démontre que la (re)production de l’espace de Vitória suit la logique du marché et s’inscrit dans la perspective de la traditionnelle et séculaire question foncière brésilienne où le monopole de la propriété foncière accentue les inégalités territoriales.

This work presents some considerations about the dynamics of degraded landscapes processes, like gullies, located in Palmelo, Goiás State, within Pires do Rio Microregion. Throughout a complete fieldwork, the gullies, in rural areas, that threat to underlying water table were mapped and cataloged. Unfortunately, one notices that gullies continually increase in size and number, mainly because there are no projects in order to restraint or reduce them promoted by local government. Besides, the illegal disposing of great amounts of waste still into the gullies, affects the quality of people’s life as well as the water table associated to them. Nevertheless, a very detailed case study of gullies, their cataloguing and identification, may help in the proposition of procedures to prevent and avoid illegal dumping of rubbish and waste, reduce the risks of accidents and eliminates these important factors of landscape degradation.

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