Repositório RCAAP

O carnaval da cidade de Salvador, importante metrópole brasileira, sempre foi uma das mais expressivas festas de rua do País e pesquisá-lo é algo necessário, pelo fato de este conter muitas das dinâmicas socioespaciais do lugar. Este artigo faz um breve histórico, desde o surgimento da festa até o momento atual, e se detém no período da profissionalização, iniciado na década de 1990, que transforma a festa em uma atividade econômica, fonte de grandes lucros para o segmento de artistas e produtores culturais que fizeram sucesso nacional com o ritmo denominado axé music, integrado à cultura de massas. Tal período foi marcado por uma grande projeção da festa no cenário nacional, mas hegemonizado por um segmento, o bloco de trio comandado por estrelas musicais. Esse modelo, por ser produtor de muitas desigualdades, também produziu muitos conflitos, sobretudo no choque da cultura de massas com a cultura popular, e, atualmente, vive uma crise, que é derivada dos acúmulos dessas exclusões e desigualdades. Existem alguns cenários para o futuro, mas ainda não existem tendências consolidadas. Abstract SALVADOR`S CARNIVAL: THE DECLINE OF MERCANTILE PARTY The carnival in the city of Salvador, important Brazilian city, has always been one of the most expressive public celebrations in this country and is necessary to research it, because this manifestation contains many socio spatial dynamics of the place. This paper draws a brief historical, since the beggining of the party to this days, and concentrates in the professionalization period, started in the 1990’s, that turned the party into an economic activity, source of great profits for performing artists and producers that experienced national success with the musical genre axé music, integrated to the mass culture. That period is known by a great projection of the party in national mainstream, but hegemonized by a segment, i.e. the bloco de trio (large group of people that follows a moving performing stage set up in the top of a large truck, called Trio Elétrico, in a musical parade by the city streets, protected by a line held by private guards). This model, by being producer of many inequalities, also produced many conflicts, mostly in the clashes between mass culture and popular culture and, nowadays, experience a crisis that is a resultant of accumulation of exclusion an inequality. There are a few scenarios for the future, but there are still no consolidate tendencies.

The reconstitution of a historical geography has been done by many researchers within geographical science. Among the studies conducted with this approach, those aimed at urban studies are conducted with a frequent scope, although there are more difficulties as they go back further in time. The present article is a contribution to the studies of historical urban geography in Bahia, and its main purpose is to discuss the formation of a dense settlements network in the 1700s, beyond the Recôncavo Baiano, the region surrounding the city of Salvador and Todos os Santos Bay. The investigation of travel memoirs, historical statistics, Bahia Provincial Presidential Reports and historical maps, as well as books, articles, dissertation and theses that provided an overview of the demographic, economic and social situation in the Province of Bahia, aided to reconstitute this bygone network. Natural conditions, the presence of Lusitanian Monarchy and the Church, the existence of paths, and also population and economic dynamics are evidence of the process of formation of this network in the mining period in the backcountry of Bahia, in which Rio de Contas and Jacobina were important villages in this incipient network.

The paper discusses the juvenile condition in the context of uncertainty that marks contemporaneity. From the pair sociability and identity, the paper will present a reflection on how these uncertainties have forged new subjectivities and new ways of living the youth, especially among poor young people. For this purpose, it has as an empirical field, young people living in the largest housing estate of the MCMV in a medium-sized city.

The present research is developed with the purpose of analyze the space time incidence of burn occurrences in the Amazonian biome of Maranhão, with the purpose of proposing the development of a predictive model of rapid application based on the data provided by the National Institute of Space Research - INPE. The study consisted of the overlapping of burning points in the Maranhão Amazonian Biome between 1999 and 2017, observed RF fire risk, days without recorded rainfall, besides the radiative power of the occurrence - FRP, through Kriging. Based on the proposed model, it was possible to identify that 37.4% of the Amazonian biome of Maranhão has low/low risk, while 55.3% is in the moderate/high risk range and 7.3% are areas with a critical level. Thus, the present research sought to contribute to the discussions related to the construction of public policies, which allow the real mitigation of the fire risk from the territorial singularities of the Amazonian biome of Maranhão.

Many researches are developed in search of a closer follow-up of the problems detected in the semi-arid regions of northeastern Brazil. The monitoring of areas with agricultural potential, or any other type of production activity in these regions where they become more frequent since the regions need a monitoring and present this type of activity and also a better planning of the land management. Based on this, the environmental zoning becomes an important instrument for the classification of areas, where there are different procedures regarding the analysis of land use and coverage and geomorphic behaviors. In general, what refers to this aspect is a relationship between the use and relief of the tiger creek basin - PB, given as the relief comparisons that interact with the types of soil use and identify the levels of compatibility Geomorphic by means of the lithological predisposition interpolated with the topographic elements. The results showed an agricultural use area 80% compatible 18% moderately compatible and 2% incompatible according to the terrain found in the region.

If Geography response the need of rethinking itself as contemporary challenge, like a self-critical task on it is role in colonialism and in the processes of the negation and domination of it, it must have to confront of the your view with bodies and their uses. A Geography of the fleshed view emerges from the situated knowledge it focus to life-forms, in carnal fold of the sensitive and the politics.

The purpose of this article is to discuss the historical process of land use and occupation of the upper Rio Velhas watershed and its implications for the dynamics of water quality and quantity considering its role as water source of metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte. A historical resumption of the occupation process guided by a bibliographic review and a monitoring analysis of land use change based on geoprocessing and remote sensing techniques is carried out. The article shows that urban expansion and mining are the activities most intensified in the period of analysis, but present different forms and contexts. In the end, considerations are made about the environmental impacts arising from those two main forms identified of anthropic occupation.

The article discusses the process of militarization of air policing in Brazil from explorations in five metropolises (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Vitória, Brasília and Porto Alegre), which offer an analytical contribution to affirm that we experience the production of geographies as a tool for air patrol and urban combat, in which the helicopter is used as a weapon of war. The research thus demonstrates that in Brazil, as in other places, public security makes use of police aviation to carry out military operations in the air space, inculcating meanings and perceptions that metaphor popular neighborhoods, streets and squares such as battlefields, places where its residents and popular mobilizations are threatened by police helicopters.

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Urbanisation is a socio-spatial process that produces cities and a way of life. It has been spreading continuously since the first industrial revolution. Much of the urban development and growth is related to the intensity of energy production in countries worldwide, especially electric energy. In Brazil, the energy is mostly produced by hydroelectric plants, most of them located in rivers outside great metropolitan areas. In this paper, we aim to discuss the existing contradictions in small cities in view of the expansion of energy production in order to problematize notions such as development and spatial justice. Our analytical focus relies on two hydroelectric plants, Barra Grande and Itá, and particularly four small cities located nearby: Anita Garibaldi and Itá in Santa Catarina state; Pinhal da Serra and Aratiba in Rio Grande do Sul state. The research was based on fieldworks conducted in these cities and hydroelectric plants where we collected photographic records and citizens’ testimonies. We conclude by observing disparities in the fours mentioned cities brought up by the implementation of the hydroelectric plants and we highlight as well the challenges to be faced.

In the twentieth century the economic debates turned mainly to the classical theories to explain the process of development of the nations, and there is a gap regarding the specific reflection on countries and peripheral regions. Faced with the inability to explain the underdevelopment of these areas, Furtado, among other economists, began to evaluate the persistence of underdevelopment as a historical-structural trait of the formation of peripheral economies. In this context, the Mata Meridional Pernambucana, constituted since the colonial period from the sugar cane industry and which at present maintains patterns of underdevelopment typical. Taking as a hypothesis the validity of Furtado’s reflections for the understanding of microregional underdevelopment and from bibliographical research and data collection, the present text has as general objective to evaluate the pertinence of the theory developed by Furtado in the analysis of the framework of underdevelopment of the Microregion today. Specific objectives are related to the development of central and peripheral economies; describe the process of underdevelopment and; identify socioeconomic elements that characterize the Microregion today. Through the local historical-structural characteristics, it is concluded that the reflections generated by the author are applicable to the understanding of the permanent, but not unalterable, of microregional’s underdevelopment.

This article investigates the modernity in the construction of the city of Vitoria in the passage from the nineteenth century to the twentieth century, in which the State acted as the main promoter of this task . For this purpose, the analysis was based on the study of the ideological foundations of the process. The conclusion was that the transformations of Vitória were dominated by the interests linked to the mercantile-exporting instance of capital, to the detriment of the construction of a collective city project; and that this fraction of capital was ideologically nourished by the sign of the modern for the construction of a class project, oriented towards commercial development, which proposed the production of the modern through a rupture with the colonial past of the city. The perspective of analysis sought to understand the production of urban modernity as a production of space, and in this task, to investigate the ideological foundations that participated in the process of construction of the city.

The formation of forums, councils, colleges, development agencies and local bodies represent governance modalities for decentralized management processes, in the case studied, tourism. The regional division of Brazilian tourism has created Tourism Circuits and Poles, however, regardless of the definition of the regionalization type, it is necessary that the tourism development project be formulated through the involvement and participation of various social actors, characterizing movements that can be denominated such as territorial governance. These factors lead to the general objective of this article, which is to analyze the territorial governance projects in the State of Maranhão, highlighting the microregions of the Baixada Maranhense and the Litoral Ocidental Maranhense. Documentary investigations were carried out by the Ministry of Tourism, as well as those used by the Tourism Department of the State of Maranhão and interviews with key agents for the territorial governance project in the State, the Tourist Councils and Tourism Instances. The research reveals that the governance project exists as an organizational constituent of a sequence for planning, although, in practice, the occurrence of this process can be considered as fragile or only for the documentary composition necessary to reach the later step of the intended course reach.

The purpose of this article was to analyze some aspects of the management of the Brazilian civil aviation regulatory environment, considering the transition occurred in the state regulation, from the Civil Aviation Department - DAC, to the National Civil Aviation Agency - ANAC in 2006, which was considered the main change in the sector. The study also led us to identify a striking feature of the conduction of the civil aviation sector in the country, which was the presence of a dialectic relation between capital and the State (with variations of intensity) during the period in which comercial aviation was ruled by the Air Force authority via DAC (between 1941 and 2006). In support of this finding, we came to the conclusion that the Brazilian State’s role regarding the civil aviation sector in that period was a reflection of what we can call an “institutional ethos of tutelary character”, based on a specific regulatory framework that resulted in a peculiar model of State intervention in the sector.

Over the years, the Federal Institutions of Higher Education (Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior - IFES) have been the focal point of governmental programs seeking to restructure them internally and to expand them. Many of these IFES are located in medium and small cities, leading to transformations and socioeconomic impacts. Thus, this study sought to understand the verticalization process in the central region of Viçosa-MG and its relationhsip with the expansion of the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV). It was possible to observe the existence of a direct relationship between the expansions of the UFV and the verticalization process in the central region of Viçosa, as well as an increase in the number of buildings taller than 4 stories, mainly located on roads adjacent to the UFV, and changes in the typology of buildings and apartments. Also noteworthy is the prominent role of the investor in leveraging the verticalization process and the permission of public powers considering the massive production of verticalized spaces.

The composition and the forms of the relief are factors that contribute in the determination of the occurrence and the types of vegetation of a certain place. The association of vegetation with certain environments due to the sunshine received, water availability, among others, are directly related to the configuration of the relief of an area. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the relations between the configuration of the relief and the distribution of the native forest vegetation in the Serra do Caverá, in the southwest region of Rio Grande do Sul. The relief classification of the study area was based on the Geomorphons, from the DEM generated through the SRTM data, obtaining ten elements. After the vegetation mapping was carried out based on the interpretation of images of the satellite LANDSAT 8 OLI, the information was cross-referenced in a GIS environment, with ArcGis 10.3 software, ArcMap tool, also by calculating the frequency ratio (Fr). The highest correlation observed was with the valleys and flat areas (42.52%), followed by vegetation on hillsides, slope bases and excavated reliefs, which together added up to 40.85% of the total forest vegetation in the study area.

Hail precipitation, an extreme event characterized by solid state water precipitation, has high destructive capacity in rural and urban environments, generating frequent disturbances and losses. The Central-Western Paraná state Meso-region (MRCOP) and The Southeast Paraná state Meso-region (MRSEP) in southern Brazil has a large agricultural production area and approximately 900 thousand inhabitants, which may be vulnerable to extreme weather events, and studies are needed to assist in decision making in these regions. This work aimed to identify the genesis, frequency and intensity of hail precipitation in The Central-Western Paraná state Meso-region (MRCOP) and The Southeast Paraná state Meso-region (MRSEP), providing support for the planning and adoption of preventive measures to combat the impact of this phenomenon. Three different sources of data were used: agrometeorological stations, satellite images and reports of occurrences, damages and emergency situations issued by the Civil Defense. Thirty-seven emergency decrees related to hail and 372 thousand people affected in the regions were identified in 19 years of analysis. The convective systems and the cold fronts were identified as the main meteorological systems working in the genesis of hail in these regions. In the absence of planning for vulnerability reduction, exposure to extreme weather events remains frequent.

In this investigation, we analyzed expressive daily accumulated of pluvial precipitation that occurred in March 2019 in the State of Ceará, in order to identify if they were considered extreme (from the Statistical Methodology of the Maximum Precipitation), and to analyze the atmospheric systems that started such events and possible damage caused by them. The ten largest daily accumulations of March recorded in the posts of the Foundation for Metereological and Hydric Resources of Ceará State (FUNCEME) were selected. At the same time, the atmospheric systems that contributed to these pluviometric episodes were identified from satellite images provided by the National Institute of Space Research (INPE). Daily accruals were at least one of the three largest already registered at the stations (five were records) and were associated with joint performance of two or more atmospheric systems. Atlantic TMSM (near the coast) showed a favorable pattern for precipitation. The daily accumulations were punctual and allowed a considerable contribution only in some water reserves of the Ceará State, because the rain did not present a homogeneous spatial/temporal distribution.

The main goal of this article is to study the labor specialization process in the state of Maranhão through the progress if the paper and cellulose chain over the expansion and reinforcement of the forestry from eucalyptus based on the implementation of the factory “Suzano Papel e Celulose” in Imperatriz, southwest of the Maranhão State. This drives the question: is there a movement to improve and specialize workers in this sector, taking into consideration not specialized or technical workers in the city of Imperatriz? For methodology it was used the book references, field research and secondary data about the changes in the way of work in the local plant and technical requirements for professional workers due to the implementation of “Suzano Papel e Celulose”. The data comes from “RAIS”; “CAGED”; “IBGE” and local technical schools. The results allow us to map the working group in the sector emphasizing that there is an intense and quick specialization regarding the work in this specific sector of paper and cellulose.