Repositório RCAAP

During a year (March/2004 to February/2005) 140 samples of raw milk, dairy staff, and Minas Frescal cheese were analyzed for the presence of S. aureus in a dairy plant in Goiás, Brazil. Strains were isolated from 75% of the personnel investigated resulting in 31 (33.7%) isolates from 92 collected samples (46 from hands and 46 from nasopharynx). The 24 raw milk samples resulted in 18 (75.0%) positive samples and 26 isolates, with mean number: 1.1 x 10(5) CFU/ml. Among 24 cheese samples 17 (70.8%) were positive resulting in 20 isolates, with mean number: 3.8 x 104 CFU/g. Thirteen samples (54.2%) were above the limit established by the brazilian legislation (10³ CFU/g). The differentiation of strains was performed by antimicrobial susceptibility test. All isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. Resistance was observed in five (6.5%) isolates for erythromycin, 19 (24.7%) for tetracycline, one (1.3%) for vancomycin, four (5.2%) for oxacillin and 53 (68.8%) isolates for penicillin. Eleven isolates (14.3%) were susceptible to all antibiotics tested and 18 (23.4%) were resistant to more than one antibiotic. The antibiotic susceptibility allowed the discrimination of isolates in 12 different profiles (A-L), but the phenotypic typing failed to determine the source of bacteria for the cheese.

The effect of dietary supplementation with coconut oil (CO) with four levels (0, 4, 8 and 16%) on the variation of blood and milk composition of lactating mares were investigated. Sixteen lactating mares were used with average live weight of 441.2 kg. Mares were supplemented with 1,5% of live weight with concentrate composed of corn meal, wheat bran and soybean meal with 16% crude protein. Forage was Napier grass and mineral supplement and water supplied "ad libitum". Mares were allotted to 16 pens (4x5m) and randomly assigned to receive each of four diets once a day during 42 days. Samples of blood (50 ml) were collected for analysis of triglycerides and cholesterol. Samples of milk (250 ml) were collected manually for analyses of acidity, fat and cholesterol. At the end of the experiment the supplementation with CO showed respectively for blood: triglycerides, 24; 32; 28 and 25 mg dl-1; cholesterol, 107; 136; 126 and 129 mg dl-1 and for milk: acidity, 10; 9; 8 and 7 ºD; fat, 0,6; 1,1; 0,9 and 0,9%. Cholesterol in the fat of the milk, 366.5; 308.6; 447.9 and 491.0 mg.100g-1. The supplementation with CO, increased the triglycerides levels and plasmatic cholesterol, with linear effect; they reduced the level of acidity and increased fat content of milk with linear effect and they had no effect on cholesterol content in the milk.

A exigência nutricional das éguas é mais alta nos primeiros três meses de lactação. A energia é importante para que possam manter a condição corporal e produzir leite para os potros. Investigou-se o efeito da variação do peso corporal de éguas em lactação mantidas sob uma dieta suplementada por um concentrado com quatro níveis (0, 4, 8 e 16%) de óleo de babaçu. Foram utilizadas 16 éguas sem raça definida e em lactação e com peso vivo médio de 441,2 kg. O concentrado usado na suplementação dos animais foi de 1,5% do peso vivo, sendo composto de quirera de milho, farelo de soja e farelo de trigo com 16% de proteína bruta. A água e o volumoso constituído de Napier e suplemento mineral foram fornecidos ad libitum. As éguas foram colocadas em baias individuais (4 x 5 m) onde receberam as 4 dietas, uma vez ao dia. As dietas foram oferecidas durante 42 dias. Ao término do experimento observou-se que a suplementação com óleo de babaçu não afetou condição corporal das éguas. Os resultados indicaram que, em condições tropicais, pode-se suplementar a alimentação com até 4% de óleo de babaçu.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi relatar as alterações intra-articulares observadas através de artroscopia em cães portadores de injuria do ligamento cruzado cranial. Foram utilizados sessenta e três cães (sessenta e cinco articulações) com a afecção. A artroscopia foi realizada anteriormente a reparação do ligamento e as alterações observadas foram relatadas e fotografadas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa é significativo mencionar a presença de plicas na bolsa articular suprapatelar, irregularidade, neovascularização e osteofitos na patela. O menisco lateral apresentou ruptura em franja, fibrilação, neovascularização e completa laceração. O menisco medial mostrou lesão em alça de balde, laceração completa, ruptura em franja, fibrilação, neovascularização e mineralização. O ligamento cruzado cranial estava completamente rompido, parcialmente rompido, com ruptura intersticial ou aderido a estruturas do sulco intercondilar. O ligamento cruzado caudal mostrou fendas verticais, alem de fibrilação e ruptura parcial. Artroscopia tem sido utilizada para o diagnostico de injuria do ligamento cruzado cranial em cães. Ela permite uma maior capacidade diagnóstica quando avaliamos alterações de cartilagem e sinóvia, ruptura de menisco e ligamento.

The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of herds with EEEV and WEEV infected animals, in Uruará municipal district, Pará State-Brazil. In view of that, the serum neutralization test was utilized. The following prevalence of positive herds were observed: 17 positive herds for EEEV out of 32 herds, therefore, prevalence is 53.12% (IC 35.03 - 70.49%). One positive herd was found for WEEV out of the 32 studied herds, thus performing 3.12% (IC 0.16 - 18.00%) prevalence. The prevalence of serum reactors animals were observed: 27,37% (IC 15,33 - 39,21%), WEE 1,05% (IC 0,06 - 6,78%).

Selenium and vitamin E are important antioxidants for cells and tissues protection acting directly as a support for the udder health. This experiment was designed to evaluate the influence of prepartum selenium and vitamin E supplementation on milk somatic cell counts of Holstein cows during summer period. Eighty animals were allocated into four treatments: control; supplementation with 2.5 mg Se/day; supplementation with 1000 IU vitamin E/day and supplementation with 2.5 mg Se/day + 1000 IU vitamin E/day. The supplementation started thirty days prior to probable parturition date until parturition. Forage and concentrate samples were taken every fifteen days for chemical and selenium analyses. Blood samples were taken before starting supplementation, right after parturition, thirty and sixty days after it to determine the selenium serum levels. Milk samples were taken to determine SCC. Selenium supplemented cows had higher serum selenium concentration compared with control group (P;0.05) SCC up to 12th week of lactation.

The frequency and the morphology of the abductor cruris caudalis muscle were studied in 58 adult unknown breed cats. The sample included 36 females and 22 males. After the dissection, were found a frequency for the presence of the same muscle of 98.3%. The abductor cruris caudalis muscle appears symmetrically in 35 females (97.2%) and 22 males (100.0%). When present, it were originated on the transversal process of the 1st vertebrae caudales, in the glutea region, below the gluteus superficialis muscle, throughing almost all the thigh under biceps femoris muscle, where it make a parallel relation with the sciatic nerve, receiving nervous ramifications of the same in 78.3% of the cases. The medium found for the width and thickness of his muscle venter was respectively of 2.03 mm and 0.35 mm. Its insertion occurs on the biceps femoris muscles approximate to the fascia cruris, where both finish fusing theirselves.

The objective of this work was to study the macroscopic, ultrasonographic and histopathologic aspects from the newly formed cicatricial tissue at the site of the partial resection of the long digital extensor tendon in 10 equines at the moment of functional restoration of the limb with the animal in walk locomotion. The macroscopic exam was performed every 48 hours, the planimetric mensuration every 10 days, the ultrasonographic exam every 15 days and the histopathologyc exam at the end of the study. The wounds showed granulation tissue in retraction, without total lesion epithelization, and the aspects ultrasonographics revealed wound healing with newly formed tissues with variable density and high neovascularization without tendon structural reorganization. The histopathology showed newly formed vascularized tissue, with leukocytic infiltrate and collagenous deposition without full epithelization. The cicatrization tissue formed in the resection region of the tendon, immature and without the structural organization of the normal tendon, showed to be able to functional restoration of the operated limb.

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar os coeficientes de herdabilidade para os escores visuais de coração e de fígado em uma linhagem macho de frangos de corte. As análises dos dados foram realizadas através do método da máxima verossimilhança restrita e do método R, utilizando-se informações de 6167 animais. Os escores visuais de coração e de fígado não pareceram ser capazes de apresentar resposta à seleção, tendo em vista as estimativas de herdabilidade obtidas através do método da máxima verossimilhança restrita, que foram de 0,05±0,02 para ambas as características. Possivelmente devido à pouca variabilidade dos dados dos escores visuais de coração e de fígado, as análises realizadas pelo método R não atingiram convergência.

Reproductive rates and performance traits in beef cattle females infected by Herpesvirus Bovine-1 (BoHV-1) were evaluated in a farm at São Paulo state, Brazil. Gir, Guzerá, Nelore and Caracu purebred animals were examinated to BoHV-1 (ELISA) at the beginning of the breeding season and the occurrence of reactors was 54.2% (386/712). BoHV-1 did not interfere in the pregnancy rates of both reagent - 80.3% (310/386) and non-reagent - 74.5% (243/326) females. It did not reduce the parturition rate of both reagent - 97.7% (300/307) and non-reagent - 93.8% (225/240) females. Total rate of stillbirths in BoHV-1 reagent females - 1.3% (4/300) did not differ from non-reagent females - 2.2% (5/225). BoHV-1 did not affect performance traits for reagent and non-reagent females, respectivelly, to daily weight gain during the breeding season (459.90 ± 2.82 g and 466.63 ± 2.87 g), body condition score at the beginning of the breeding season (6.89 ± 0.08 and 6.99 ± 0.08), body condition score at the end of the breeding season (7.73 ± 0.06 and 7.71 ± 0.06), weight at parturition (419.17 ± 3.34 kg and 425.97 ± 3.22 kg). It was concluded that non-vaccinated beef cattle females infected by BoHV-1 and bred under adequate extensive management, with body condition score over 5 and gain of weight during the breeding season presented good pregnancy, parturition and birth rates, no matter the breed, genetic group, age and seroconvertion.

The aim of this study is to evaluate cervical ultrasonography as methods for diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Twenty dogs were distributed in 2 groups: 10 dogs with hypothyroidism, and 10 healthy dogs as a control group. All dogs were submitted to ultrasonographic examination in the cervical area. To confirm hypothyroidism diagnosis, total T4, free T4 and TSH hormones samples were obtained and, also, cholestherol and triglycerides. Hypothyroid animals submitted to cervical ultrasonography showed marked reduction in the total volume of the thyroid gland, with statistical significance (p<0,05), in comparison to normal dogs. This alteration demonstrated the gland atrophy secondary to hypothyroidism.

A próstata é a única glândula sexual nos cães e, embora seja encontrada em todos os mamíferos, sua importância clínica é maior no homem e nesta espécie animal devido à quantidade de afecções que os acometem. Diversas técnicas cirúrgicas têm sido utilizadas para o tratamento de cistos e abscessos prostáticos em cães, e há alguns anos foi relatado o primeiro uso da técnica de omentalização prostática para o tratamento de cistos e abscessos, com sucesso efetivo, e até o momento, não há informações de seu emprego no Brasil. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a recuperação e o período pós-operatório de animais submetidos a esta técnica, durante o período de 2002 a 2004. Foram estudados 17 machos, sendo 11 com cistos prostáticos, 4 com abscesso e 2 com cisto paraprostático. Quinze se recuperaram sem complicações, enquanto um apresentou incontinência urinária por dois dias após a cirurgia. Um animal veio a óbito em decorrência de septicemia preexistente. A baixa incidência de complicações e o curto período de hospitalização fazem da omentalização a cirurgia de escolha para o tratamento de abscessos e cistos prostáticos em cães.

Although raising collared peccaries and wild boars in Brazil is increasing due to the growing economic importance of that activity, only a few histological data are available on both species. The objective of this paper was to describe the histology of the cervical portion of the esophagus of collared peccaries and wild boards by comparing them. It has been observed that this portion of a wild board's esophagus is composed of a mucosa without muscularis mucosæ, sub-mucosa with a large number of glands, muscular tunica with only skeletal striated muscle and serosa. On the other hand, in collared peccaries' esophagus there is mucosa with muscularis mucosæ, sub-mucosa without glands, muscular tunica and serosa. Therefore, it would be correct to say that the cervical portion of a wild boar's esophagus and that of a collared peccary have many different histological characteristics.

The present study compared powder coconut water (ACP®) and Tris extenders on canine semen cryopreservation by classic evaluation and thermoresistance test. Five stud dogs were submitted to two semen collections by digital manipulation. Sperm fractions were analyzed regarding to its color, volume, sperm concentration, motility, vigor and morphology. Semen samples were divided into two aliquots: the first one was extended in Tris and second one in ACP®. Both extenders contained 20% egg yolk. Samples were cooled to 5ºC, glycerol added (6%), packaged in 0.25mL straws, frozen in nitrogen vapors and finally stored in liquid nitrogen. One week later, thaw was performed at 38ºC per 1min in water bath and new evaluations of sperm motility, vigor and morphology were conducted. Samples were kept at 38ºC in water bath and evaluated at 15 and 30min after thaw. No significant difference was observed between extenders throughout cryopreservation or thawing procedures, as well as during thermoresistance test, concerning to characteristics evaluated. Tris and ACP® were efficient in conserving 50% mobile spermatozoa and 70% morphologically normal sperm after thaw. Thus, ACP® can be used as an alternative extender for canine semen cryopreservation.

The study of animal behavior has been efficient in identifying welfare of housed broilers. Bird preference related to housing and thermal environment has been studied in several countries. However the ability of homeotherms to adept in hostile ambient results in distinct individual needs, and leads to heterogeneity in the flock and inevitable loss in production. To reduce these losses it is necessary to know the individual needs of group of birds in order to group the similar individuals together. This research had the objective to demonstrate the feasibility of use of telemetry and electronic identification for monitoring the individual preferences and specific behavior of female broiler breeders in reduced and distorted scale model. The results showed that the use of electronic identification associated to telemetry were efficient in studying the movement of birds. Through the observational analyses of obtained frequency distribution graphs it was possible to identify the individuals that better adapted to specific housing thermal environment.

We aimed to evaluate the risk factor of serum reactive dogs to antileptospire agglutinin and their spatial distribution in an urban area. We collected 1,000 blood samples from dogs at 20 immunization centers, homogeneously distributed in the urban area (32 km²) of Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Diagnosis was made by microscopic serum agglutination using 24 serovars of Leptospira spp. Statistical analysis was performed by Goodman's test with 5% of significance. Spatial clusters were tested by spatial scan statistic using SaTScan. We found that 17.9% dogs reacted to Leptospira spp. (p<0.0001). Dogs with street access (22.14%) were more reactive (p<0.05) than those without (14.83%). The scan test indicated only one significant cluster influenced by age. Incorporating each one of the co-variables gender, breed, and street access to age, we found that street access was the most important. Street access and age were the most important risk factors in the large number of reactive animals in the cluster, with the castellonis serovar being the most reactive in urban dogs. The identification of a cluster with more reactive dogs than expected allows local preventive measures to be taken.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo o estudo da contaminação bacteriana do veneno do ferrão dos bagres Genidens genidens (Valenciennes, 1839); e Cathorops agassizii (Agassiz, 1829) encontrados no Complexo Baia-Estuário de Santos e de São Vicente (Estado de São Paulo). Foram obtidas amostras dos peixes para análises bacteriológicas que constituíam de um grupo de 50 espécimes sendo, 25 Cathorops agassizii e 25 de Genidens genidens. As análises bacteriológicas mostraram que havia contaminação nos ferrões por 13 diferentes linhagens de Enterobacteriaceae, sendo a Klebsiella pneumoniae (26,80%) a bactéria mais freqüente enquanto que as Enterobacter sp e Escherichia coli (16,27%), Serratia marcescens, Serratia sp e Proteus mirabilis (1,16%) apresentaram os mais baixos percentuais de contaminação. Nas amostras que apresentaram Bactérias Gram positivas não foram detectadas espécies de fungos. Enquanto que nas amostras que apresentaram bactérias Gram negativas, foi possível considerar alta contaminação bacteriana representando periculosidade em relação aos aspectos ambientais voltados á saúde pública. Destaca-se ainda que acidentes ocorridos por ferimentos causados em função do ferrão do bagre podem desenvolver significativas infecções secundárias agudas em humanos.

We aimed to evaluate the risk factor of serum reactive dogs to antileptospire agglutinin and their spatial distribution in an urban area. We collected 1,000 blood samples from dogs at 20 immunization centers, homogeneously distributed in the urban area (32 km²) of Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Diagnosis was made by microscopic serum agglutination using 24 serovars of Leptospira spp. Statistical analysis was performed by Goodman's test with 5% of significance. Spatial clusters were tested by spatial scan statistic using SaTScan. We found that 17.9% dogs reacted to Leptospira spp. (p<0.0001). Dogs with street access (22.14%) were more reactive (p<0.05) than those without (14.83%). The scan test indicated only one significant cluster influenced by age. Incorporating each one of the co-variables gender, breed, and street access to age, we found that street access was the most important. Street access and age were the most important risk factors in the large number of reactive animals in the cluster, with the castellonis serovar being the most reactive in urban dogs. The identification of a cluster with more reactive dogs than expected allows local preventive measures to be taken.

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of inclusion of wheat meal on losses, dry matter recovery and quality of mombaça-grass silage, using a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments: 0, 20, 40 and 60% of wheat meal, and three replicates per treatment. Fifteen-liter capacity buckets with bunsen value on the lid were used. Three kilos of sand were placed on the botton of each bucket to capture effluent. Evaluated variable were: losses by gases and effluents, dry matter recovery, pH, amoniacal-N, dry matter content (DM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and hemicellulose. Wheat meal addition reduced losses by gases, which ranged from 2 to 1.57%, and eliminated losses by effluents. Wheat meal addition reduced losses by gases and effluents. The recovery dry matter was smaller for the treatment without wheat meal. Values for increased with wheat meal addition. Values of NDF and ADF in the silage reduced linearly in function of wheat meal application. The inclusion of 20% of wheat meal is enough to reach improvements in the quality of grass-mombaça silage and, being economical , it can be recommended.

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e avaliar um protocolo anestésico em filhotes de gatas submetidas a gonadectomia. Foram estudadas 40 fêmeas, com 2 a 4 meses de idade, sem raça definida, encaminhadas para ovariohisterectomia. O protocolo anestésico empregado consistiu de pré-medicação com acepromazina e meperidina e a indução e manutenção anestésicas realizadas com tiletamina-zolazepam. Foram avaliadas freqüências cardíaca e respiratória, saturação periférica da oxihemoglobina, temperatura corpórea, qualidade do relaxamento de coto uterino e pedículos ovarianos, tempo cirúrgico e de recuperação anestésica, bem como qualidade da recuperação anestésica e outros efeitos adversos. Houve redução da freqüência respiratória e manutenção da cardíaca no período trans-operatório. Apenas dois animais necessitaram de suplementação com oxigênio e a qualidade da recuperação foi satisfatoriamente tranqüila. O relaxamento dos pedículos ovarianos e coto uterino foi adequado e não foram observados demais efeitos adversos. Diante dos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que a técnica anestésica empregada foi segura e efetiva nos animais estudados.