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This paper records the "Peixe-Rei" fishes from the Uruguayan fauna, giving a description of five new species, one genus and one sub-genus. The author reminds initially that for the time being no exaustive studies have been published concerning specimens of the family Atherinidae belonging to the fauna of Uruguay, Argentine and Brazil. The only works available on the subject are based on widely scattered and occasionally gathered material or on some other work not always founded on sound ichthyological methods and according to general scientific principles. This situation is the source of insurmountable difficulties in the comparative study and clear distinction of the various specific units that form the group. It is therefore the aim of this work to present a selective collection of the available literature concerning the "Peixe-Rei" of Uruguayan waters, making a comparative study of the preserved forms and proposing their classification according to the current systematic methods. The species under study being of economical importance, not only for food but also from the sportive point of view, special reference is made of artificial hatching, this section being already so important that a new branch of fish culture has been created, the Atherinoculture. A retrospective study is made of the authors that have investigated the existing genera in the South Atlantic and that are also found in inland waters of Uruguay and Argentine following with a special description of the Atherinoculture pointing out the example of Mexico that has obtained good results in its Limnologic Station at Patzcuaro. The author presents a description of the researches concerning Eslopsarum bartoni bartoni carried out at the Station. The Biometry of the "Peixe-Rei" is discussed in all its descriptive elements. Extensive considerations are made regarding Odontesthes followed by an analysis of the species included in this genus and a description of O. humensis nov. sp., O. guazu nov. sp. is given with a special reference to O. orientalis De Buen. The author creates the sub-genus Tupa and the genus Yaci, the first mentioned including O. platesis (Berg) and the second Y. retropinnis De Buen, nov. sp. Reference is made to the genus Kronia of Miranda Ribeiro (1915), pointing out that the several authors who have studied the validity of this genus overlooked a most important and distinctive character, i. e.: "ventral fins fused". A description of K. alba nov. sp. and K. rex nov. sp. is given. The writer presents his views on the genus Austroatherina Marrero and the species A. incisa (Jenyns) = Menidia uruguayensis Devincenzi. All analysis are accompanied by explanatory figures totalling 44 drawings and one photo.

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A rich colony of the cladohepatic nudibranchiate mollusk Embletonia mediterranea was studied from the lagoon region of Cananéia, from March to July (end of summer through winter). To the author's knowledge this species is here redescribed for the first time since its description by Costa (1866), fulfilling some omissions present in the original paper. A comparison is here made with 4 out of the remaining 8 species of the genus. All the species are closely allied, two of the species which were not compared for lack of the necessary bibliography, are probably only a variety of E. pallida which is known to the authors. These are: E. juscata and E. remigata. E. minuta, also not compared, may be a synonim of E. pulchra. The fourth uncompared species: E. pygmex is the only one totally unknown to the authors. The colony became well established in aquaria in S. Paulo where the animals reproduced freely. The whole individual cycle was observed from spawning of a generation to spawning of the following one. The egg masses are lump-shaped, they contain an average of 11 eggs; each full-size animal lays about 16 to 17 eggs in 24 hours. Spawning begins in animals about one third full length. The whole development, from spawning to hatching takes from 48 h to 60 h in temperatures from 20º C to 25º C. Few days after hatching the veligers settle to the bottom and after 24 h to 48 h the young ones abandon the nautiloid shell yet with no cerata neither rhinophores and with reduced cephalic expansions. A comparison is made with the development of E. pallida, described and wonderfully portrayed by Rasmussen (1944). This species is closely associated to Bougainvillia on which were always found numerous egg-masses and adults and on which the animals feed. On the athecate hydroid, are usually found several cauli of Obelia bidentata. Animals reared out of reach of living hydroids had cerata entirely devoid of cnidocysts. In spite of its natural association to the mentioned hydroids, the species is euryphagous since it thrives well in captivity feeding on detritus and perhaps diatoms, small ciliates and suctorians. There is no annual cycle, the species having been found active continuously from summer through the coldest months. No migrations have been recorded and the population seems to be stationary the year round. Finally it was pointed out that this species seems to be a suitable material to study the problems of the relation between the internal medium and the external osmotic pressure.

This work is based on the study of 12 samples of specimens of Peixe-Rei, Xenomelaniris brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard), that were caught, one sample per month, in the waters in front of the Base that the Institute maintains in Cananéia, in the south coast of S. Paulo State. Of the total catch 240 specimens were separated, that is, 20 specimens each month, and the gastro-intestinal contents were studied. As per page 134 the principal components found were the following, by order of importance: 1) Vegetal organic matter and vegetal detritus; 2) Crustacea; 3) Fishes; 4) Several Algæ; 5) Insecta; 6) Mollusca; 7) Protozoa and 8) Worms. Sand was computed in some extent, the percentage of amorphic matter completely digested and not liable of determination being relatively low. The author expends his opinions about each one of the components found presenting in one table and two graphs their mean relative frequency. This mean relative frequency was found to be very irregular. A conclusion is drawn that the species is a great consumer of vegetal organic matter and vegetal detritus, which were, otherwise, prominently found in all planctonic collections made at the same period, in the same region. In second place are the crustacea, mainly represented by Copepoda and the occurrence, although not very frequent, of a few young and adult shrimps from the genus Peneus (P. schmitti Burkenroad?). The more or less sporadic appearance of Crangon sp., C. armillatus, Palæmonetes (Paleander) northropi and Periclemenes sp. is also recorded. Besides a few Isopoda probably swallowed together with their hosts, some Amphipoda and Tainaidacea were found although in small quantities. A few samples showed substantial quantities of Cypris of Cirripedia, evidently from the genera Balanus and Cthamalus commonly found in the region. Fish remains were abundant only during two months, being scarce the rest of the time. Greater occurrence of specimens belonging to the genus Xenomelaniris was evident, showing that the school's individuals devour each other. Although monocellular algæ were always very abundantly found in the plancton collections made during the period under study, their mean frequency in the stomach contents never reached a high mark. Concerning the species under study it is therefore not possible to apply the usual conception of researchers that "all fish is diatoms". The average frequency of Insecta, Mollusca, Protozoa and Worms in general was also found to be very low. Insecta seem to happen only by accident their ingestion occurring probably while fluttering about on the water surface; in relation to Hemiptera the author believes that these were draggled together with stems of dry vegetais swept out by the tides movements from the mangrove margin. Mollusca and Protozoa were always very rare. Regarding worms only a few Polichæta may have been ingested intentionally. The Nematoda and Trematoda occasionally found are evidently endo-parasits of the species itself or from any other that may have been ingested. Xenomelaniris brasiliensis is therefore an omnivorous species, great consumer of vegetal detritus, which is, certainly, a character that typifies very well the group to which belong the other components of sub-order Mugiloidei.

O presente trabalho descreve com certos detalhes uma coleção de algas marinhas de profundidade coletadas nas proximidades das ilhas da Trindade e Martim Vaz, e em certos pontos afastados da costa do Espírito Santo. Esta lista no entanto está longe de representar uma flora da região, que o autor considera como muito mais rica do que o evidenciado pela presente lista. Novas e extensivas coleções tanto de profundidade como mais próximas à superfície, sem dúvida trarão informações valiosas para a ficologia

The Oceanographic Institute maintains a working Station at Cananéia in the southern coast of the State of S. Paulo. It is a lagoon region in a great extent occupied by mangrove swamps that offers many interesting aspect from the economical (fishing) and biological (variety of fauna and flora) points of view. Strong erosion processes are taking place and the coastal contour is rapidly being altered together with the navigation channels and sand banks as well. For hydrographical purposes and the development of routine control work several geodetic marks were established to serve as reference points. The author presents a map which is a graphic study of the region. The instrument used in this work was a "Watts" n.º 1 theodolite and the original "croquis" was drawn to a scale of 1:20,000 which gives a maximum error allowance of 20 meters.

The stomach content of 542 specimens of youngs of Sardinella aurita was investigated for ecological purposes. The fishes were divided into four lots according to the region where they were fished. Lot I was collected at the "Ponta de Feiticeira", in the Island of S. Sebastião where the main food was found to be copepods. Lot II comes from the beach of "Rabo Azêdo", also in the Island of S. Sebastião, the more abundant food here consisted of ostracods. Lot III, captured at Cananéia, had been feeding mainly on diatoms. A large percentage of the fishes of Lot IV which were gathered at Santos, had empty stomachs and the major part of the remainder had ingested sand. It may be concluded that Sardinella aurita feeds on plancton in a general way similarly to Clupea pilchardus and therefore is euryphagous. It is interesting to note that the fishes from Santos had probably found themselves in a food-deficient environment as regards plancton, this being apparently the reason of having ingested sand. According to local information, the first occurrence of schools of Sardinella aurita in the lagoonal region of Cananéia was only noted about 12 years ago. Previously the species was found only outside in the open sea. A supposition is presented that biological changes are in process.

This note records the occurrence of a parasitic copepod Lernaeenicus longiventris Wilson, found on Xenomelaniris brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard). 285 specimens of Atherinidae caught at Cananeia in the waters in front of the Research Base of this Institute were used in this investigation. In this material the author found 79 infested specimens (23 ;and 56 ;) which amounts to 27,7% of the total. After making a reference to the presence of epizoic organisms that were only found on the samples of December 1952 and January 1953 the author shows the parasit distribution on each sex being evident that the female specimens were more subject to parasitism. In the opinion of the authors majority the individuals of the genus Lernaeenicus penetrate in the host flesh in search of vasculated zones in order to obtain a blood supply as food. Although in some cases it seems that this tendency actually exists, the writer was able to find in the major part of his observations that the parasit had followed an absolutely superficial path which is a fact that invalidates totally the hypothesis that the parasits are properly hematophagous but instead it shows that they feed almost exclusively on their hosts tissues lymph. Three cases of fixation of the parasit in the ocular zone are recorded by the author snowing that the larvae not always penetrates in the conjunctival dermal layer. The eyes parasits have not been found structurally different from the other specimens found on other parts of the body as it has been stated by some authors.

Continuing a series of investigations connected with the shore processes and bar shifting occuring at the entrance of the lagoon region of Cananéia, in the south coast of the State of S. Paulo, the author describes the methods that were used to observe the modifications of the shore line and shoals in the Ilha Comprida and Ilha do Cardoso. The mechanics of the beach erosion and consequent sedimentary processes are examined in detail and several conclusions are drawn in relation to the apparent periodicity and duration of such phenomena. The effect of the dynamic activity of ocean waters is considered and the importance of meteorological factors on such activity is emphasized. In order to continue the work already done a plan for further investigations is presented.

This paper records a few geographic and archeologic observations related with several "sambaquís" found in the lagoon region of Cananéia, in the south coast of the State of S. Paulo. The major part of such shell-mounds were found to be lying directly upon beach or dune sand, their location being, generally, at the margin of a "marigot" (salt-water river). From the observations made at four different "sambaquís" the authors have concluded that these mounds may be considered a most valuable material for the investigation of the region's near past history. It is believed that at the time the "Man-of-the-sambaquí" was living, the planimetric configuration of the Isle of Cananéia and other low parts of the region were considerably different than at the present time. The authors point out that all the former controversies between the "naturalist" and "artificialist" currents have been definitively settled by the work of Guerra (1951, p. 3-18) in which the differences existing between the "sambaquís" and the "wave-built terraces" are demonstrated by this geographer. The lagoon region of Cananéia with its "restingas", canals, etc., is thoroughly analysed and the probable configuration of the lagoon system and marine canals during the prehistoric period is examined. After a few speculative considerations about the prehistory of the region and after studying the stratification of the "sambaquís" layers together with the heterogenous materials which are included in them the authors present their hypothesis that the building of these mounds was probably connected with magic ritual practices.

São desoritas 25 espécies novas de Nematodes marinhos de vida livre: Thalassoalaimus brasiliensis Neochromadora bonita Oxystomina affinis Procamacolaimus cosmius Lauratonema hospitum Chronogaster alatum Trileptium stylum Tersehellingia mora Conilia divina n.gen. Desmoiaimus calvus Anoplostoma hirtum Steineria marcorum Oncholaimus gladius Steineria ericia Oncholaimus cavatus Theristus tersus Eurystomina sawayai Theristus acribus Desmodora carca Leptogastrella stricta Metachromadora pneumatica Sphaerolaimus lodosus Monoposthia besnardi Sphaerolaimus lamasus Microlaimus papillatus Conilia divina é o tipo de um novo gênero, da familia Ironidae. As espécies indicadas provêm da costa do Estado de São Paulo, em parte dos manguesais de Cananéia, em parte das zonas de areia fina das praias nos arredores de Santos, e, em parte, da areia grossa de Sao Sebastião. Esta contribuição é a primeira publicação relativa aos resultados da minha estada no Brasil, como bolsista da Universidade de São Paulo.

As fórmulas para a correção de termômetros reversíveis, protegidos e desprotegidos, apresentadas neste trabalho, são derivadas diretamente a partir da equação exata da expansão térmica. Duas dessas fórmulas, válidas para termômetros protegidos ou desprotegidos respectivamente, adaptam-se particularmente bem ao cálculo de tabelas que podem servir para a confecção de gráficos de correção. Destas pode-se obter a correção total com grande precisão partindo diretamente das leituras do termômetro usado, mesmo quando se tratar de termômetros cujo Índice de correção seja igual a 1.0 ºC. Um gráfico de correção onde esses resultados são aproveitados é descrito a seguir. O método consiste em construir um grafico matriz, um para termômetros protegidos, outro para os desprotegidos. Desses são tirados gráficos, reproduzindo-se fotograficamente a porção desejada do gráfico matriz, para cada termômetro individualmente.

Trata o presente trabalho do encontro de duas larvas de Acrania, no plancton da Ilha Fernando de Noronha. Esse material, frequentemente considerado como larva de Asymmetron lucayanum, foi determinado por Vannucci como sendo de Amphioxides pelagicus (Günther). Os adultos e as larvas dos Acrania tem hábitos de vida um pouco diferentes. Por isso as larvas desse tipo foram sempre objeto de controvérsias. Pensou-se de início, que se tratava de formas adultas adaptadas a vida pelágica mas, atualmente, são consideradas como estádios larvares de adultos de anfioxo, a vista de exibirem vários caracteres peculiares as larvas desse animal. Concluindo, o autor explica como esta forma pode ser considerada como ama espécie definitivamente separada, produzida por seus hábitos peculiares de reprodução e por sua ecologia, desde que seja provado tratar-se de uma pedomorfose estabelecida.

A "lesma da pedra", Onchidella indolens (Gould, 1852), descrita da Ilha do Pai, perto do Rio de Janeiro, e, em 1952-54, verificada em várias localidades da costa de São Paulo, foi encontrada, em julho de 1955, as centenas, nas rochas situadas defronte à "Base Norte" do Instituto Oceanográfico, 14km ao oeste de Ubatuba. Essas lesmas comem Diatomáceas e outras algas crescidas na película de sedimentos que recobre as pedras. Sobre estas deslizam durante a vasante, fora dágua, respirando ar atmosférico por meio da sua cavidade pulmonar. Antes de voltar a maré, as lesmas escondem-se em fendas das rochas, onde permanecem durante a enchente. Debaixo dágua, a respiração é cutânea. Ba dias ventosos não saem dos seus ninhos. Sistemàticamente, não são mais incluídas nos Pulmonata Stylommatophora, mas consideradas como pertencentes a uma Ordem especial, seja dos Opisthobranchia ou seja, para quem preferir suprimir esta Subclasse dos Gastropoda, dos Euthyneura.

In this paper are given distributional records of species already known to frequent brazilian waters. Full description and figures are given of speoies not hitherto known from this coast. Of the mentioned 2O speoies of hydroids, 5 are new for brazilian waters (Eudendrium carneun, E.capillare. Campanularia laevis, Amphisbet ia pulchella, Aglaura hemistoma); 3 are known only from the ooast south of Cabo Frio (Eudendrium carneun, Campanular ia laevis, Ob*lis commit sura 1 it. O.griffini, Thaumant ias raridentata, Orthopyxia crenata = O. lennoxent it, Geminella tubtilit, Amphisbetia pulchella); 7 are found both to the north and south of Cabo Frio (Pennaria fragil is, Clytia cylindrica = C.attenuate, Hebella scandens, Dynamena crisiodes f. typica, Sertularia marginata f. typica, Schisotricha billardi, Aglaophenia rigide); 4 species have a wide distribution (Eudendrium capillare, Obelia bicuspidata = Gonothyrea bicuspidata, Macrorhynchia philippina, Aglaura hemistoma) and finally of one species the known area of distribution was extended further south than Cabo Frio: Hebel la scandens. Cabo Frio has been tentatively considered as a natural zoogeographical frontier. The name Pennaria is used instead of Halocordyle, beoause the first described species certainly belonging to this genus was Sertolara pennara of Cavolini, later redescribed by Goldfuss in 1820 as Pennaria disticha. Stechow's opinion that considers oorreot the name Halocordyle is abandoned and the author now follows Bedot's view according to which the correct name for this genus is Pennaria. The speoies described for the Brazilian coast must therefore be called Pennaria fragilis (Van.). Eudendrium carneum was kept alive in sea-water aquaria. The by dran the have a well developed pseudohydrotheoa, they feed voraciously on small animals, mainly copepods and require thoroughly oxygenated water. They are rather difficult to raise in aquaria, and frequently the heads fall off or are resorbed. In these instances, the gonophores development proceeds at the expenses of the remainder portions of the coenosaro. The gonophores are produced around hydrants which become totally resorbed during their development, quiokly so in the male colonies, muoh more slowly in the female ones. Only one planula is produced in each female gonophore. The larvae emerge by rotating slowly using the orifice as fulcrum and so unscrewing themselves, so to speak, out of the gonangia. The pianolas locomotion is partly due to their oiliary covering and to a greater extent to gliding and active contraction and distension of their body. They are bright orange red and have a strong positive phototaxis. They become attached and from 60 to 66 hours after eclosion (water temperature from 23 to 84º C), the first polyp is completely formed. Eudendrium capillare was found in an aquarium and is here recorded for the first time for this coast. Campanularia laevis previously known only from cold sub antartic waters, was now found in the region of Cabo Frio at 67m depth. The hypothesis has been presented earlier of the existence of upwelling in this region (Vannucci 1951). A short description and figures are given of this species, which seems to be a cold water species. The gonothecae of Obelia bicuspidsta of these waters are here recorded for the first time. An extensive sinonimy of this species is presented, based principally on the work of Hummelinck. The finding of Orthopyxis billardi nom. nov., described by Billard as Eucopella crenata has made it possible to determine the sinonimy of Orthopyxis crenata and O.lennoxensis and clear the confusion until now existing for what concerns this species. Orthopyxis billard i has an interesting type of articulation by means of soft peridermic portions connecting successive hard segments of the peduncle. This articulation must confer to the peduncle a high flexibility associated with high resistance. Amphisbetia pulchella new for Brazil, was collected at Rio de Janeiro, a large, dead colony. Aglaura hemistoma, as was to be expected since it is a circumtrepical planctonic Trachynemid, was found to be abundant at 5-10m depth about 20º lat. S - 36º long. W, Jaseur Bank. Four species of Scyphoxoa are recorded, none of them is new. The first was described primarily by Fritz Muller from Sta.Catarina; it is the common Chiropsalmus quadrumanus, a voracious carnivore it is a very common species and is usually entangled in the fishermens nets, specially during summer. Chrysaora hysoscella was already known from Brazil, and was now collected in the low salinity waters of the region of Cananéia (southern part of the coast of the State of S.Paulo). Stomolophus meleagris and Lychnorhisa lucerna are two very common, even if not very abundant, species.

The author concludes his investigations concerning the modifications occurring at the bar and entrance of the lagoon region of Cananéa (State of S.Paulo, Brazil). In the first part of the paper data gathered in the last year (1954) are presented and by means of two graphs and a sketch the progress of the phenomena of erosion and accretion are demonstrated. In the second part a description, in various phases, of the development of a "restinga" (spit or bar of sand) is given, documented by sketches and several photos. In the third part considerations are made about the variation of the bar secondary channels and an interpretation of the process is given.

During the years 1952-53 the author has examined systematically specimens of the ichthyologic fauna from the southern coast of the State of S.Paulo (Brazil), gathering material and data in order to make a revision of some fish families found in that region. Studying the family Atherinidae in the collection n. 7, of 6-18-52, from Cananéia, the author came across with a specimen of the genus XenomeIani ris, showing an evident deformation of the vertebral spine (Photo n. 1). The Instituto Oceanográfico not being equipped with a small X-ray apparatus that would allow to make the proper documentation to illustrate the finding the author took advantage of the Hollister technique of diaphanization. In this way the first observations were made by transparence. Following, as the diaphanized tissues would still impede a perfect visibility and the observation of small details was found to be impossible, a small portion of tissue that covered the vertebral spine was removed without injuring the piece, in order to facilitate the study. In Fig. 1, the author tried to give an ideia of the more deformed portion. It is composed of 6 vertebrae in which, together with small curvatures, deep morphological alterations of the hemal and neural spines can be observed. The 23 first vertebrae of the specimen are normal. The other suffered well pronounced deformations that the author shows in detail. The case seems identical to the one studied by Plehn (1924) and Steinböck (1928). However no data could be obtained that would enable to explain satisfactorily the causes of such deformations, and for this reason, the author limits himself to present a list of probable causes. The major part of the authors that have studied the subject attribute anomalies of this type to alterations of the muscular system and, in fact, this seems the most acceptable explanation. Nevertheless the author supposes that other causes have interfered in the evolutive process of the specimen, specially traumatisms suffered in the larval or post-larval period, being of such nature that were capable of altering the myodynamics of the metameric musculature, without affecting, however, the development of the specimen.

O autor, estudando Harpacticoida (Copepoda - Crustácea) provenientes da zona de arrebentação do litoral dos Estados Paraná-Sta. Catarina (Brasil) apresenta neste trabalho 1 gênero, 3 espécies e 2 subespécies novas para a ciência. A investigação decorre de estudos hidro-faunisticos que o autor vem efetuando sistematicamente no litoral sul brasileiro, achando-se ilustrado o trabalho com 6 estampas contendo 79 desenhos elucidativos.