Repositório RCAAP

In this study, the origin and distribution of the axillary nerve in 30 fetuses of zebu-crossed bovines, 20 males and 10 females, were analyzed through dissection after fixation in an aqueous solution of 10% formaldehyde. The axillary nerve was found to originate in 13.33% of the antimeres of the ventral branch of the 6th cervical (C6) spinal nerve, in 100% of the antimeres of the ventral branch of the 7th cervical (C7) spinal nerve, in 91.67% of the ventral branch of the 8th cervical (C8) spinal nerve, and in 5.00% of the ventral branch of the 1st thoracic (T1) spinal nerve. The axillary nerve extended branches to the teres minor (100,00%), deltoid (100,00%), cleidobrachial part of the brachiocephalic muscle (100,00%), subscapularis (78.33%) and teres major (11.66%) muscles. In all the animals, the aforementioned nerve issued the cranial cutaneous branch of the lower leg, which was distributed to the fascia and skin of the cranial face of the upper and lower leg. No significant differences were found in the frequency of branches of the axillary nerves issuing to the muscles of the right and left antimeres. However, statistically significant differences were found in the frequency of branches leading to the right deltoid muscle in males and females, with male fetuses showing a higher frequency of these branches.

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The aim of this research was to evaluate the hypothesis of Uberlândia presenting LVC in two areas that represent a potential risk of arrival and dissemination of LV in this city, as well as clarifying the role of the kennel APA (ANINAL PROTECTION AGENCY) and the homes localized at the Tenda dos Morenos and Buracão for the epidemiology of LV in the city. For that reason, a sectioned study was done in these places. At APA, a sampling activity was done with 85 dogs, which were photographed, identified, evaluated for visual inspection and submitted to blood drawings with filter paper at the tip of the ear for the making of RIFI ou ELISA at the LACEN of FUNED. In 25 of these animals it was also collected blood drawings samples, through puncture in the vessels of thoracic/pelvic members, for the realization of PCR of blood at the Molecular Biology Laboratory at UFU. The fifty five dogs in the homes of the Tenda dos Morenos and Buracão region were identified, evaluated by visual inspection and submitted to blood drawing sampling at the tip of the ear with filter paper and were sent to LACEN of FUNED from Belo Horizonte for the realization of the ELISA and RIFI tests. The animals reactive to some of these tests were re-tested with ELISA or RIFI and also with PCR of blood. In spite of the clinical findings which were very compatible to the LVC at the APA, no positive animals were found for the illness in the investigated regions. Thus, the moment regarding attention to health issues for LV in these regions is of primordial prevention and primary prevention, in order to avoid the formation of the bond parasite-reservatory-vetor. Therefore, the conjugation of this serum tests along with molecular tests has shown to be of great importance so the canine monitoring can be satisfactory.

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This is study aimed to evaluate the performance and carcass characteristics in broilers fed exclusively with vegetal products and with diets included animal by-products added or not with creatine. Animal byproducts and creatine were used from eight days of age. It was used 2160 oneday- old male chicks distributed in a completely randomized design with twelve treatments and six replications. The diets were formulated based on corn and soybean meal according to treatments: TMT A. corn + soybean meal (CSM); TMT B. (CSM) + creatine; TMT C. (CSM) + meat and bone meal (MBM); TMT D. (CSM) + MBM + creatine; TMT E. (CSM) + blood meal (BM); TMT F. (CSM) + BM + creatine; TMT G. (CSM) + feather meal (FM); TMT H. (CSM) + FM + creatine; TMT I. (CSM) + viscera meal (VM); TMT J. (CSM) + VM + creatine; TMT K. (CSM) + MBM + FM + VM + BM; TMT L. (CSM) + MBM + FM + VM + BM + creatine. Performance, feed intake, live weight, feed conversion and viability were obtained at seven, 14, 21, 35 and 42 days of age. At 42 days of age, four birds per treatment were selected to evaluate the carcass yield (CY), boned breast yield (BBY), deboned breast yield (DBY) and thigh + drumstick yield (TDY). At 14 days of age, the use of creatine increased the live weight in the treatments B and F. Live weight was estatistic bigger in treatments (K and L) with inclusion of all animal by-product meals, added or not with creatine, on broilers diet. At 42 days of age, 5% of BM inclusion (TMT E) compromised the weight, real feed conversion and the use of creatine seemed to affect the weight in the treatment H. Live weight and feed conversion were compromised in the treatments K and L. In the others treatments, the performance of broilers fed with diets included with animal by-product meals, added or not with creatine, had the same performance those fed exclusively with vegetal products. It is concluded that inclusion of MBM, VM and FM can be used individually without to compromise the performance and carcass yield of broilers. Creatine addition didn t influence the final performance on test diets.

Parvoviruses is a viral disease characterized by an acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, caused by a canine parvovirus (CPV) that is stable in the environment, able to bear pH variations and high temperatures. It is resistant to many common disinfectants and can survive for many months in contaminated areas. There are two common clinical forms of the disease: the myocardial and the gastroenteric. This work had as objective to analyse microscopically the cardiopathy cases, diagnosticated macroscopically during the necropsy of dogs with parvovirus detected in faeces. In the 100 samples send to the Histopathology Laboratory, from the University of Uberaba, they get in the left ventricular myocardium the following alterations: myocarditis 38%, hemorrhage 43%, hyaline degeneration 21% and hyperemia 79%. Having been carried out the Qui-Quadrado test with a significance level of 0,05, we can conclude that there is association (p = 0,02) between the infected animals with the parvoviruses virus and the histopathologyc alterations observed in the left ventricular myocardium.

CHAPTER II: The liver of P. expansa was characterized morphohistologically. To this end, twenty livers from clinically healthy male and female Podocnemis expansa (giant Amazon river turtle), weighing from 2.0 to 4,5 Kg, supplied by the commercial breeder Fazenda Moenda da Serra, in Araguapaz, state of Goiás, Brazil, were analyzed macro- and microscopically. The coelomatic cavity was opened and the topography of the fresh organs was examined visually. After the histological preparation, the slides were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE), Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS), Gomori Trichrome, Reticulin and Picrosirius. The liver of P. expansa is a voluminous organ with an approximately rectangular shape and brown coloration, varying from light to dark shades, and is divided into a right lobe, left lobe, and a central portion. The right lobe is the largest of the three portions. The gall bladder is located in a depression in the caudal portion of the right lobe, where the gall duct begins and empties into the duodenum. Histologically, the hepatocytes are arranged in the form of double cords surrounded by winding sinusoidal capillaries. In cross section, they resemble acini containing approximately two to five hepatocytes surrounding a probable central biliary canaliculus. The hepatocytes are polyhedral or pyramidal in shape, of uniform size, with a few central nuclei and others displaced peripherally, and the cytoplasm is little eosinophilic when analyzed by the HE staining technique. The parenchyma is supported by delicate reticular fibers surrounding hepatocytes and sinusoids. The parenchyma and perisinusoidal spaces contain large quantities of melanomacrophages, mainly close to the portal spaces. CHAPTER III: The objective was the morphological characterization of the liver of Phrynops geoffroanus, popularly known as the freshwater turtle (cágado-de-barbicha in Portuguese), using six specimens from the Uberabinha River in Uberlândia, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The analyses involved anatomical and histological methods, and the microscopic aspects were described after the histological preparation. Fragments of liver were fixed in 10% formalin and absolute alcohol, embedded in paraffin, sectioned into four μm thick slices, and stained with HE, PAS, Gomori Trichrome and Reticulin. The liver of P. geoffroanus is a large light brown organ speckled with black spots, which represent melanin deposits. It is divided into four lobes, called the right lateral, right medial, left lateral and left medial lobes. The hepatocytes in longitudinal section are similar to double cords surrounded by winding sinusoidal capillaries, polyhedral shaped, of varying sizes, with a vacuolized aspect and with peripherally displaced nuclei. The cytoplasm is little eosinophilic and highly reactive to PAS, suggesting abundant intracytoplasmatic glycogen. The hepatic parenchyma is supported by delicate reticular fibers surrounding hepatocytes and sinusoids. Large quantities of melanomacrophages are present in the parenchyma and perisinusoidal spaces, mainly close to the portal spaces.

In Brazil, information on ticks focus on the parasite species of domestic animals while those of wild animals, especially birds, are scarce and fragmented. Based on what was exposed, this study aimed to conduct a survey on the fauna of ticks and assess their importance in wild birds in an area of the cerrado of the Triângulo Mineiro under intense anthropogenic effect, the Natural Reserve of Clube de Caça e Pesca Itororó, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. Besides assessing the infestation of birds by ticks to establish possible correlations with the environmental infestation and from domestic animals living nearby. Ticks were collected on birds from a small cerrado fragment in the reserve, and also collected from the environment and from domestic animals from neighboring properties. On the whole 238 passarine birds were captured from April 2008 to February 2009. From these 22 were infested with overall 31 ticks. Solely Amblyomma nodosum larvae and nymphs were recovered from these birds. Infestation of ticks host-seeking on the ground level were low and included all stages of Amblyomma cajennense, an Amblyomma dubitatum adult and larvae clusters of Boophilus microplus. Dogs from neighboring properties were infested with Rhipicephalus sanguineus adults, Amblyomma cajennense adults and nymphs, B. microplus nymphs; Horses had adults and nymphs of A. nitens, nymphs of B. microplus, nymph of A. cajennense. Bovines were infested solely with B. microplus (adults and nymphs).

Data on caprine tuberculosis in Brazil and its importance for public health are scarce. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence and examine epidemiological aspects of tuberculosis in dairy goat herds in the Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba mesoregion in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two hundred and thirty-three goats from seven dairy farms were tuberculinized using the comparative cervical tuberculin test, taking as reference the procedures and interpretation criteria of standard results for this species. Of the animals subjected to the test, 1.29% (3/233) reacted positively, 2.14% (5/233) showed inconclusive reactions, and 96.57% (225/233) showed no reaction. All the goats that tested positive and one showing an inconclusive response were necropsied. Samples of lymph nodes, liver, lung and kidney presenting alterations were collected for a histopathological examination (hematoxylin-eosin). Material removed from abscesses and lymph node fragments were cultured in Stonebrink and Petragnani culture media. An epidemiological inquiry was carried out to analyze risk factors on the farms. The necropsied animals did not exhibit macroscopic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis or any histopathological alterations, nor did the cultures show Mycobacterium sp. growth. The goats prevalence rate to tuberculin reaction was 1.29%, which may represent a zoonotic risk in this mesoregion since these are dairy herds. The interpretation of the epidemiological records, allied to the results of the tuberculinization procedure, indicated positive reagents only on a farm where fresh cow milk was fed to newborn goat kids.

Leishmaniasis are zoonosis with different clinical manifestations according to the Leishmania species involved and the host immune response. Leishmania braziliensis complex is responsible for the majority of human Tegumentary Leishmaniasis cases in Brazil and it is endemic in the Triângulo Mineiro region. Our aim was to compare the pathogeny of two different isolates of Leishmania braziliensis complex, obtained from cutaneous lesions of patients from Triângulo Mineiro region, with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis reference strain (MHOM/BR/75/M2903). Comparision was done by histopathological and ultrastructural analisys of organs of experimentally infected Hamster golden (Mesocricetus auratus). For that, 106 stationary promastigotes of the two isolates and the reference strain were subcutaneously innoculated in the hind forepaw of Hamster that were killed after 15, 30, 60 e 120 days post infection and then were collected fragments of the skin, popliteal lymph node, liver, spleen and bone marrow. The organs were processed for histopathological and ultrastructural analysis. The results showed differents pathogeny between both isolates and the reference strain, characterized for differences in prepatent period of the macroscopy lesions, in the outcome of the histophatological lesions, in the parasitism and in the capacity to produce metastatic lesions in the lymph node, liver and spleen.

The aim of this study was to verify ovine health condition from Uberlândia county (MG), searching the prevalence of the main infections diseases that can reach ovine: leptospirosis, brucelosis (Brucella abortus and Brucella ovis), maedi-visna, Chamydophila spp., neosporosis and toxoplasmosis, associating these infections with risk factors. A total of 334 blood samples were collected randomly from both sex, different ages and breeds from 12 farms in Uberlândia county. A epidemiologic questionary was applied for each farm. The blood samples were submitted to Microscopic Aglutination Test (leptospirosis) Buffered Brucella Antigen Test (brucelosis Brucella abortus), Complement Fixation (Brucella ovis and Chlamydophila spp.), Agar Gel Immunodifusion (maedi-visna) and Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (neosporosis and toxoplasmosis) tests to search serology of these infections. The prevalences were: 22.2% to leptospirosis and titers from 1/100 to 1/3200, 3.3% to Chlamydophila spp. and titers from 1/32 to 1/64, 8.1% to neosporosis and titers from 1/50 to 1/3200 and 30.8% to toxoplasmosis. There were not reactive ovine to brucelosis (Brucella abortus and Brucella ovis) and maedi-visna. There was statistical significant difference (p<0.05) to reactive ovine to leptospirosis: male, breed, beef sheep and with presence of rodents. There was not statistical significant difference to brucelosis, maedi-visna, Chlamydophila spp. and neosporosis with risk factors associated (p>0.05).

The aim of this study was verify the possibility of isolate of porcine preantral follicles by mechanical procedure, in order to obtain an expressive number of viable follicles. Porcine prepubertal female ovaries (n=20) were longitudinally seccionated in two parts. One half was used for simple mechanical procedure and the other half for histological procedure. The average of recovered follicles per ovary by mechanical procedure was 599,160 ranging from 30,400 and 1,200,800 with a direct relationship (P<0.05) between ovarian weight and recovered follicles. In relation of quality 76.44% were viable after mechanical isolation. The presence of granulosa cells around the oocyte 35.67% and 60.27% were denuded and partially covered with granulosa cells and 4.06% was totally covered. The preantral follicles estimated in situ was 131,937,78 ranging on 67,599,04 and 291,897,51. The population distribution, diameter and number of granulosa cells, observed in situ, were 89.41%, 33.04&#956;m and 5.88 on primordial follicles, 2.61%, 47.59&#956;m and 16.45 on primary follicles and 7.98%, 79.11&#956;m and 46,27 on secondary follicles. In conclusion, the mechanical procedure can be used with success on isolation of viable preantral follicles of porcine prepubertal females.

Acupuncture is a way of treating and causing analgesia by inserting needles into the skin at certain points. Among those methods to stimulate such points, electroacupuncture (EA) distinguishes itself because it causes preemptive analgesia with cardiorespiratory stability and reduces anesthetic dosage. In this regard, the goal of this work was to evaluate anesthetic consumption and cardiorespiratory parameters in 20 female cats pretreated with acepromazine, anesthetized with isoflurane, stimulated in the pre- and transoperative periods with EA, and submitted to elective ovariosalpingohysterectomy. The cats were gathered into two groups: G1 (control) and G2 (electroacupuncture). Once reached the steadystate level, needles were inserted at false points along the G1 cats body, with the electrostimulation device being kept off. Regarding the G2 cats, needles were bilaterally inserted at the points Zusanli (ST36) and Yanglingquan (GB34), with electroacupuncture being performed at frequencies of 2 and 100 Hz, in square wave, with alternating current, and intensity ranging from 2 to 3 mA; it begun 30 minutes prior to the surgery and lasted till the end of the latter. In this double-blind study, variables studied were isoflurane consumption, body temperature, respiratory and heart rate, oxyhemoglobin saturation, and mean arterial pressure. Comparatively with the control group, electroacupuncture increased oxyhemoglobin saturation (p<0,05) and reduced mean arterial pressure (p<0,05). There was no relevant difference between G1 and G2 concerning the other variables.

The wild boar (Sus sus scrofa) stands out for being very appreciated by men in cooking, thanks to its quality and low rates of cholesterol. Before the scarce literature about its morphology, it was aimed in this work to report the muscles innervated by the suprascapular nerve and subscapulares nerves showing the quantity of branches. There were used 19 animals, originated from the Laboratory of Research in Wild Animals from the Veterinary Medicine College in the Federal University of Uberlândia, concentrated on solution of formol 10%, and after injections of the above-mentioned solution in the carotids arteries , intramuscular and cavities, the muscles of the forelimb were dissected making easy the observation of this innervations. The conclusions were that the suprascapular nerve issued branches to the supraspinal and infraspinal muscles, as the cranial and subscapulares nerves and the tail end, issued branches to the subscapular muscles.

Trachemys dorbignyi and Trachemys scripta elegans are herbivores, but they can also feed on minor quantities of food of animal origin. The speed of digestion of these animals is affected by temperature and diet. Studies of the gastrointestinal transit time are required in order to understand the digestive processes of foods in the animal organism. An evaluation was made of radiographic anatomical aspects and the gastrointestinal transit time of this reptile, which is information required in the clinical treatment of wild animals. The study involved 21 animals, one of which a female was destined for the preparation of an anatomical model to describe the gastrointestinal tract. The other 20 animals, comprising 10 Trachemys dorbignyi (6 males and 4 females) and 10 Trachemys scripta elegans (3 males and 7 females) and weighing on average 1.23 kg, came from the Federal University of Uberlândia s Wild Animal Research Laboratory. The animals were given a 10mL/Kg dose of barium sulfate suspension (Bariogel®) mixed with mineral oil (Nujol®) in a proportion of 70% barium sulfate to 30% oil administered orally. The specimens were then radiographed at predetermined time intervals in the dorsoventral position, with the X-ray machine set at 72 Kv and 200 mA. On average, the stomach became filled ten minutes after administration of the contrast. With regard to the small intestine, it was found that the duodenal region was filled with barium sulfate after 10 minutes, while the cecum took from 24 hours to 2 days to fill up, as did the colon and rectum. Complete emptying of the stomach occurred between radiographic exposure 3 (equivalent to 6 hours) and 4 (equivalent to 12 hours). Elimination of the radiographic contrast material by the small intestine occurred between the 1st and 5th day, while emptying of the colon/rectum occurred between the 2nd and 11th day. Total elimination of the contrast took on average 6.26 days, with a minimum of 2 days and a maximum of 11 days.

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The objectives were: to determine the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Leptospira spp; monitor the prevalence of Leptospira spp. within 10 months and assess the profile of agglutinins induced seroconversion of two multi-purpose bacterins in sheep flock with reported reproductive losses in Uberlândia, MG. We collected blood samples from 98 sheep. The samples were tested against the ELISA for Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii and the method of microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for Leptospira spp. After ten months was held a second crop of 101 sheep, serum samples were subjected to SAM to monitor the prevalence of Leptospira spp. the herd. Fifty nine animals were divided into six experimental groups: positive for the SAM immunized with commercial vaccine (group I) and autologous (group III), and negative immunized with commercial vaccine (group II) and autologous (group IV), and a group of positive animal for SAM not vaccinated (V) and negative sheep for the SAM unvaccinated (group VI). The levels of agglutinins were evaluated and the antibody titers achieved in series of dilutions in the ratio of two (1:100, 1:200, 1:400, 1:800, 1:1600, 1:3200). Considerable prevalence of 30.6%, 63.3% and 23.46% for N. caninum, T. gondii and Leptospira spp., respectively, was attested. The greater prevalence of Leptospira spp. occurred at the time of onset of reproductive bouts (23%) tend to fall ten months after the first harvest (13.86%). The vaccine response obtained was heterogeneous in the proportion of reacting animals and levels of agglutinating antibodies against the serovars included in the formulation of vaccines. Titers achieved were for Harjo and Wollf at dilutions of 1:200. The range of best seroconversion occurred between 30 and 120 days after vaccination cousin.

Based on current progress of the anesthetic techniques, it is necessary to experiment with new local anesthetics. Ropivacaine and levobupivacaine are recent formulations of long duration, the amide group, which have lower toxicity that bupivacaine. The thoracic epidural anesthesia is still little explored in Veterinary Medicine today. The purpose of this study was to compare these two local anesthetics in the lumbar-thoracic epidural anesthesia. Study standardized, blind, was performed in 16 dogs, subjected to epidural anesthesia through epidural catheter placed near the T13-L1, into two groups (n = 8), treated with ropivacaine 0.5% (GR) or levobupivacaine 0.5%(GL) both at dose 2mg/kg. We evaluated the heart rate (HR) and respiratory (f), mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), motor and sensory latency period, duration of sensory and motor block, cranial and caudal extension of the blockade, as well as assess side effects. Both groups had similar clinical profiles inside from the standards physiology except by reduction on arterial pressure. The GL showed higher motor block (477.5±65.2) minutes compared to GR (271.3±97.17) minutos. Both treatments promoted excellent analgesia dermatomes evaluated in all regions of thoracic and lumbar.

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