Repositório RCAAP

Considering the importance of the nerves that make up the brachial plexus was aimed to study the origin and distribution of the thoracodorsal nerve. Thus were used 30 pig fetuses of lineage Pen Ar Lan obtained from miscarriages in farms of the Triangulo Mineiro region. The specimens were prepared by injection of solutions of Neoprene Latex "450" at 50% and 10% formaldehyde in the aorta, and immersion in the same solution for a minimum of 48 hours. The dissections were performed bilaterally up to reach the brachial plexus that has emerged from the spinal ventral branches of the sixth (C6), seventh (C7) and eighth (C8) cervical nerves and of the first thoracic (T1). It was found that the thoracodorsal nerve was formed from C8 in two sides (3.33%), T1 in 17 sides (28.33%), and C8 and T1 in 41 sides (68.33) and that there was symmetry in terms of its origin, in 23 animals (76, 66%). It was found that the thoracodorsal nerve sent branches in 100% of cases for the latissimus dorsi muscle, and 36.66% for the teres major.

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The objective of this study was compare the physicochemical composition and microbiological quality of organic milk to conventional. It was collected 30 samples from 10 animals Gir (P.O.) and Girolando (1/4, ½ and 5/8), in differents months in lactation (between 2 and 5) in each of the properties during February, March and April. The Fazenda Felicidade used to produce organic milk and Fazenda Peroba, used to produce conventional milk, both are located in Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais. That samples were submitted to mesophilic count, determinacion of fat, protein and solids percentage, and were submitted too a somatic cell count. For the statistical analysis used the Student t test (p<0.05) between the means of each analysis. It concluded with this study, that organic milk had higher fat, solids and protein percentages, and no difference in mesophilic count and somatic cell count compared to the conventional milk.

CHAPTER 2: This work was developed with the purpose of evaluating and comparing two different dosages of ketamine and midazolam in Caiman crocodilus. We used twelve common caiman divided into two groups of six animals. Group 1 received midazolam 2 mg/kg IM and ketamine 20 mg/kg IM, as in group 2, we used the same dosage of midazolam with ketamine at 40 mg/kg IM. We assessed the physiological parameters of body temperature, heart and respiratory rates, also the righting reflex, muscle relaxation, head support, corneal reflex and response to nocciceptive stimulation. The beginning of sedative action, interval of the optimum effect and recovery time of the animals did not differ (p>0,05) between the two protocols, being 7.5 ± 4.18 minutes, 257.5 ± 39.6 minutes and 450 ± 122.47 minutes for the group 1 and 5.83 ± 2.04 minutes, 279.17 ± 80.4 minutes and 550 ± 104.89 minutes in group 2, respectively. There were no changes in physiological parameters and all the animals showed satisfactory muscle relaxation, however, the protocols did not promote non-response to nocciceptive stimuli. We concluded that the concomitant use of midazolam 2 mg/kg associated with ketamine 20 mg/kg is more compensatory than the protocol composed of these drugs with the dissociative agent at a dose of 40 mg/kg. CHAPTER 3: The aim of this study was to compare the sedative effects of racemic ketamine and S (+) ketamine in Caiman crocodilus. We used twelve common caiman divided into two groups of six animals. Group 1 received racemic ketamine at a dose of 20 mg/kg IM, as in group 2, we used S (+) ketamine (20 mg/kg IM). We assessed physiological parameters, righting reflex, muscle relaxation, head support, corneal reflex and response to nocciceptive stimulation. All crocodilians presented lethargic behavior with a decrease in aggression and attempted to escape muscle relaxation and difficulty in sustaining head. The optimum effect of sedative action and duration of maximum effect did not differ (p>0,05) between the two protocols, being 6.66 ± 0.96 minutes and 81.66 ± 39.2 minutes for group 1 and 10. 83 ± 3.76 minutes and 68.33 ± 30.98 minutes for group 2, respectively. The recovery in group 1 occurred at 110 ± 48.99 minutes and in group 2, at 115 ± 55.04 minutes, values statistically equal (p>0,05). The physiological parameters of body temperature, respiratory and heart rates were not statistically different (p>0,05) between baseline (t0) and other times analyzed. It was concluded that there is no relevant differences in relation to periods anesthetics and adverse effects between the use of ketamine in the racemic form and S (+) pure, at a dose of 20 mg/kg IM in Caiman crocodilus. Furthermore, the protocols evaluated are indicated for using in pharmacological restraint of common caiman for non-invasive procedures.

Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

We aimed to investigate the efficacy of lidocaine and bupivacaine via spinal injection in promoting sensory and motor block in the regions of the tail/cloaca and pelvic members of Trachemys dorbignyi. Ten females with average weight of 1.375 kilograms (kg) were submitted to two anesthetic protocols, with an interval of 10 days: 4.6 milligrams (mg)/kg of lidocaine 2% and 1.15 mg/kg of bupivacaine 0, 5%, deposited via spinal in the coccyx region. The animals were evaluated for latent period, reasonable period and recovery period of anesthesia. For the period of latency of the tail (Lca), we obtained an average of 28.80 ± 2.29 seconds (sec) and 56.80 ± 4.78 sec for lidocaine and bupivacaine. Since the average latency of pelvic limb was 448.00 ± 48.51 sec and 487.70 ± 30.25 sec for both anesthetics. The reasonable period of anesthesia was 79.29 ± 33.11 minutes (min) for lidocaine and 116.55 ± 41.03 min in the tail/cloaca for bupivacaine. Averages corresponding to 112.03 ± 45.12 min and 150.87 ± 53.36 min were obtained in the pelvic members through use of anesthetics in the same sequence. Finally, the recovery period was 76.30 ± 32.18 min and 68.00 ± 43.35 min for lidocaine and bupivacaine, respectively. The heart rate remained within the range considered normal for reptiles. It was concluded that the use of lidocaine 2% and 0.5% bupivacaine via spinal injection is safe and effective in promoting anesthesia in the tail/cloaca and pelvic members in Trachemys dorbignyi. The duration of anesthetic effect in the tail/cloaca was significantly higher by using bupivacaine 0.5%. The times of reasonable periods of anesthesia achieved with the use of both anesthetic protocols are sufficient to perform simple and routine surgical procedures, such as amputation of the penis and suturing of skin lacerations.

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Twenty-four New Zealand rabbits, adult males were separated into two equal groups, control (GC) and treated (GT) with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2. The groups were subdivided for evaluation at 45 (C1 and T1) and 90 days (C2 and T2). There was a lateral parapatellar incision in his left knee on the skin and joint capsule. The patella was displaced medially and a segment of the trochlear groove was removed. In CG and TG was filled with allograft osteochondral graft pre-served in glycerin at 98%. In rabbits the GT were administered 1 mg intra-articular bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2). There was adhesion of the joint capsule in four (33.3%) animals of the GT, and five (41.66%) of GC. Among the changes found in the cartilage graft was found, severe scaling in two animals (16.66%) followed by necrosis in four (33.3%), whereas in GT in three (25%) rabbits was found peeling, but without necrosis. It was found in eight (66.66%) rabbits GT hyaline cartilage growth in the process of ossification. The intra-articular inoculating of rhBMP-2 in the repair of the trochlear groove of rabbits with allogenic osteochondral allograft of rabbits pre-served in glycerin, satisfactory results in cartilage and bone repair after 45 and 90 days postoperatively.

The sheep industry requires new methods for metabolic and nutritional evaluations. In this context, the objective of this study was to analyse the variations in the metabolic profile of protein, energy enzyme and mineral of Santa Inês ewes with low body condition score (BCS) during peripartum. The experiment was done within the city of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 12 animals by jugular venipuncture to determine the serum biochemical profiles of protein, energy, mineral and enzyme metabolisms. Samples were collected on the following days: days 28, 21, 14, and 7 before calving, at birth and, at days 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 postpartum (dpp). The samples were centrifuged and the serum analysed by Automated-Analyser. The mean and standard deviations were determined; variance analysis was performed to determine possible differences between sampling periods by using the statistical software Minitab 15. There was no alteration of the BCS during the 28 dpp, which varied between 0.6 and 2.1 ± 2.4 ± 0.5, and was considered as lean. The values of the total serum protein, globulin, albumin, and albumin/globulin ratio were reduced effective from the period before birth until 28dpp. There was mobilization of energy as demonstrated by the increase of non-esterified fatty acids; the values of beta-hydroxybutyrate, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium remained below those of reference values. The concentrations of ALT were decreased particularly during the weeks before delivery. It was concluded that Santa Inês sheep with low body condition score demonstrated a reduction in the metabolism of proteins, energy, mineral and enzyme during peripartum.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets with different metabolizable energy levels on the development of the digestive system and digestive capacity of broilers. This experiment employed a 4x9 factorial design (metabolizable energy levels: low, medium, high and very high; x age: every three days until 28 days old). Four birds from each treatment were euthanized and had body weight, relative weight of various components of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and accessory glands and the relative length of intestinal segments evaluated. Characteristics of villi and absorptive surface area of the duodenal mucosa were evaluated. Digestibility was evaluated using the method of total excreta collection. The metabolizable energy level did not influence the development of the TGI and accessory glands of broilers, with the exception of the ileum. From 21 days of age, it s possible to increase the metabolizable energy without harming the digestibility of fat, indicating that from this age the broilers can digest greater amount of fat. The birds until 27 days old best digested nutrients in diets with medium metabolizable energy level. The energy level of the diet differently influenced the digestibility of nutrients, and in the period studied, the highest rate of digestibility was up three days of life, with a sharp decline until the period of seven to nine days of age and an increase from this period without, however, reach the digestibility of the first three days of age.

The objective was to compare two different lineages that have undergone genetic selections considering the quantitative characteristics of the carcass, intestinal morphology, intestinal absorption and quality of meat and see if these are correlated with the yield of lean meat. were studied 120 pigs, half barrows and half female, with approximately 150 days old on commercial farms, to compare two different genetic lineages: Lineage 1 - ½ (Large White and Pietran) x ½ (Large White and Landrace) and Lineage 2 - ½ (Large White, Pietran, Duroc and Hampshire) x ½ (Large White, Landrace, Meishan and Fengjing). In 60 animals of each genotype were analyzed the following characteristics: hot carcass weight (HCW), carcass length (CL), backfat thickness (BT), percentage thin meat ( CM%) , intramuscular fat (IMF) and intestinal length (CI). For the analysis of intestinal absorption (IA) of 62 animals were used only from those previously evaluated , and 31 animals of each genotype. The lineage 1 was called a "European" and the lineage 2 of "Chinese". The average values of CC and GIM differ between strains, and the European were higher. The meat of animals studied showed a low content of GIM, existing significant negative correlation between the CM and ET%. The strains showed IC, AI and CM% statistically equal.

The present study describes the flexor and extensor muscles in Cebus libidinosus forearm and compare them with those from humans, chimpanzees and baboons. The data is presented in quantitative anatomical indices for similarity. The capuchin forearm muscles showed important similarities with chimpanzees and humans, specially those that act on thumb motion and allow certain degree of independence from other hand structures, even though their configuration does not enable a true opposable thumb. The characteristics of Cebus forearm muscles corroborate the evolutionary convergence towards an adaptive behavior (tool use) between Cebus genus and apes.

The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of lidocaine and bupivacaine in spinal turtles by species Phrynops geoffroanus to promote sensory and motor block in the regions of the tail, vent and later members. Ten females with average weight of 2.14 kilograms (kg) were submitted to two anesthetic protocols, with an interval of 10 days: 4.6 milligrams (mg) / kg of lidocaine 2% and 1.15 mg / kg of bupivacaine 0.5% deposited in the spinal region of space proximal intercoccígeo. The anesthetic action in the tail for the two anesthetics was instantaneous, that is less than 1 min. Regarding the latency period in later members (PM), we obtained 4.5 ± 4.37 min and instant messaging as their average values for lidocaine and bupivacaine. The presence of maximum muscle relaxation and analgesia was 34.50 ± 33.28 min and 114.55 ± 39.89 min in the tail / vent to 2% lidocaine. and bupivacaine 0.5%, respectively. Medium corresponding to 24 ± 23.42 min and 110.50 ± 28.81 min was obtained by the later members use of anesthetics in the same sequence. The recovery period, equivalent to the time required to return to preanesthetic parameters from the start scoring 2 for muscle relaxation, was 37.00 ± 23.63 min for lidocaine and 61.5 ± 36.59 min for bupivacaine. Times skillful anesthesia achieved with the use of both anesthetic protocols are sufficient to perform simple surgical procedures and routine, such as amputation of the penis and suturing of skin lacerations. The choice of anesthetic to be applied will depend on the average time the procedure was performed to average 2% lidocaine and bupivacaine half-hour average of one hour.

The Campylobacter species are the etiologic agents incriminated in most cases of human gastroenteritis. The main way of human infection is the consumption of animal risen food and contaminated water, but studies are required to better understand the epidemiology and risk factors for the infection of humans and animals by these organisms. They have been collected and analyzed for the presence of Campylobacter spp., faeces samples from 160 children under five years old and 120 samples from pets (103 dogs and 17 cats) met at the Clinical Hospital and Veterinary Hospital, respectively, at Federal University of Uberlândia. The positivity was 6.87% among the human samples and 18.3% among the animal samples, with 100% of agreement between the results obtained through phenotypic and genotypic methods. From the 33 positive faeces samples for Campylobacter spp., 57.6% were identified as C. jejuni (fifteen from dogs and four from children), 33.4% as C. coli (four from dogs, two from cats and five from children) and 9% as Campylobacter gracilis (one from dog and two from children). The most prevalent biotype was C. jejuni biotype I, with 13 isolated samples, followed by C. coli biotype I with 11 isolated ones. There was resistance from more than 50% of the strains isolated from dogs to ceftiofur, sulfazotrim, norfloxacin and tetracycline. Among the strains isolated from humans samples could be headlined the resistance to amoxicillin, cefazolin, ceftiofur, erythromycin, and norfloxacin. There were no differences in resistance profile between the species C. coli and C. jejuni (p> 0.05). The PCR technique showed that among 19 isolated strains of C. jejuni, 12 had between two and four of the virulence genes: flaA, pdlA, cadF or ciaB. Among the isolated strains from canine, one of them has shown the four genes simultaneously, two strains had three genes and two of them had one gene, all the others had two genes. Among the isolated strains from human faeces, all of them had the flaA and cadF genes, only one sample contained the pdlA gene and two of the strains had the ciaB gene. All the strains that showed the virulence genes have been isolated from faeces of animals or children with diarrhea. It was observed a high rate of resistance to sulfazotrim in isolated sample from dogs and cats, with values of 66.7% and 100% respectively. Among the children isolated samples the most troubling resistance values were found to erythromycin and norfloxacin. This data demonstrates the need to follow the use of antimicrobials as they are the drug of choice for gastroenteritis treatment in animals and campylobacteriosis in humans, respectively. The association of risk factors and infection of Campylobacter spp. in children demonstrated: an increase of 3.57 times probability to have diarrhea, 0.49 times more, when in contact with pets and 1.4 times more, during an antibiotic therapy, but in all of them there was no statistical significance (p> 0.05 ). When the same associations were created for dogs, the odds increased 7.38 times for the presence of diarrhea and 57.41 more chances when on antibiotic use (p <0.05). The presence of the four virulence genes in dogs isolated strains increased by 18.33 times the probability of the animal get diarrhea (p <0.05). Although, in this study, there has been no positive association between contact with pets and children infected by Campylobacter spp., further investigation should be made such as it must be established the epidemiological relationship by molecular methods for isolated strains from human and animal infections.

The objective of this study was to compare serum concentrations of the hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in pigs on commercial line beginning and end of growing-finishing phase, correlating them with productive performance, carcass and meat quality. Blood samples were collected from 48 animals at the beginning and end of growing-finishing phase by puncturing the jugular vein, around the same time (08:00 to 10:00). Measurements of serum thyroid hormones were made by enzyme-immunoassay for the quantitative determination of serum concentrations of T3 and T4 in pigs, multichannel analyzer in automatic Chemewell®, using the kit Interkit (Bio check, Inc.). The temperature and relative humidity were measured during the experimental period and the black globe humidity index (BGHI) was calculated to characterize the environment. The following characteristics of productive performance, carcass quality and meat were measured: Initial body weight (IBW), final body weight (FBW), average body weight gain (BWG), backfat thickness at first rib (BTFR), backfat thickness at last rib (BTLR), backfat thickness at the last lumbar (BTLL), carcass length (CL), length of small intestine (SI), lean meat percentage (LM%), pH at 45 minutes (pH45min), pH at 24 hours (pH24h), temperature at 1 minute (T1min), temperature at 24 hours (T24h). The values of temperature, BGHI and relative humidity were hight, characterizing the stressful environment. The T4 and T3 values decreased with increasing age of pigs. It was verified that final T3 negatively and moderately correlated with FBW and BWG, as final T4 with IBW (p<0.05). Initial and final thyroxine negatively and moderately correlated with pH45min and pH24h, respectively (p<0.05). The FBW positively and moderately correlated with BTFR, BTLR, BTLL, CL, SL, but negatively and moderately with LM% (p<0.05). Thus, values of T3 and T4 in pigs early in the growing-finishing phase are larger than in termination. These hormones influence the initial and final weight, BTLL, pH45min and pH24h of growing-finishing pigs.

Thus this research has as objective to evaluate the effects of heat waves in the Triangle Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba - MG on milk production and feed intake and map this influence through a bioclimatical zoning based on temperature and humidity index (THI) medium. Therefore it was determined the THI frequency of occurrence above the critical level determined in THI &#8805; 81. The concept of heat waves used was proposed by period of more than three consecutive days of maximum temperature equal to or greater than 32°C. Nine weather stations was analyzed to represent the Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba, having at least one representing each micrometeorological station. A historical of heat wave occurrence was developed based on climatic data in an interval of four to eleven years was made in the database of the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) with dry bulb temperature data and relative humidity at three times of day (09:00, 15:00, 21:00). Also simulated to quantify the decline in milk production (DMP) and decline in feed intake (DFI) in cities that have been identified heat wave periods. The results showed that the cities of Ituiutaba and Frutal were those with the largest number of flashes per year and have the cities of Patrocínio, Araxá and Sacramento, did not present heat waves during the study period. By simulating DMP and DFI and bioclimatic differences were found between the cities of Uberaba, Ituiutaba and Frutal, the first with the lowest estimates of production losses. The best cities for the creation of specialized breeds in milk production are Sacramento, Patrocínio, as presented THI out of hazard, THI night below 76 and did not have heat waves. The study of the occurrence of heat waves more effectively shows the effect of heat stress on milk production, which can hardly be seen in the study of the occurrence of THI average.

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We analyzed the distribution of the common peroneal nerve in fetuses of 30 horses, breed not defined, from the collection of the Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, which were injected and stored in aqueous solution of formaldehyde at 10%. It was noted that this stems from the sciatic nerve divides into superficial and deep peroneal nerves, distributed to the lateral extensor muscles and long toe, peroneal and tibial cranial third. By drawing an imaginary line in the mid-lateral region of the tuberosity of the tibia bone, the common peroneal nerve can be blocked in its proximal part, the caudal third, between the tendon of insertion of the biceps femoris and lateral gastrocnemius lateral (middle third), and the deep peroneal nerve at the proximal tibia, distal to the fibular head-common. The superficial peroneal nerve block can be accomplished in two regions of the tibia: the proximal, considering the imaginary line, distal to the point referred to the fibular and caudal to that described for the deep peroneal, and distal side of the face tibio-tarsal, between the tendons of insertion of the extensor muscles of the lateral and long finger.

They had been studied a total of 304 pigs, barrows and gilts, with approximately 150 days old. Initially 144 pigs were analyzed to evaluate the effect of the HAL gene on the deposition of GIM. Subsequently, we studied 160 animals in order to investigate the interference of the minerals Mg, Zn, Se and Cu, added to water pen, pre-slaughter, the final quality of pork, and for each of the mineral teste were studied a total of 140 pigs (20 treated and 20 controls) were housed in two pens of rest previously prepared, and the administration period of 12 hours of the mineral. For analysis of GIM, initially characterized the genotype of the HAL gene in animals by analyzing DNA from blood using one protocol of PCR-RFLP protocol and GIM was measured from samples collected from the semimembranosusi muscle. For the analysis of minerals were evaluated for meat quality characteristics: pH 45 minutes, pH 24 hours, meat color and WHC. There was no significant difference in allele n halothane gene in the deposition of GIM, when heterozygous. Pigs subjected to dietary water containing the mineral magnesium, as well as the mineral selenium showed higher pH 45 minutes, pH 24 hours and WHC than those who did not under go the same showing thus a higher quality of meat. In addition, meat color was more pale pigs did not have access to magnesium. There were no significant differences in the quality of meat for the animals supplemented with mineral springs containing copper and zinc.