Repositório RCAAP

The study of the physiological traits of calves has contributed to the helped in the explanation, recognition and differentiation of morbid states that affect these animals. Furthermore, this data is essential to ensure the clinical care of these neonates to reduce economic losses in bovine breeding. Based on the age and gender, this study is aimed to evaluate the concentrations of the serum biochemical profile of crossbred calves from birth to 360 days. 30 crossbred calves were used and 13 blood samples were taken from each at monthly intervals. The first withdraw was on the one a thre days of birth. The concentrations of total serum protein, albumin, globulin, ALP, GGT, AST, ALT, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium ionized, creatinine, urea, triglycerides and cholesterol. Blood analyses were performed by using the automated multichannel analyzer Chem Well®. All proteins, enzymes and minerals were influenced by age. Urea was the only parameter that was not statistically different according to age. We conclude that age has an influence on the values of most biochemical parameters.

The present study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of broiler breeders fed different levels of protein and metabolizable energy treated with three different diets, varying amounts of metabolizable energy and crude protein. In one treatment, the heavy broiler breeders were fed a diet with 13.8% CP and 2750 Kcal / kg, 22 to 66 weeks of age. In treatment two, the roosters received the same ration provides for the females, being from 22 to 36 weeks of age containing 15% CP from 36 to 60 weeks, 15.2% CP and 60 to 66 weeks, 14% CP, all diets contained 2850 Kcal / kg. In treatment three, the breeding males fed a diet with15% CP and 2700 Kcal / kg from 22 to 66 weeks is old. The semen was collected from 16 rooster each treatment in three different ages of week, 34, 38, 43, 48 and 51 weeks. The semen collected was subjected to staining protocol with toluidine blue and subsequently evaluated by computer image analysis, with measurements of area, perimeter, homogeneity and intensity of compaction of chromatin in each head of spermatozoa. The roosters fed with high protein (15%) showed improve results in terms of compression and density of the heads of sperm chromatin. This same group had values of spermatozoa size smaller, which indicates minor morphological changes. It wasn t possible to correlate the onset and fertility with other data, as in this study there was no significant difference between treatments (p >0.05). Concerning the age of the rooster, regardless of the diet used, all treatments showed changes in chromatin compaction, and the roosters fed with 13.8% crude protein and 2750 Kcal / kg, showed greater changes in chromatin compaction. This can explain the decrease in fertility, usually observed in the field after this period, in flocks of broiler breeders.

Origins, ramifications and distributions of the left and right facial arteries were studied in the 30 (thirdy) stillborn swines (Sus scrofa domesticus) of the Sadia lineage, 17 (seventeen) males and 13 (thirteen) females. The specimen had it s artery system filled with stained solution of neoprene latex 601 A and after wards attached in a wattery solution of formaldehyde at 10%. It was observed that in 100% of the animals studied the facial arteries originated of the ventrolateral surface of the external carotid artery rostrally to the lingual artery. The gland branches ramificated supplying the mandibular, parotid glands, monostomatica portion of the sublingual gland and lobos of the cervical thymus in muscular branches irrigating the medial pterygoid muscle, masseter, ventral aspect of the digastric muscle and cutaneous of the face. Furthemore, the pharyngitis branch irrigating the soft palate, the tympanic bula and basihyoid, and last but not least the submentalis artery that is directed towards the submental muscles and the dorsal face of the digastric muscle.

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CHAPTER 2: Since growth in the creation of exotic snakes as pets, beyond its use in a commercial scale, pharmacological restraint used during medical and surgical procedures has become essential. Thus, the objective was to compare the effects of racemic ketamine and S(+)-ketamine in Boa constrictor. We used 20 redtail boas, divided into two groups of ten animals. Group 1 (G1) received racemic ketamine and group 2 (G2) S(+)-ketamine, both at a dose of 20 mg/kg IC. Physiological parameters showed that the snakes had lethargic behavior with decreased muscle tone, head tone, movement and loss of aggressiveness. The specimens of G1 remained in the score 2 for the head tone, muscle tone, manipulation and locomotion by 128 ± 47.85 minutes and the representatives of G2 by 171.50 ± 55.43 minutes. Only 50% of the animals of group 2 reached the reasonable period of anesthesia, because they have lost postural righting reaction by 50.60 ± 33.75 minutes and analgesia achieved by only 67.5 ± 10.61 minutes. The turnaround time t0 conditions were 174 ± 46.48 minutes for the G1 and 258 ± 61.97 minutes for G2. There were no significant differences between the assessment of heart rate and respiratory rate in both groups. It was concluded therefore that there is a superiority of S(+)-ketamine over the racemic form. However, the recovery period the S(+)-isomer was greater than that observed with racemic ketamine in Boa constrictor. The protocols are evaluated for the listed drug containment of the species studied, little or procedures for non-invasive. CHAPTER 3: Given the increase in the breeding of snakes in captivity and focus on the preservation of wild specimens, knowledge about the anesthesia of these animals has become essential, given the increased demand for medical and surgical care. Thus, the objective was to compare the effects of midazolam in Boa constrictor. We used 20 redtail boas, divided into two groups of ten animals. Group 1 (G1) received midazolam 1 mg/kg and group 2 (G2) 2 mg/kg, via IC. In the G1 the specimens remained in score 2 for the head tone, muscle tone, manipulation and locomotion for 233.50 ± 71.34 minutes and the representatives of G2 for 328.50 ± 125.35 minutes. No redtail boa belonging to both the G1 and G2 lost the RPE or achieved analgesia. However, there was an intense muscle relaxation and a difficult to move in all specimens tested. The turnaround time t0 conditions were 279 ± 73.55 minutes for the G1 and 372 ± 142.27 minutes for the G2. There were no statistical differences between evaluations of heart and respiratory rates in both groups tested. It was found that the snakes had lethargic behavior with decreased muscle tone, head tone, movement and loss of aggressiveness. It was concluded therefore, in redtail boa midazolam at dosage of 1 mg/kg causes the same effect as midazolam 2 mg/kg, but with less recovery time and can be used to contain Boa constrictor, or associations aimed at an effective muscle relaxation.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate thermoregulatory characteristics in early pregnancy as well as some reproductive efficiency of sows of different parity orders. It was collected and analyzed rectal and skin temperatures and respiratory rate of 98 sows of four groups of parity orders: gilts, primiparous, second to sixth and seventh to eleventh parity order, as well as the during pregnancy and the number of piglets born alive of 164 sows, which were compared to four groups of parity orders, in three moments of early pregnancy. The mean values of respiratory rate and skin temperature did not differ between parity orders. Rectal temperature of 7th to 11th parity order was lower than all other parity orders, probably because these animals are older, so they have a slower metabolism than the others. This group of parity order also showed a higher during pregnancy. In early pregnancy, age does not affect the respiratory rate and skin temperature, however, older sows have a lower rectal temperature, as well as higher gestation period.

ABSTRACT II: Endurance race is one of the most competitive emerging equestrian sports in the world. Laboratory tests have become essential in the evaluation of the competition horse and therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the profile of proteins, metabolites, minerals and enzymes in serum of horses subjected to endurance race. Blood samples were collected from 31 Mangalarga Marchador horses during the Cavalgada Sul Minas, with the percurse of 90 KM between the cities of Lavras and São João del Rey, Minas Gerais. Samples were collected in the first, third and fifth day of competition. In each serum sample were determined creatinine, urea, gamma glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin and globulin. It was observed that the majority of the analyzed elements remained within the normal physiological patterns except CK and ALT which showed elevated, and cholesterol, which showed reduced. A significant difference was observed in serum in the three stages of total protein, globulin, ALT and cholesterol. The elements albumin, CK, creatinine, uric acid, chloride, total protein and globulin increased from first to second stage, decreasing in the third. ALT increased significantly at all three stages, while there was a decrease of cholesterol levels. At some point there were statistical differences from GGT, increasing exaggeratedly at the second stage, AST, triglycerides, urea, sodium and potassium sera levels appearing differents in the third stage. The test ride causes biochemical changes in horses, especially in the elements ALT, cholesterol, total protein and globulin. ABSTRACT III: Training is essential to prepare the body for intense changes occurring in athletic performance. The effect of training depends on the duration, type, frequency and intensity of athletic training. The objective of this study was to evaluate the profile of proteins, metabolites, minerals and enzymes in serum of equine athletes Polo, correlating with those in professional animal training. Blood samples were collected from 82 Thoroughbred horses of both sexes, at Haras San Jose, located in Santa Rosa of Viterbo - SP. We performed a single collection in the morning, before training the animals, and these were divided into two groups. Group I animals in training, those who do not participate in the proof of Polo, and group II, animals professionals who already practice the sport regularmente.Foram determined in each sample serum albumin, calcium, total cholesterol, creatinine , alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus, gamma glutamyl transferase, total protein, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, urea, and magnesium. All elements analyzed were within the normal physiological patterns. When confronted the two groups was statistically significant for lacatato, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, urea, creatinine, phosphorus and potassium. When confronted animal sex statistical difference was observed for globulins, creatinine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and phosphorus.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of auxiliary tools for the detection of estrus in cows. In experiment 1, we evaluated the efficiency of Estrotect ® in comparison with visual observation in 58 crossbred cows. The animals were divided into two groups: the TAI (n = 21) was subjected to a protocol of a fixed timed insemination (TAI) and 10 days after insemination device was fixed to the animals. In the group PG (n = 37) was administered prostaglandin (Dinoprost Tromethamine, Lutalyse ®, Pfizer) and immediately 25mg/animal/IM pasted adhesive. In the experiment 2, aimed to compare the Estrotect ® with chalk marker in crossbred heifers. After synchronization of estrus with P4 (CIDR) + GnRH - 7 days - PGF2a, heifers were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 56) received the Estrotect ® and Group 2 (n = 56) received in the insertion of the marking tail with the chalk marker. The visual detection of estrus was performed daily in the same way in first experiment, from 07:00 to 08:00 and from 17:00 until 18:00. In experiment 2, the devices were only reached two times a day. After detection were artificially inseminated and diagnosed by ultrasound after 30 days in both estudies. In experiment 1, there was no effect of group (P> 0.05) on the efficiency of visual detection of estrus or auxiliary tool. There was no detectable difference between the efficiency of estrus and the visual detection device (P> 0.05) 92.5%. In experiment 2, not detected a group effect (P> 0.05) in the detection of estrus or the range of CIDR removal to the manifestation of estrus. The heat detection and conception rate was 92.86% (52/56), and 46,15% (24/52) for Estrotect® and 85,71% (48/56), and 58.33% (28/48) to chalk marker. It is concluded that the methods of estrus detection aids are effective and help in improving the efficiency of artificial insemination programs.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Bovines, as homeothermic animals, are able to keep their body temperature stable, but in tropical and subtropical regions, can suffer pronounced effects of heat stress because the high temperature and relative humidity. The objective was to evaluate the rate of conception and pregnancy loss during the seasons (winter and summer) in crossbred dairy cows. The experiment was conducted on the farm Glória of the Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Was used a herd with average of 90 lactating cows, submitted to the IATF protocol, being inseminated or placed with a bull, totaling 370 inseminations from may/2007 to march/2010, which were divided for data analysis in three intervals, I, II and III, corresponding may/2007 to march/2008, april/2008 to march/2009, april/2009 to march/2010, respectively. The environment was characterized by average temperature, air humidity and ITU. After analyzing all the winters and summers, and the intervals I and II, there was a higher conception rate in winter than in summer. Already a pregnancy loss between 28 to 45 days after insemination, was not influenced by season of the year. We conclude that the region of Triângulo Mineiro, the warm season of the year negatively affects conception rate in crossbred dairy cows, but does not interfere in pregnancy loss between 28 to 45 days.

Aiming to evaluate different protocols of S (+) ketamine and to define the most appropriate dose of this drug for chemical restraint in chelonians, we used 40 specimens of giant Amazon river turtle, with weights ranging from 1.0 to 1.5 kg, from the commercial breeding Moenda da Serra, in Araguapaz - Goiás - Brazil, which were divided into four groups of ten animals. We administered S (+) ketamine in doses of 10 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, in groups one, two, three and four, respectively, all intramuscularly (IM). We evaluated the physiological parameters of cloacal temperature and heart rate, as well as righting reflex, muscle relaxation (motor block), support the head and response to noxious stimuli (sensory block). The dose of 10 mg/kg did not provide any effect on the animals, being inefficient in pharmacological restraint of P. expansa. With the protocols of 15 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, all animals exhibited muscle relaxation without loss of righting reflex; maintained at soreness and no statistical differences in relation to heart rate and cloacal temperature. However, the duration of action of the drug was significantly higher in the group that was administered the dose of 40mg/kg IM. It is concluded that the protocol of S (+) ketamine 10 mg/kg IM is not capable of promoting effects in Podocnemis expansa, and that the dose for the pharmacological restraint of the species varies from 15 to 40 mg/kg IM.

Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias

Studied in 30 pig fetuses line Pen Ar Lan, the origin and distribution of the femoral nerve, after fixation in aqueous 10% formaldehyde. There was variation in number of the lumbar vertebrae, that were fite to seven, with a predominance of six. The femoral nerve originated in antimeres 6,66% of the ventral branch of the thirth lumbar espinal nerve (L3); in 56,66% of the fourth (L4); in 100% of the fifth (L5), in 90,00% of the sixth (L6) and in 6,66% of the seventh (L7). The related nerve showed symmetry in antimeres 86,66% and sent branches to the psoar major muscle in 85,00% of the cases, the pectineous in 96,66% and to the vast medial, lateral, intermediate and rectus femoris in antimeres 100%. In all the especimes the femoral nerve issued the safene nerve that distributed in sartorius muscle in antimeres 100%.

Obesity is considered the most common nutritional disorder in developed societies, being defined as a pathological disorder characterized by accumulation of fat at levels higher than necessary for optimal organ function. Influenced by several factors, the life expectancy of dogs has increased, making this population increasingly composed of elderly individuals. With advancing age, irreversible physiological changes occur resulting in organ dysfunction, and many systems are affected by these changes. Therefore, knowledge of the main hematological and serum biochemistry that obese dogs suffer as they age, is of great help to the clinician of small animals, potentially enabling a better approach to this patient. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the hematological and biochemical profile of dogs, and elderly adults suffering from obesity by natural causes. In chapter 2 we evaluated the blood counts of 30 adult dogs and 29 elderly dogs, found regardless of age and sex, dogs showed no significant changes in platelet and red blood cell, showing only a slight increase in leukocyte counts of young cells without leukocytosis. In chapter 3, we avaluated the serum biochemical profile in these animals, and regardless of age and sex, obesity and old age didn t affect the values of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, total protein, albumin, creatinine, glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides. Globulins were slightly higher in both groups. Serum GGT was much higher than values adopted in old females. Also observed that for both groups, the LDL-C were the highest concentration of serum lipoproteins, followed by HDL-C and VLDL-C.

Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias

The anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is one of the members of the Xenethra super order, a representative of the Pilosa Order and belonging to the Myrmecophagidae family. The sciatic nerve is a constituent of the lumbosacral plexus and is considered to be the largest nerve in the body of animals. This work has as its objective to describe the origin, distribution and ramifications of the sciatic nerve in giant anteater and in so doing provide anatomical data which can explain not only the evolutionary aspects but also provide important information as to related areas. For the present study three specimens of M. tridactyla were used, being prepared by perfusion of 10% formaldehyde via the femoral artery, for conservation and further dissection of specimens. The origin of right and left sciatic nerves in giant anteater come from the ventral ramification of lumbar spinal nerve number three and from number one, two and three of the sacral nerve. These are symmetrical in all animals studied. The distribution and ramification occurred in the superficial, medium and deep gluteus muscles and also in the twin, tensor fasciae latae, abductor cruris caudalis, biceps femoris, cranial and caudal semitendinosus and semimembranosus. It was observed that no homology of muscle innervations was retained throughout evolution, and that there was a rear end migration flow in the sciatic nerve in animals in more recent evolutionary scales. This is due to a reconfiguration of the lumbosacral plexus resulting from an increase in the number of lumbar vertebrae.

This study evaluated the incidence of Campylobacter spp. in chicken carcasses in three states in Brazil, antibiotic resistance, the presence of virulence genes and their transcription, the expression and the changes brought about after inoculation in Caco-2 cells and the phylogenetic relationship among species. Were isolated 94/420 Campylobacter spp., being 55 C. jejuni, 19 C. coli and 20 Campylobacter spp. There was resistance to amoxicillin (74.5%), norfloxacin (43.6%) and erythromycin (36.2%) and sensitivity to neomycin (97.9%) and gentamicin (95.7%), and C. coli was the most resistant. Regarding the virulence genes 45/94 (47.9%) had the flaA gene, 42/94 (44.7%) plda, 43/94 (45.7%) cadF, 42/94 (44.7%) ciaB and 37/94 (39.4%) cdtABC with C. jejuni more virulent. The analysis of transcripts included the 56 strains with virulence genes, 32/56 (57.1%) strains positive, with stronger evidence for C. jejuni. Of the 46 C. jejuni strains with virulence genes, 18 (39.1%) did not transcribed ciaB and dnaJ. Thus, 14/18 strains were inoculated into Caco-2 cells, and found that 2/14 (14.3%) expressed ciaB, and all, dnaJ. Five C. jejuni, the most virulents, promoted the loss of intercellular confluency and caused changes in Caco-2 cells. The similarity analysis showed a high diversity in C. jejuni and C. coli. In Campylobacter spp., the genetic proximity indicates that they may belong to the same species. This study highlighted the phenotypic and genotypic characters of Campylobacter spp. and potential role in pathogenesis of human disease, emphasizing the need for tight controls on production to ensure the health of consumers.

This work was executed in order to evaluate the effects of Propofol anesthetic in bull frogs amphibians (Lithobates catesbeianus). It was used ten exemplares of species, with average weight of 157,5 grams, staying, at the moment of the experiment, at ambient temperature and humidity of 25,6ºC and 59,70%, respectively. Anesthetic was applied with Propofol 20 mg/kg/IC in the ventral abdomen. The heart frequency of the animals was monitored with the Electronic and Vascular Doppler. During transanesthetic period, it was used subjective scores in relation of the stipulate parameters: locomotion, muscle relaxation, manipulation, painful stimulus at thoracic and pelvic members, cardiac frequency, loss the reaction straightening postural (RSP) and return of the RSP or ambulation. All the animals maintained response to the painful stimuli in the limbs. This drug demonstrated being ideal for the execution of clinical procedure, biology sample collection, contention and assistant in balanced anesthesy on that species, because promoted muscle relaxation and facility of manipulation, with high security margin in the return of the sedation, no presentation analgesic result. There wasn t any significant decrease at the cardiac beats of these animals.

This research was conducted in order to evaluate the performance and intestinal microbiota of piglets at 25 days, consuming dry yeast (LS) and hydrolyzed (LH) in the diet. The 108 pigs were weaned at 25 days, and housed in 24 pens, with six animals per cage and subjected to two experiments which were: Experiment 1: 25-49 days old piglets, and they were fed three treatments: T1 (negative control), T2 (0.02% LH) and T3 (0.01% LH). Experiment 2: piglets of 50-72 days of age, with three treatments which were: T1 (Negative Control), T2 (0.005% of LH) and T3 (0.025% LS) of. The performance parameters evaluated were weight gain (WG), feed conversion (FC) and feed intake (FI). Fecal samples were performed on day zero (one day before starting the experiment) at 49 and 72 days of age of the animals. A pool of sample per pen was collected, which were subjected to microbiological tests in order to account for the formation of gram-negative colonies. Data were analyzed using general linear models procedure for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with treatment and block included in the experimental model. Variables that had significant effect on the F-test were compared by using the Method of Least Squares (lsmeans) of SAS (1996), and treatment effects were considered significant at P<0.05. Microbiological data of gramnegative bacterial counts were converted to a logarithmic scale on the base 10. Correlations between variables were made using the Pearson correlation procedure. Results were considered significant at P<0.05. There was no statistical difference between treatments for all the performance parameters analised (P>0.05). Microbiological analyzes showed no significant results in all treatments in both experiments (P> 0.05). In the experiments, yeast supplementation showed no change on performance of piglets, and on colony count of Gram-negative bacteria in the fecal samples.