Repositório RCAAP

The dissertation was divided into five chapters. The first was called \"General Consideration,\" which was performed a brief literature review about what was proposed in the work. In the second chapter aimed to check whether chickens immunized with Brucella abortus B19 vaccine and soluble protein extract solution, extracted from this vaccine, could produce specific polyclonal antibodies, detectable in indirect ELISA tests. Six hens with 25 week-old, White Leghorn breed, were immunized, two immunized with B19, two with a soluble protein extract solution extracted from the B19 vaccine and two were used as controls, being immunized with PBS. Blood samples were taken fortnightly and eggs daily for 13 weeks. Polyclonal antibodies IgY were purified from egg yolk using for delipidation the dilution method in acidified water (pH 5,0-5,2) and precipitation with ammonium sulfate. Was performed ELISA test to verify the specificity of IgY. Was possible to observe the production of specific polyclonal antibodies against the antigens used in the immunizations, both in serum and in egg yolks. In the third chapter aimed to check the response of IgY extracted from egg yolk of immunized chickens with B19 vaccine (IgY anti- B19) against the antigen EPS and the response of IgY extracted from egg yolk of immunized chickens with EPS (IgY anti-EPS) against the vaccine antigen B19, using the ELISA in order to verify possible antigen-antibody interactions. For this, two microtiter plates were sensitized, in one of them using B19 vaccine as antigen and another EPS antigen, were placed on each plate as primary antibodies IgY extracted from the egg yolk, for each group of immunized hens, a group immunized chickens with vaccine B19, one with EPS and one control. Both IgY anti-B19, as IgY anti-EPS were reactive to the antigens tested, so it is believed that these antibodies may serve as a tool for the identification of antigens in diagnostic tests aimed at this purpose. The objective of fourth chapter was to evaluate the humoral immune response of cattle naturally infected and newly vaccinated with B19 vaccine against EPS and B19 vaccine antigens in indirect ELISA. Was used in this study 96 samples of blood serum of cattle, 32 heifers recently vaccinated with B19 vaccine, 32 naturally infected cattle and 32 negative cattle for brucellosis. Was verified that in the indirect ELISA with antigen EPS when compared with indirect ELISA with antigen vaccine B19 and 2-ME, this test was able to distinguish newly vaccinated animals of naturally infected animals. The fifth chapter are the \"final thoughts\" on the entire dissertation, including findings of all the chapters.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of tuberculosis in a cattle herd by the cervical comparative intradermal tuberculin test (ITT), and analyze the efficiency of complementary diagnostic methods in confirming the infection. The study was conducted on a breeding dairy farm in the city of Perdizes MG. Tuberculin test was performed in 164 cattle, of which 40 were positive and slaughtered. The macroscopic post mortem inspection of carcasses was followed by the collection of nasal swabs, blood and tissue samples (liver, lung and mediastinal lymph node) for PCR tests, ELISA and histopatology with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) respectively. Of the 164 cattle analysed by ITT, 41 (25%) were positive, 29 (17.68%) inconclusive and 94 (57.32%) negative. Of the 40 cattle slaughtered, 22 (55%) carcasses had macroscopic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis, 14 (35%) in the mediastinal lymph nodes, seven (17.5%) in the liver and six (15%) in the lung. The histopathology HE identified 13 (32.5%) carcasses with histological changes, six (15%) in the mediastinal lymph nodes, five (12.5%) in the liver and three (7.5%) in the lung. At ZN, the presence of acid-fast bacilli was not detected in any of samples tested. The ELISA/IDEXX identified one (2.5%) animal reagent, and the PCR test detected DNA of M. bovis in one (2.5%) cow. Being a dairy herd, the occurrence of tuberculosis may represent a zoonotic risk. The ITT should already be a routine test required for the farms that sells milk or meat, because it recognizes recent infections, often not detected by other diagnostic methods.

The aim was to evaluate ingestive behavior and establish optimum inclusion level of palm cake in sheep diet. Eighteen crossbred castrated rams were fed palm cake inclusion levels of 0%, 7.5%, 15% and 22.5% in total diet and kept in metabolic cages during the experiment that lasted 21 days. Data were subjected to regression analysis with 5% of significance for regression coefficients and equations. There was reduction in dry matter (DM), hemicellulose, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrients, total carbohydrates and mineral matter intakes (P <0.01) and no significant differences in cellulose, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and non-fiber carbohydrates intakes (P>0.05). Ether extract and lignin intakes increased (P<0.01) with reduction in crude energy (CE), DM, CP, cellulose, hemicellulose and NDF digestibilities (P<0.05). The metabolizable energy (ME): CE ratio reduced because fecal CE increased (P <0.01) and nitrogen balance decreased (P<0.01). In order to compensate for unavailability of nutrients caused by palm cake, urinary excretion and feces moisture (P<0.05) reduced. There were no significant differences in total chew time, ingestion, rumination and leisure (P>0.05). Rumination and feed efficiencies (g DM / h; g NDF / h) showed no significant differences (P>0.05) and decreased (P<0,05), respectively. Palm cake inclusion levels higher than 7,5% in sheep diet reduces consumption and digestibility of nutrients with possible performance damages, especially in high-producing animals.

Reptiles are animals that attract by their diversity and among them, the snakes deserve emphasis on use commercially like pet s and biological immune production. Considering the difficulties and the risk of management, is described methods off physic contention in snakes, including equipments and cautions. Was used hook, manual contention, barrows contention, Lutz s tie, bag of fabric and fabric, contention and transport box and bedding foam in 130 animals for 4 families, Boidae, Viperidae, Elapidae and Colubridae. The snakes physics contention techniques described in these opportunity was effective, provided that the conditions imposed by each state.

This study aimed to evaluate the different types (trench silo, surface, raffia bags and pile) and times of warehousing of coproduct wet corn gluten feed (WCGF). A completely randomized split plot with the types of storage as the portion and opening days of the silage silos as the subplot. The days of collection were: 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28, 56 days of storage. There were four treatments with three replications, totalizing 12 experimental units. The WCGF was charactirezed to temperature, pH, analysis of dry matter (DM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber, in vitro digestibility and microbiological analysis to quantify microorganisms (yeasts and molds, lactobacilli and clostridia) of the WCGF from the experimental units. All pH values found were above the pH of ideal silage that would be of 4.2. Regarding temperature, the opening days had effect from the 7th day for the silo raffia bags and the 14th for the other trataments. Through regression it was observed that in general, the most of the values of DM, CP and DIVMS were linear behavior, while the FDA were growing and the values of NDF and EE had quadratic behavior. Treatments and days in microbiological analysis were compared, the treatment was significant only for yeasts and molds, with lower CFC counts, respectively, to the surface silo, trench silo, raffia bags and pile, for lactobacilli and clostridia had relevance only for days, the highest values found were on the 56 th day. Generally, the pH, temperature, chemical composition indicate unsuitable microbial fermentation in all treatments, it is suggested further studies about using of inoculants to enable the addition of lactic acid that could enhance product stability in conservation.

The giant anteater, Myrmecophagidae representative of the family, has a wide geographic distribution and is threatened with extinction due to their habits of life and human occupation, which is restricting its area of life. This study aimed to describe the origins and distributions of nerves suprascapular, subscapular and thoracodorsal cranial and caudal in giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). We used three adult specimens, one female and two males, weighing approximately 40 kg, fixed in formaldehyde solution 10%. In the three specimens studied the suprascapular nerve originated from the ventral rami of the sixth (C6) and seventh (C7) cervical spinal nerves and sent branches to the muscles supraspinatus and infraspinatus. Subscapular nerves cranial and caudal originated from the ventral rami of the sixth (C6) and seventh (C7) cervical spinal nerves and distributed to the subscapularis muscle and teres major muscle. The thoracodorsal nerve originated in the ventral rami of the sixth (C6), seventh (C7) and eighth (C8) and first cervical spinal nerves (T1) thoracic spinal nerve, and sent branches to the latissimus dorsi muscle.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

This study aimed to determine the minimum time after the contact of commercial white and red eggs with material contaminated by Salmonella Heidelberg and its penetration to the inner side of the eggs. White and red eggs recently collected from among layer hens aged between 45 50 weeks, proceeding from a commercial farm in Uberlândia MG, were artificially contaminated by contact with wettish ribbands in inoculated liquid at a stagnant phase of growth (103-104 UFC.g-1 of Salmonella Heidelberg). In the study of each kind of egg, the eggs were subdivided into the following groups: the negative control (without artificial contamination), the positive control (analyzed externally after contamination and internally after the maximum period of maintenance of the test group) and the test group, four repetitions were conducted. The eggs of the test group were maintained at temperature between 25ºC and 30ºC and its contents were analyzed after 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 minutes, as for the presence of Salmonella in 25g of sample. Each sample unit was compounded of five eggs. The analysis protocol used was the traditional one with pre-enrichment, selective enrichment, plateled in selective agar, biochemical and serological tests. The results obtained were submitted to logistics regression that indicated that the presence of Salmonella Heidelberg in the inner side of the red eggs happens after 168 minutes of contact and in the white eggs after 141 minutes of contact.

The morphological study, in particular the anatomical, contributes significantly to the applied areas. Hence the importance of studying the facial arteries in fetuses zebul-crossed cattle, which were obtained from slaughterhouses in Uberlândia MG, 20 males and 10 famales. The arterial system received injenção neoprene latex 450 50% (Du Pont do Brazil SA Chemical Industries) via the right common carotid arteries and left. The pieces were fixed in aqueous 10% formaldehyde by subcutaneous injection, intracavitary and intramuscular, as well as his immersion in this solution for a minimum of 48 hours. And subsequently dissected. It was observed that the right facial artery originated from the trunk linguofacial by 90%, and the remaining 10% emerged directly from the external carotid artery and the left originated from the trunk linguofacial in 90% and the remaining 10% emerged from the carotid artery both external and irrigate the digastric, irrigate the digastric, buccinator, depressor upper and lower lip, the zygomatic, nasobabial elevator, lift the upper lip, canine and masseter.

Campylobacter is considered a fragile microorganism ans sensitive to environmental conditions, but demostrate strategies to survive in unfavorable environmental conditions. This study evaluated the viability and production of transcipts of the genes sodB, p19 ciaB and dnaJ in strains ATCC 33291, NCTC 11351 and IAL 2383 stored in UHT milk and neopeptona + 12% glycerol,whether or not subject to the pre-treatment temperature of 4°C or 10°C for 30 minutes.Analyses were performed immediately after freezing in liquid nitrogen (day 0) and after maintenance for 30, 60 and 90 days at -20°C.The viability was evaluated by traditional method of cultivation and production of transcripts by RT-PCR technique. The quantification was only possible on the first day of analysis (day 0) and had a mean of 3.0x107UFC and in the remaining periods of storage strains showed confluent growth not allowing their enumeration. The set of results has shown that the UHT milk was the most appropriate for cryopreservation than the use of neopeptona +12% glycerol. The pretreatment at 4°C for 30 minutes favored the production of transcripts for ciaB and dnaJ genes. For the strains ATCC 33291 and NCTC 11351 was verified a possible interconnection of sodB genes and p19, however, this link was not observed for the strain IAL 2383, which also showed different behavior from other strains for viability in both cryoprotectants and production of transcripts. The results of this study show that when the maintenance of viability of the strains is essential, it is necessary to use different combinations of cryoprotectants / treatments to increase the chances of recovery and, when the primary purpose is the production of transcripts, the option to maintain the reliability of the results is the immediate extraction of DNA of isolated strains.

It is proposed to evaluate the induction period, muscle relaxation and recovery, as well as adverse effects of propofol in jacaré-tinga (Caiman crocodilus) using the cervical sinus vertebral as a means of application. Ten specimens were used of caiman who received a dose of 5 mg / kg of propofol intravenously in vertebral venous sinus in the neck. Evaluated the physiological parameters of cloacal temperature and heart and respiratory rates, as well as the reaction postural righting, muscle relaxation, head support and response to nociceptive stimulation. Evaluated the periods of sensory and motor block, and calculated the latency periods, skilled anesthesia and recovery. In this study don t occurred sensory block in the animals, motor block was 88.5 ± 55.35 minutes, the latency period was 57 ± 9.77 seconds, there was no reasonable period of anesthesia and recovery was 34.1 ± 0.2 minutes. Apnea occurred in 90% of the animals and decreased respiratory rate. It is concluded that the use of propofol at a dose of 5 mg / kg applied to the cervical sinus vertebral in jacaré-tinga Caiman crocodilus produces a rapid period of latency with good muscle relaxation and rapid recovery does not cause sensory block and its adverse effect cause was apnea.

The weight´s effect on egg´s quality, performance characteristics and incubation of chicks were observed in two experiments. Three treatments were used, defined by the weight of the eggs, breeding Leghorn 38 weeks old: small (S) 53 to 57g, medium (M) 58 to 62g and large (L) 63 to 67g. We have evaluated: a) the eggs - strength and shell thickness, Haugh units (HU), albumen height and percentage of egg compounds b) in incubation - eggs weight loss , hatching and embryo diagnosis, c) in one day old chicks in the yolk sac: weight and length of the chick, absolute and relative weight of the yolk sac, d) dry material (DM), crude protein (CP) albumen´s energy , and the yolk sac. Eggs range of different weights produced by Leghorn breeders of the same age (38 weeks) did not show differences among them for shelll strength, relative weight of albumen and yolk, albumen and yolk in DM and gross energy in the yolk. There are differences in the shell thickness, UH, albumen height, absolute weight of egg components, the relative weight of shell, the yolk and albumen protein and gross energy albumen. In the incubation, the weight loss of eggs and the hatch decreases with increasing egg weight range. Unhatched eggs increase with the increase of initial mortality and pecked alive and dead. The chick weight, absolute and relative weight of the yolk sac are directly proportional to the weight of the egg. The proportion of protein in the yolk sac decreases with increasing egg weight and gross energy content is higher in the yolk sac of chicks hatched from medium eggs.

Was to study the origins and ramifications, ventricular branches and of the left coronary artery. 25 monkey used taken from Cebus apella (Capuchin monkey), 12 male and 13 female. by means of injection of neoprene latex 601 A® (Du pont do Brasil S/A) colored with Suvinil color 2350 0003®), through the right femoral artery and hereafter dissection. The left coronary artery originated from the coronary ascending aorta, covering the coronary groove and driving on the left in 21 animals (84%), and of this total, 19 animals (90.5%) coronary artery left in the forked branches paraconal interventricular and left circumflex in 2 cases (9.5%), there was a trifurcation of the left coronary artery trunk, the branches, paraconal interventricular, left circumflex and a headset to face the left ventricle. In 4 cases (16%), interventricular branch and circumflex paraconal left originated from the left coronary sinus via separate ostia. The following were anastomoses between the branches and sinuous paraconal interventricular and circumflex branches between the left and right.

A total of 30 animals have been used, 15 Trachemys dorbigni and 15 Trachemys scripta elegans, with body mass índex ranging from 0.750 to 1.800 kg, from the Wild Animals Research and Education Laboratory (LAPAS). Each species was separated into two groups: an experimental, with 10 animals, and a control, with five animals. It was applied fentanyl citrate 0.05 mg/kg to experimental groups, and physiological solution 1 ml/kg to the control groups, injected subcutaneously (SC), with the purpose of evaluating the effects of this drug and define their analgesic efficiency. The coloring of oral mucosa, cloacal temperature and heart rate, as well as any adverse reaction from pharmacological effects were monitored. For nociceptive stimulus, it was used the mechanical compression shear force of up to 2,000grams over the phalanges, interdigital tissue and the tail end. The 0.05 mg/kg dose caused analgesia in all of the animals, and the effects started 10 minutes after the application and lasted 134 ± 26 minutes and 120 ± 20 minutes for Trachemys dorbigni and Trachemys scripta elegans, respectively. In 80% of the animals there was total absence of reaction to maximum nociceptive stimulus, with an average duration of 39 ± 10 minutes for T. dorbigni and 30 ± 12 minutes for T. scripta elegans. Cyanosis of the oral mucosa was not noticed, and in relation to heart rate and cloacal temperature there were no relevant differences. It is concluded that the protocol of fentanyl citrate 0.05 mg/kg SC is capable of promoting analgesia in Trachemys dorbigni and Trachemys scripta elegans, producing no significant physiological changes that put the animal at risk.

The objective was to assess the association between race and age of dogs witch the occurrence of malignant tumors; check correlation to the use of hormones as a contraceptive method, expression of pseudopregnancy, tumor size and presence of ulceration with histological malignant or benign type. Characterize the inflammatory infiltrate of breast tumors by means of molecular markers for T lymphocytes (CD3), B lymphocytes (IgG), macrophages (MAC 385 and CD68) and cells expressing MHC II (TAL IB5) using the technique of immunohistochemistry. Compare the inflammatory infiltrates present in benign and malignant tumors. To evaluate the influence of tumor size, presence of ulceration, use of hormones as a contraceptive method, histologic type of breast cancer on survival of dogs. We used 80 female dogs, suffering from breast cancer, consulted in Veterinary Hospital of Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU) between 03/2010 a 03/211. The method used of immunohistochemistry was biotin-streptavidin complex. Of the 80 tumors included in the study, 90% were classified as malignant and 10% as benign. And 45% of these were of bitches (SRD) and among bitches race, the most common were coocker, pinscher (10%) and poodle (7,5%). According to age, 19 dog had from two to eight years of age and 61 were female dogs that had more than eight years old. Among these bitches 76,25% had no history of administration of contraceptive hormones and 23,75% used contraception hormones. A pseudocyesis was observed in 24 dogs. Assessment of correlation between tumor size, and skin ulceration with malignancy or benignity, no statistical difference between these variables. The malignancies were predominant and the type of cancer more othen and among the benign mixed tumor was the most common. There is no statistical correlation between malignancy of the use of hormones, pseudopregnancy, tumor size and ulceration. Malignant tumors as well as benign do not present statistical difference in the frequency of inflammatory infiltrate, when used as markers of inflammation CD3, IgG, MAC 385, CD68 E TAL IB5. No influence of the presence of ulceration, use of hormone, or the occurrence of benign or malignant tumors on survival of dogs suffering from spontaneous mammary tumors. But the size of tumors influence the survival of bitches, and bitches with tumors of larger sizes have shorter survival.

The present study describes the histopathological changes in liver of dogs with leishmaniasis, assessing the predominant inflammatory infiltrate, parasite load and the degenerative changes and correlate them with clinical symptoms and serum biochemical changes. A total of 50 dogs, 17 negative (control group) and 33 seropositive for leishmaniasis, classified as asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic or symptomatic. From the collection of 10 mL of blood in tubes without anticoagulant and the serum extracted, were determined the concentrations of total protein, albumin, ALT, alkaline phosphatase and GGT. Later the animals were euthanized and liver fragments were collected for histopathologic analysis. From the histopathological evaluation of liver tissue, it was found that the major degenerative changes were observed fatty degeneration and cellular edema, with no difference between groups of animals symptomatic, asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic (p &#8804; 0.05). There was no difference in incidence of inflammatory infiltrate between the three groups, nor in relation to the number of infected cells. Regarding the assessment of serum biochemical changes, all three groups showed increased values of GGT, total protein and globulin and decreased albumin. Animals naturally infected by Leishmania may have inflammatory and degenerative changes in the liver, but without presenting clinical symptoms. Hypoproteinemia associated with hyperglobulinemia, and increased levels of GGT in animals occur both symptomatic and asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic.

Were evaluated the production of semen from 10 Large White boars and 10 fast-growing hybrid Duroc x Pietrain, averaging 18 months of age, males held as terminators in a artificial insemination center with different objectives of selection: the first used to improve the performance capacity and another lineage, increasing the quantity and quality of carcass meat. Data on semen parameters of 249 samples were analyzed using analysis of variance in a randomized block desigin and using Tukey (5% significance) tests and Wilcoxon (according to the data distribution) did not show statistical differences between the quantitative and morphological semen of boars, concluding that hybrid boars may have semen production as high as pets pure breed selected for rapid growth.

Was aimed at evaluating the effects of lidocaine and bupivacaine via the spine in turtles of the species Podocnemis expansa in promoting motor and sensitive blockages in the tail/cloaca and pelvic members, as well as the existence of significant differences in the effects produced by the two drugs. Was used 20 animals with average weights of 1.15 kg, which were divided into two anesthetic protocols: 4.6 mg/kg of lidocaine 2% and 1.15 mg/kg of bupivacaine 0.5% deposited in the spinal region in the sacro-coccigeal area. Was evaluated the latency period, the reasonable period for anesthesia and the recovery period. For the latency period of the tail/cloaca we obtained (Lca) 54±34.05 seconds (sec) and 54±18.97sec as mean values for lidocaine and bupivacaine respectively. The latency period of the pelvic member (LMp) was in average 264±75.89 seconds for lidocaine and 180±126.49 sec for bupivacaine. Then the reasonable period for anesthesia on the tail/cloaca (Hca) was 36±9.43 minutes (min) and 60.8±32.10 min for the anesthetics in the same sequence. The averages for the reasonable period in pelvic members (HMp) were 24.6±10.83 min and 58.7±33.82 min for the respective drugs. Finally, the recovery period (Rec) was 33.5±16.33 min for lidocaine and 77.5±33.27 min for bupivacaine. The average times found for bupivacaine were significantly higher except during periods of latency of the tail/cloaca and pelvic members. The heart rate remained within the range considered normal for the testudines. Was conclude that the use of lidocaine and bupivacaine via the spine is safe and effective in the promotion of anesthesia in the region of the tail/cloaca and in pelvic limbs, and that the reasonable times for anesthesia are enough to perform simple and ordinary surgical procedures.

The Cebus libidinosus (Cl), also known as monkey, is a New World primate easily found in South American continent. The objective of this work is to describe the main arteries of the thigh Cl these being the femoral artery , deep femoral , popliteal and medial and lateral femoral circumflex . Eight were dissected C.L. fixed in formalin 10% and 5 % glycerin . The arteries of the thigh were described as to the origin , divisions , and distribution path and the results were compared with the literature of primates . The femoral artery is the larger caliber observed in the thigh . Has its onset after the passage of the external iliac artery through the foramen inguinal region proximal femur bone . The division of the femoral artery and popliteal saphenous occurred in the distal third of the thigh , near the popliteal fossa , continuing its path in the leg . The medial femoral circumflex artery may originate both from the obturator artery as the femoral artery . However , its path , regardless of its origin , is in the caudal region of the pubic bone to the proximal third of the femur bone , mainly vascularizing gracilis , adductor magnus , adductor and pectineus short . The lateral femoral circumflex artery has its origin from the femoral artery and divides, in the proximal femur bone in the ascending branch and descending branch , which are distributed in the cranial region of the thigh . The deep femoral artery is a branch of the external iliac artery , has wide distribution in the cranial and caudal thigh , and the final portion of the artery divides into just a perforating branch . In comparison with the Old World primates it was concluded that the origins of the arteries branching distributions and studied thigh Cl was not equal to a known primate . However, the minor similarities occurring near the Cl the pattern of baboons , probably because both have same habits tail and locomotion on the ground .