Repositório RCAAP

The images that outlined the “new” women ideal of the Portuguese New State government (Estado Novo), set an important guide to understand how the photography was used to establish a female role model consentaneous with the regime ideology. At first glance these images appear odd and contradictory,  but a closer look one can identify an intrinsic dialectic between “tradition” and “modernist” themes and forms. Taking as case study the Boletim de Mocidade Portuguesa Feminina (Portuguese Women’s Youth Bulletin) (1939-1947), the aim of this work is to analyze how this dialectic was operated at the service of the New State propaganda.

The university publishers in Brazil were created only recently, in the years 1961 and 1962, respectively in the Universities of Brasília (UnB) and São Paulo (USP). This process, however, would be reactivated only in 1971, with the creation of the publishing house of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), and would become more expressive from 1982, with the creation of 19 other university publishing houses in all regions of Brazil, among which Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, EDIPUCRS (1988). The role and academic meaning of these publishers, however, has been changing over the years, from service providers to active participants and integrated into the institutional project of training, production and scientific dissemination of the universities to which they belong. Analyzing these issues, therefore, constitutes precisely the purpose of this study, based on the case of EDIPUCRS.

When a war ends, it does not end with everything that is created, modified, violated, and destroyed. After a war, those who survive must rebuild and recompose their lives in accordance with this legacy in articulation with the reality that the end of the conflict inaugurates. These survivors survive and with them the legacies that the war left them. It is about some of these legacies that this text deals with a reflection on how the colonial war, that Portugal waged in Africa between 1961 and 1974, interfered with the existence of former African combatants who were part of the Portuguese Armed Forces (PAF) and lived in Portugal after the liberation of the territories where they were born. Based on qualitative research with the use of life histories, the paths of some of these men were reconstructed and it was tried to understand the sense that they attributed to their existences marked by discontinuities and particularly fractured moments in the construction of life projects. This article characterizes the different types of paths that resulted from this analysis as well as some of the discursive axes that these men mobilized to justify the diverse options that they took along them. This analysis, in turn, is used to discuss the problem of the construction of identities marked by apparently contradictory positions.

Public holidays represent key moments in the biography of a nation. In this regard, the 3rd of February enjoys a particular status in the festive calendar of São Tomé and Príncipe, as it evokes the Batepá Massacre, held as the ultimate incident of violence in the islands and registered as the founding event of the Santomean nationalism. Deriving out from this framework, my aim is to show, through distinctive moments in time, and thus, different sociopolitical contexts, that the 3rd of February is, on the one hand, a date that serves to legitimate the nation-state and that gives rise to a dominant national narrative; and, on the other hand, a public holiday that, at the same time, provides emergent discursive, symbolic and political spaces where to articulate non-dominant memories of this episode. What I hereby try to demonstrate is that although there are politics of memory ritualized and imposed by the State pertaining this historical episode and that naturally leave echoes along decades and across generations, there are a plurality of mnemonic, social and political processes in motion in the interpretation and discussion of this past. In fact, through the multiple lives of Batepá, different narrations and symbolic dimensions have been emerging by means of which the Santomean have been trying to inscribe themselves in this history.

Portuguese America should respond to laws, decrees, permits, and ordinations elaborated in the kingdom. Until the transfer of the court to Brazil in 1808, decisions regarding conquest in America, at least at the formal level, had Lisbon as the center. It was from the late eighteenth century that legislation focused on the forest issue began to be effectively formulated. This work aims to investigate such laws and decrees and the contexts under which they were elaborated, considering that they did not respond to preservationist interests, but rather economic ones. We will also consider the permanences, ruptures, and contradictions in the forestry legislation observed at the time. For this purpose, we present a case study on the island of Santa Catarina, from the eighteenth to the nineteenth century. We seek to articulate the understanding of the construction of this legal framework with the society of the end of the Old Regime, thus clarifying issues such as territoriality and power relations with the objective of demonstrating a change in the way of understanding and coping with the theme.

The paper examines the circulation of knowledge in the universal exhibitions that occurred in the second half of the 19th century. This text intends to contribute to this discussion analyzing the patterns of presentation of the products in the Brazilian and Argentine pavilions. It is based on the documents produced by the Brazilian and Argentinean committees to demonstrate the importance of natural and agricultural wealth in a scenario of competition in international markets, besides the reports presented by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Commerce and Public Works and the Argentinian Department of Agriculture. In this sense, we proposed to discuss the changes generated by the strengthening of science and technicians, starting from the circulation of knowledge and technologies among a group of men – that included farmers, and statesmen. It was chosen to work in two directions: in linking the world expositions to the agrarian elite projects that prioritized the exploitation of natural wealth, and, at the same time, in bringing to light the link between world expositions and immigrant advertising.

The article reflects on the tension that is glimpsed between the History of International Relations and the transnational and global perspectives; a process of construction of knowledge that is renovating, questioning and complicating the way International History is being created, especially in the Ibero-American area. The article considers that such approaches and levels for observing historical interrelations overlap in a disciplinary field whose limits have been blurred, considering that this historiographical reality is linked to the problematization of the State as an actor and driving force of initiatives as well as with the disavowal of epistemological nationalisms and the context of both the subject and the object of study

The article deals with the founding of the College of São Paulo in Goa by the Society of Jesus, and presents the first period of its operation, from 1548 to 1558. The College of São Paulo was founded in Goa by the Jesuits from the experiences obtained in the direction of the Seminary of Santa Fe, founded by the Portuguese in 1541 and later delivered to the Company. After the Seminary, the Jesuits founded in 1548 their College of São Paulo, the first house being subordinated to the second. The work of formation of European Jesuits and also of natives continues during all the first decade being, in 1558, ordered in the College the first native priest, the “canarim” - Goan - André Vaz. We try to analyze the main facts, in search of the general lines of work, of the methods of the Jesuits in the College. Our sources are from the collections “Documenta Indica”, organized by Joseph Wicki and “Documentação para a História do Padroado Português do Oriente”, by António da Silva Rego. The temporal cut used goes from 1548, year of the foundation of the College of São Paulo, in Goa, to the year of 1558, when the order of André Vaz takes place. We understand, through this work, that the College of São Paulo was an institution dedicated to the Christianization and “aportuguesamento” of the native populations in Portuguese India, serving, at one time, both the objectives of the Church and those of the Crown.

This article explores the classifications and categories employed to rank Afro-descendants during the 1521-1821 period in New Spain, Mexico, including the use of categories such as nación, casta, calidad and race. The study starts with an examination of the African presence in historical perspective, as well as the economic and social role of Africans and their descendants in Mexico. Then, it engages with the different definitions employed to classify and categorize the African populations, and its links with the expansion of the transatlantic slave trade. In the last section, I examine how categories and classifications were employed, in order to stress how their uses were complex, ambiguous, and arbitrary. Despite the existence of social and racial classifications, social mobility and interactions prevailed in colonial Mexico, making efforts to classify and rank people even more subjective and problematic.

Starting from a set of divorce proceedings opened by Western African women, known as pretas (or negras) minas, in Rio de Janeiro in the 19th century, I intend, in this article, to discuss how the associations between color, social condition, ethnic identity and certain stereotypes and behaviors, such as notions of honor and honesty, were essential – sometimes even decisive – for the development of such actions. In this process, we will observe as judges, priests, lawyers, prosecutors and also slaves and freedmen observing – and sharing – certain codes and signs of identification of the African populations that lived in the city of Rio.

The article intends to explore the centrality of the recognition of the figure of the victim for understanding the legacies of colonial violence and the imagination of alternative narratives and futures. In this perspective, we seek in our text to understand, based on the contributions of Enrique Dussel, Aníbal Quijano and Boaventura de Sousa Santos, the importance of the process of recognition of victims, especially the colonial ones, in the production of a social theory engaged in overcoming policies of forgetfulness and valorization of experiences, knowledge and practices of historically silenced collectivities and subjects. Focusing on the criticisms that surround the Eurocentric and hegemonic version of Modernity (DUSSEL, 1993), the material and subjective heritages of the colonial arrangements (QUIJANO, 2005) and the possibilities of a transgressive sociology and its consequent Southern Epistemology (SOUSA SANTOS, 2010), the recognition of the victim’s figure and his experiences emerges in contemporary social theory as significant processes for the validation of silenced memories and the imagination of unthinking futures.

In the light of the debate on compulsory voting in the National Constituent Convention of Uruguay of 1916-1917, this text reconstructs the ascendancy of a republican ideology in Uruguayan politics, in counterpoint with different liberal positions. Without major semantic or discursive forcings, the text analyzes the existing connections between the positions for and against compulsory voting and the republican and liberal political legacies that have been encouraging much of the conventional debates on the citizen matter and its recent reactivation. The article also allows us to glimpse the attraction that the policy of ideas exerted in the foundational debates of Uruguayan democracy, as well as the normative and political relevance of the deliberative exchanges held in that constitutional body.

Este trabajo pretende hacer dialogar algunas imágenes de la serie Cicatriz, de Rosângela Rennó, con la escrita de/sobre la cárcel en diferentes momentos de la historia de la literatura brasileña, a la luz del concepto de colonización en su sentido lato, en relación con los conceptos de biopolítica (Foucault) y necropolítica (Mbembe). Representando momentos dictatoriales diversos, se analizan, bajo el enfoque de la imagen de la cicatriz/tatuaje asociada a la de la escrita, escenas de Memórias do Cárcere, de Graciliano Ramos (1954), Cartas da prisão (1977), O canto na fogueira (1977) y Batismo de Sangue (2006), de Frei Betto, además de la trilogía de Luiz Alberto Mendes: Memórias de um sobrevivente (2001), Às cegas (2005) y Confissões de um homem livre (2015).

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In this article, we review a series of studies on social representations of national history carried out among young people in Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal, and East Timor. In each one of these countries, data were collected to examine the social representations of national history and the emotions associated with the most important events, among which the colonization process and the wars of liberation stood out. The results point to ambiguities, ambivalences, and contradictions in the social representations of history that “binds” Portuguese-speaking countries. In general, one observes a “mismatch” of memories about the colonial past. This mismatch of memories about the “common past” is particularly evident when we compare the historical memories of the young Angolans and of the Portuguese youth: while the Portuguese participants highlight the discoveries, the Angolan participants highlight the slavery, the slave trade, and the massacres. Borrowing the expression of Mia Couto (2009), globally the results mirror Luso(A)fonias and demonstrate how challenging is the active listening and engagement with of Other.

The Spanish travelers who visited Japan between 1868 and 1936 rejected the static and stereotyped image of the country, in which they saw reflected the similar caricature that the Europeans had made of nineteenth-century Spain. They also discussed — before 1898 — whether Japan could be a threat or an opportunity for the Philippines. But, above all, they made an effort to offer a dynamic vision of the country, pointing out possible reasons for its vertiginous socio-economic transformation. In any case, they did not believe that the Japanese modernization model could be transferred to Spain: although they admired its amazing achievements, they also identified important problems and limitations.

This article analyzes the controversies that arose between representatives of the Catholic Church and municipal councilors of Santa Maria, in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul, for the decision to demolish or not a church. On one side were the local priest and the bishop engaged in the preservation of the Catholic building; on the other, city councilors seeking the endorsement of the provincial government and the Church itself to demolish the temple, arguing that their “miserable appearance” was shameful for the modern city they wanted to build. To reflect on this disagreement, which occurred between 1884 and 1888, we must first analyze what led the matrix to arrive at its ruinous aspect. For this, we will use the correspondence exchanged between the City Council of Santa Maria and the provincial government. In a second point of this article, it will be necessary to explain the meanings of that church and the ideas that were behind the attempt to overthrow it. We believe that the expectation of the arrival of the railway to the city caused the councilmen to take controversial positions, generating tension with the representatives of the Catholic Church and the provincial government. As a general context, we have the relations between religion, politics and modernity in the second half of the nineteenth century, revealing conflicts between Church and State at the end of the Empire and the beginning of the Republic.

The aim of this article is to discuss the importance of the field of Archeology of Repression and Resistance, in Brazilian and Latin American contexts, contextualizing the emergence of the field based on its historical context and contemporary discussions in the field of Heritage Studies and Archeology of the Present. The paper emphasizes interpretive changes in all three fields, relating to new social actors and innovative views about heritage. This applies to the study and heritage use of sites relating to traumatic remembrance (POLLAK, 1989; JELIN, 2001), pleading for truth and justice.

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In 1953, in the middle of the Cold War, Time-Life’s US-based Life magazine launched a Spanish-language version aimed at getting closer to the Latin American public, spreading the American way, Americanism and promote anti communism in the subcontinent. The period was notable by a series of organizations and treaties with the propose of regulating inter-American relations, under the hegemony of the United States. It is also characterized by the implementation of state agencies and programs designed to promote a cultural policy intended to achieve global hegemony, a strategy called “psychological warfare”. Life en Español magazine, directed by Henry Luce, integrated the wide network of collaborators who helped to realize this politicalcultural project of the United States. In this sense, from the theoretical perspective of Soft Power by Joseph Nye, the article discusses the relation of the publication in the Spanish language with the North American strategic objectives in the cultural field.